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Cumbo E, Gallina G, Messina P, Bilello G, Isaqali Karobari M, Scardina GA. Soldering in Dentistry: An Updated Technical Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:809. [PMID: 38337503 PMCID: PMC10856638 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to permanently join two or more pieces of metal using heat is a frequent condition in various fields of medicine such as dentistry. Welding, brazing and soldering are permanent joining techniques between different metals that require in-depth background knowledge in order to obtain predictable results. AIM This review examines the different methods of joining metals using heat and their fields of application. DISCUSSION It is possible to create permanent metal joints in various phases of the creation of final products that will be used on the patient. In several cases, welds are also made directly by the manufacturer during industrial processing. In dentistry, dental laboratories perform complex welds mainly on dental prostheses and orthodontic appliances during the production process. It is also possible to obtain intraoral welding carried out by the clinician inside the patient's oral cavity. Welding can be carried out using combustible gases, electric current, infrared light and laser light through different technical procedures which must be chosen according to the specific needs and the metals to be joined. CONCLUSIONS It is useful for the dentist and dental technician to know the different welding methods, including those carried out in the factory by the manufacturer, to better understand the physical properties and mechanical resistance of the components marketed for the construction of prostheses and orthodontic appliances. The enormous variety of conditions in which those who practice welding can find themselves therefore presupposes in-depth knowledge in this field in order to apply the most suitable technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Cumbo
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Gallina
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Pietro Messina
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppa Bilello
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Dental Research Unit, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (G.B.)
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Gomes JMDL, Moraes SLDD, Lemos CAA, Cruz RS, Oliveira HFFE, Pellizzer EP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of welding procedures in one-piece cast implant-supported frameworks. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e110. [PMID: 31778474 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of welding techniques on implant-supported prostheses and determine whether they contribute to a better adaptation compared with a one-piece cast. A search was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, and articles published until November 2017 were obtained from these databases. This review followed the PRISMA criteria and is registered on the PROSPERO platform (CRD42017081865). The PICO question was "Do welding procedures in one-piece cast implant-supported frameworks influence implant/abutment-framework marginal misfits?" Eleven studies were selected for a qualitative analysis, and seven studies were selected for a quantitative analysis. A total of 189 specimens were fabricated using different materials (cp-Ti, Ni-Cr, Cr-Co, and noble alloys), and welding techniques such as laser welding, conventional welding, tungsten inert gas, and brazing were applied. A vertical marginal misfit was measured using an optical microscope, a stereomicroscope, and/or a scanning electron microscopy. The qualitative analysis in the studies demonstrated a positive effect of the welding techniques on the adaptation of the infrastructures. The meta-analysis confirmed the results (p < 0.00001; MD: -36.14; 95%CI: -48.69 to -23.59). Within the limitations of this study and regarding the heterogeneity of the samples, we conclude that the soldering point technique is effective for obtaining relatively low values of marginal misfit, with laser welding as the most effective technique. However, additional studies were recommended due to the heterogeneity of different variables (alloys, connection, and misfit evaluation) in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Marcela de Luna Gomes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cleidiel Aparecido Araujo Lemos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Silva Cruz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Piza Pellizzer
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Kim H, Prasad S, Dunford R, Monaco EA. Strength properties of preceramic brazed joints of a gold-palladium alloy with a microwave-assisted oven and gas/oxygen torch technique. J Prosthet Dent 2014; 112:606-12. [PMID: 24656408 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The effect of microwave brazing on the strength properties of dental casting alloys is not yet known. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the strength properties of preceramic brazed joints obtained by using a microwave oven and a conventional torch flame for a high noble alloy (Au-Pd). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 18 tensile bars made of an Au-Pd ceramic alloy were fabricated. Six specimens were cut and joined with a high-fusing preceramic solder in a specially designed microwave oven, and 6 specimens were joined with a conventional natural gas/oxygen torch. The remaining 6 uncut specimens were tested as a control. All the specimens were subjected to testing with a universal testing machine. A 1-way ANOVA was performed for each strength property tested. RESULTS The tensile strength of the uncut group was the highest (745 ±19 MPa), followed by the microwave group (420 ±68 MPa) and the conventional torch group (348 ±103 MPa) (P<.001); however, no significant difference in tensile strength was found between the microwave group and gas torch group. The tensile strength of the microwave group exceeded ANSI/ADA Standard No. 88, Dental Brazing Alloys (a joint standard of the American National Standards Institute and the American Dental Association). CONCLUSIONS The microwave heating preceramic solder method demonstrated the excellent tensile strength of an Au-Pd alloy and may be an alternative way of joining alloys when a torch flame is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongil Kim
- Associate Professor, Restorative Dentistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
| | - Soni Prasad
- Assistant Professor, General Dental Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Robert Dunford
- Statistician, Department of Oral Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Edward A Monaco
- Assistant Professor, Restorative Dentistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Nawafleh NA, Mack F, Evans J, Mackay J, Hatamleh MM. Accuracy and Reliability of Methods to Measure Marginal Adaptation of Crowns and FDPs: A Literature Review. J Prosthodont 2013; 22:419-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noor A. Nawafleh
- Griffith University, School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Gold Coast Australia
- Jordan University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Applied Medical Science; Irbid Jordan
| | - Florian Mack
- Griffith University, School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Jane Evans
- Griffith University, School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Gold Coast Australia
| | - John Mackay
- Griffith University, School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Muhanad M. Hatamleh
- University of Manchester, School of Dentistry; Manchester UK
- Jordan University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Applied Medical Science; Irbid Jordan
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Gebelein M, Richter G, Range U, Reitemeier B. Dimensional changes of one-piece frameworks cast from titanium, base metal, or noble metal alloys and supported on telescopic crowns. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89:193-200. [PMID: 12616241 DOI: 10.1067/mpr.2003.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The dimensional accuracy of 1-piece frameworks cast from commercially pure titanium and used to accommodate supporting telescopic crowns has not been demonstrated. PURPOSE To compare dimensional changes incurred in frameworks cast from commercially pure titanium, a cobalt-chromium alloy, and a noble metal (gold) alloy. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was based on 2 different models, both prepared to receive telescopic crowns: 1 with 4 dies, designed to measure dimensional changes of the castings in the horizontal plane; and another with 2 dies, designed to measure dimensional changes in the vertical plane. As variables for the 2-die models, the palatal shape (16- and 20-mm radius) as well as the palatal depth (20-mm radius with the smallest palatal depth of 8 mm, 16-mm radius with flat palate and palatal depth of 10 mm, 16-mm radius with greatest palatal depth of 16 mm) were studied. Ten specimens each were fabricated from a commercially pure titanium, a cobalt-chromium alloy, and a gold alloy. All castings were fabricated under standardized conditions. All measurements were taken with a computer-controlled measuring microscope at the margins of the simulated telescopic crowns; these served to calculate the ideal midpoint from which the distances between the telescopic crowns were measured. The positional relation of the telescopic crowns was determined in horizontal and vertical directions. The measurements of the cast models were compared with measurements of the original model. The distances between the dies and the angles of the chosen telescopic crowns were calculated in fractions of millimeters and the angles were measured in degrees. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was alpha=5%. RESULTS With the following exceptions, none of the 3 alloy types showed significantly different results. With the 4-die model, all 3 alloys showed significant variations from the original model for chosen lengths (P=.001). For those lengths, the dimensional accuracy of the noble metal alloy was approximately 99.9% of the length of the original; for the 2 other alloys, an average value of 99.4% was determined. With the 2-die models the calculated angle was significantly different from the original model for all alloys (P=.001 or.000), independent from the palatal vault and depth. Significant differences from the original model were also found for the distance between the 2 telescopic crowns with all alloys for the 2-die model with a 16-mm depth palatal vault and a 16-mm radius (P=.001,.006, or.009). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, the significant different dimensional changes both for the 4-die models and the 2-die models did not depend on the type of alloy. The 2-die models demonstrated significant dimensional changes resulting from the palatal geometry of the corresponding test models; the 4-die models demonstrated a tendency to contract toward the geometric center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gebelein
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
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Mejia R, Tobon SM. Marginal fit of metal ceramic restorations subjected to a standardized postsoldering technique. J Prosthet Dent 2000; 83:535-9. [PMID: 10793385 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(00)70011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fit of a fixed partial denture (FPD) is fundamental for the clinical success of a restoration. When a postsoldering procedure is needed, a high-precision laboratory technique is necessary to not affect the fit of the FPD. This article evaluates whether a standardized postsoldering technique affected the marginal fit of a 3-unit high palladium alloy FPD. One hundred and eight measurements were made of 3-unit FPDs, fabricated in a high palladium alloy (2% Au-79% Pd-10% Cu-8% Ga) and constructed on 9 tin dies in vitro. After the castings were fabricated, specimens were measured at 3 specific points per abutment (distal, labial, lingual) before and after soldering. Differences were found in the marginal opening of both copings, before soldering (49.9 microm) and after soldering (48. 3 microm). There was no significant difference in the adaptation of the copings after the soldering procedure (P<.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mejia
- Health Science Institute CES, Faculty of Dentistry, Medellín, Colombia.
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Zervas PJ, Papazoglou E, Beck FM, Carr AB. Distortion of three-unit implant frameworks during casting, soldering, and simulated porcelain firings. J Prosthodont 1999; 8:171-9. [PMID: 10740499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.1999.tb00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess distortion inherent in casting, soldering, and simulated porcelain firings of screw-retained, implant-supported three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten wax patterns were fabricated on a die-stone cast containing two implants, 20 mm apart from center to center. Five specimens were cast in a high-palladium alloy, exposed to simulated porcelain firings, sectioned, and then soldered with low-fusing solder. Five specimens were cast, sectioned, soldered with high-fusing solder, and then exposed to simulated porcelain firings. For each specimen, two horizontal and six vertical distances between appropriately scribed reference points were measured with a traveling microscope. Comparisons were made among the various measurements taken after wax-pattern fabrication, casting, high- and low-fusing soldering, and each porcelain firing. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures factorial ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS Significant difference was detected in the amount of horizontal distortion during casting (53 +/- 24 microns) and high-fusing soldering (-49 +/- 50 microns), as well as in the amount of horizontal distortion during high-fusing soldering (-49 +/- 50 microns) and low-fusing soldering (17 +/- 26 microns). However, no clinically significant difference was found in the amount of horizontal distortion during casting, low-fusing, and high-fusing soldering. The greatest amount of distortion during the simulated porcelain firings took place during the oxidizing cycle. CONCLUSIONS Soldering did not improve the casting misfit of a three-unit implant-retained FPD model. Metal-ceramic implant frameworks should be oxidized before intraoral fit evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Zervas
- Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus 43210-1241, USA
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Abstract
Soldered connectors for two base metal ceramic alloys (nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium) were compared by use of four different techniques: (1) infrared preceramic soldering, (2) gas and oxygen preceramic soldering, (3) porcelain furnace postsoldering under vacuum, and (4) porcelain furnace postsoldering without vacuum. A control group was established with solid cast specimens of each alloy. No statistically significant difference was noted between infrared and torch preceramic soldering techniques for either of the two alloys. However, the joints postsoldered under vacuum were significantly superior to postsoldered connectors without vacuum (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed among techniques 1, 2, and 3, although the three groups were substantially superior to technique 4 for both alloys (p = 0.05). The control group for both alloys was appreciably stronger than the soldered groups (p < 0.0001), and the nickel-chromium samples within the control group were significantly stronger than the Co-Cr samples.
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van Noort R, Brown D, Clarke R, Combe EC, Curtis R, Lloyd CH, McCabe JF, Nicholson J, Piddock V, Sherriff M. Dental materials: 1992 literature review. J Dent 1994; 22:5-28. [PMID: 8157813 DOI: 10.1016/0300-5712(94)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R van Noort
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield
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