The 13C-NMR chemical shift and the higher order structure of l-alanine residues in tropomyosin in the solid state and in solution

A high-resolution solid-state 13C-NMR study on [1-13C]Ala and [3-13C]Ala and [1-13C]Leu and Val-labelled bacteriorhodopsin. Conformation and dynamics of transmembrane helices, loops and termini, and hydration-induced conformational change

We have recorded 100.7-MHz high-resolution solid-state 13C-NMR spectra of [3-13C]Ala, [1-13C]Ala-labelled, Leu-labelled and Val-labelled bacteriorhodopsin (bR), to analyze the conformation and dynamics of transmembrane alpha helices and hydration-induced conformational changes. We assigned the 13C-NMR signals of these 13C-labelled amino acid residues to portions of the transmembrane alpha helices, loops and N-terminus and C-terminus, based on the conformation-dependent 13C chemical shift. The assignment of peaks to the transmembrane alpha helices is straightforward in view of the characteristic 13C chemical shifts of the C beta and carbonyl carbons, referred to the data of the model system. The signals of the transmembrane alpha helices were further divided into three or four peaks which are ascribed to either a dispersion of torsion angles of the alpha helices or variation of environments around the helices. In addition, we found that conformation of the N-terminus and C-terminus of bR is virtually the random-coil form which undergoes rapid reorientational motion in the hydrated system. Further, we show that the higher-order (secondary and/or tertiary) structure of bR is influenced by the hydration/dehydration process of the purple membrane, as viewed from the peak profile of the Ala C beta 13C signals. This change of structure occurs between relative humidities of 2% and 4%, consistent with the shift of the absorption maxima of retinal, which arise from the protonation/deprotonation processes of the Schiff base. In contrast, no such change of the carbonyl signals occurs for the Leu, Val and Ala residues. For the latter two residues, some spectral changes were noted at the stage of full hydration.