Casting shrinkage of one-piece-cast fixed partial dentures

A Comparative Study of Laser Irradiation Versus Sandblasting in Improving the Bond Strength of Titanium Abutments

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with different energy powers versus sandblasting for enhancing the tensile bond strength (TBS) between titanium implant abutments (IAs) and resin cements. Background data: Clinical decementation of prosthetic restorations often occurs, particularly on short IAs. Increasing the bonding area on the IA surface can enhance the function and longevity of the superstructure. Materials and methods: Fifty dental IAs were used in solid form and randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10 each) for the following different pretreatments: control group was left untreated, a laser operating at 2.78 μm wavelength with different energy powers (1, 2, and 3 W) was used for three laser groups, and 50 μm alumina particles were applied to the abutment surface for the sandblasting group. Fifty metal substructures that had an occlusal metal O-ring were cast and cemented to all abutments using dual-cure resin cement. Test specimens were then subjected to thermal cycling. TBS tests were performed with a universal testing machine. The specimens' surface topography and roughness were evaluated with scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to measure the elemental profiles of each specimen. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance/Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Surface treatments affected the surface roughness and TBS of the IA. The sandblasting group showed the highest bond strength values (510.77 ± 60.86 N) and followed by the 2 W group (279.07 ± 37.9 N). In EDS analysis, no elemental components other than titanium and oxygen were observed, except for in the sandblasting group. Conclusions: Sandblasting and 2 W laser treatment increased the surface roughness of the IA, which could contribute to the increased interfacial bond strength between the IA and resin cement.

The influence of auxiliary features on the resistance form of short molars prepared for complete cast crowns

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Several factors exist which result in crown preparations that are less than ideal. In these situations, the clinician should find a practical way to overcome the lack of resistance of the compromised tooth preparation.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different auxiliary features on the resistance form of crowns with reduced axial wall height and increased total occlusal convergence.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An Ivorine tooth was prepared on a milling machine with 22 degrees of total occlusal convergence (TOC), 3.0 mm of occlusocervical height, and a chamfer finish line (Group Ctrl). The crown preparation was subsequently modified to include proximal grooves (Group Grv), and reduced TOC from 22 to 4 degrees in the cervical 1.5 mm (Group Rdc). Ten standardized metal dies were fabricated for each group. Cobalt-chromium copings were fabricated for all specimens. The metal copings were cemented onto their corresponding metal dies with zinc phosphate cement. The resistance of each specimen was evaluated when force was applied at a 45-degree angle to the long axis of the die with a universal testing machine in a buccal to lingual direction. The maximum force (newtons) was applied before coping dislodgment was measured. Data from the 3 groups were compared with a 1-way ANOVA (α=.05) and a Post Hoc Bonferroni test.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) force needed to dislodge crowns with proximal grooves was 156.75 (30.96) N and for those with reduced TOC, it was 221.06 (27.02) N, Both were effective in increasing the resistance form of the original shape (P=.002 and P<.001 respectively). The reduced TOC increased the resistance significantly more than the proximal grooves (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, crown preparation modifications enhanced the resistance form; however, the reduction in cervical TOC proved to be more effective than proximal grooves.

Crowns Cemented on Crown Preparations Lacking Geometric Resistance Form. Part II: Effect of Cement

PURPOSE

This study evaluated the effect of different cements on resistance to dislodgment of crowns cemented on preparations lacking geometric resistance form.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A preparation that offered no geometric resistance form, with 20 degrees total occlusal convergence (TOC), 0.9 mm wide shoulder finish line, and a 2.5 mm axial wall height was created on an ivorine tooth using a milling machine. Ten metal test specimen die replicas and 10 standardized metal crowns with recipient sites for the application of external forces through a universal testing machine were fabricated. The crowns were cemented on the dies under 5 and 10 kg external loads, the marginal openings measured, loaded to dislodgment, and cleaned of cement. The process was repeated using zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE), zinc phosphate (ZPh), resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR) cements.

RESULTS

Marginal openings under 5 kg cementation loads were 74.63 (+/-15.04) for ZOE, 75.98 (+/-18.20) microm for ZPh, 98.58 (+/-22.62) microm for RMGI, and 105.82 (+/-20.07) microm for CR cements respectively; under 10 kg cementation loads they were 57.62 (+/-15.86) microm, 59.55 (+/-15.41) microm, 95.00 (+/-19.52) microm, 101.30 (+/-12.52) microm respectively. Oblique dislodgment forces, measured with a Universal testing machine, were 40.18 (+/- 6.76) N for ZOE, 215.65 (+/-45.79) N for ZPh, 165.43 (+/-19.53) N for RMGI, and 181.54 (+/-30.75) N for CR respectively when crowns were cemented under 5 kg loads. The corresponding values for 10 kg loads were 38.62 (+/-4.19), 274.86 (+/-54.22), 139.70 (+/-21.71), and 160.40 (+/-21.21) respectively. Only zinc phosphate cement produced statistically enhanced resistance when crowns were cemented under 10 kg force (p value = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

Under the conditions of the present study only crowns cemented with zinc phosphate displayed increased resistance to dislodgment on preparations lacking resistance form.

Cement selection for cement-retained crown technique with dental implants

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the retentive nature of common dental cements that have been adapted for use in the implant abutment cement-retained crown (CRC) technique with those specifically formulated for this purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten regular diameter implant analogs were embedded in stainless steel disks. Unmodified CRC abutments were attached and torqued to 30 Ncm. Test crowns were waxed and cast with base metal alloy. Castings were fitted, cleaned with aluminum oxide, and steam cleaned prior to application of the cement. The cements used were: (1) Temp Bond, (2) UltraTemp, regular, (3) UltraTemp firm, (4) ImProv with petroleum jelly coating of crown, (5) ImProv without petroleum jelly, (6) Premier Implant with KY Jelly coating of abutment, (7) Premier Implant without KY jelly, (8) TR-2, (9) Fleck's, (10) Ketac Cem Aplicap, and (11) Fuji Plus Capsule. After cementation, assemblies were stored for 24 hours. Each sample was subjected to a pull-out test using an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5.0 mm/min. Loads required to remove the crowns were recorded, and mean values for each group determined. A one-way ANOVA and a post hoc least square difference (LSD) test were done for pairwise comparison at a confidence interval of 95%.

RESULTS

The mean values (+/-SD) of loads at failure (n = 10) for various cements were as follows (N): Ultratemp, regular 358.6 (+/-38.2) (Group A), ImProv without petroleum jelly 172.4 (+/-59.6) (Group B), Fleck's 171.8 (+/-62.2) (Group B), Ketac Cem 167.8 (+/-69.1) (Group B), UltraTemp firm 158.8 (+/-62.7) (Group BC), Fuji Plus 147.5 (+/-69.7) (Group BC), Premier without KY jelly 131.6 (+/-31.8) (Group BC), ImProv using petroleum jelly 130.8 (+/-42.5) (Group BC), Temp Bond 117.8 (+/-48.3) (Group C), TR-2 41.2 (+/-16.6) (Group D), and Premier with KY jelly 31.6 (+/-24.8) (Group D). Groups with the same letter were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it is not suggested that any one cement is better than another at retaining cement-retained crowns (CRCs) to implant abutments or that a threshold value must be accomplished to ensure retention. The ranking of cements presented is meant to be a discretionary guide for the clinician in deciding the amount of desired retention between castings and implant abutments.

The effectiveness of auxiliary features on a tooth preparation with inadequate resistance form

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

No study has evaluated the efficacy of auxiliary tooth preparation elements for crowns with originally reduced resistance form.

PURPOSE

This study evaluated the effects of different auxiliary preparation features on the resistance form of crowns with reduced axial wall and total occlusal convergence.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An Ivorine tooth was prepared on a milling machine with 20-degree total occlusal convergence (TOC), 2.5 mm of occlusocervical dimension, and a shoulder finish line. This design lacked geometric resistance form. The crown preparation was subsequently modified to include mesiodistal grooves, mesiodistal boxes, buccolingual grooves, occlusal inclined planes, an occlusal isthmus, and reduced TOC in the axial wall from 20 to 8 degrees TOC in the cervical 1.5 mm of the axial wall. The grooves and boxes were placed into the tooth with the same 20-degree TOC as the initial axial walls. Ten standardized metal dies were used for each preparation design. Standardized complete metal crowns were fabricated for all specimens. The metal crowns were cemented on metal dies with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. A strain gauge was placed at the mid-lingual cervical area of each crown preparation margin. The resistance of each specimen was evaluated when force was applied at a 45-degree angulation to the long axis of the die in a lingual to buccal direction. The peak loads during crown dislodgment, as well as the tensile stress at the mid-lingual cervical area, were measured using a universal testing machine (Kgs) for each specimen. The control group consisted of 10 dies, with the original crown preparation having no geometric resistance form and no auxiliary preparation features. Strain gauges provided the force (Kgs) that resulted in electric currency disrupt at the crown/die interface, thus providing data regarding the force required for slight crown micromovement (2 microm). Data between control and experimental groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (alpha=.05).

RESULTS

Proximal grooves, proximal boxes, buccolingual grooves, occlusal inclined planes, and occlusal isthmuses were not effective at increasing a crown's resistance to dislodgement when the tooth preparation lacked resistance. The only crown modification that offered enhanced resistance form when compared with the control group was the reduced TOC in the cervical half of the axial wall.

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of this in vitro study the crown preparation modification that significantly enhanced the resistance form of a compromised tooth preparation was reducing the TOC at the cervical aspect of the axial wall. Placing auxiliary retentive features such as grooves and boxes into a compromised tooth preparation (2.5 mm occlusocervical dimension and 20-degree TOC) was not effective when these retentive features possessed the same 20-degree TOC as the prepared axial walls.

Compratative distortion in three-unit fixed prostheses joined by laser welding, conventioanl soldering, or casting in one piece

This study evaluated three different joint-forming procedures: laser welding, soldering, and one-piece casting. Fifteen three-unit bridges were fabricated. The findings showed post-jointing distrotion to be significantly less for laser-welded and one-piece castings than for soldering; and significantly greater reliability (least error variance) in joining with the laser than either one-piece casting or soldering.