Child temperament and common problems in schooling: Hypotheses about causal connections

The Effects of Temperament and Perceived Maternal Rejection on Childhood Anxiety and Behaviour Problems

In order to examine the effects of children's temperament and its interaction with children's perceptions of their mother's acceptance and rejection in relation to self-reported anxiety and teacher-reported school behaviour problems, 160 children, aged 8 to 11 years, were evaluated by teachers, mothers and themselves. Findings showed that children's perceptions of rejection are a greater predictor of anxiety and are also related to more emotional/behavioural control problems among high than low activity arousal children regardless of whether or not children perceive their mothers as rejective. Attentional intensity is also a part of this picture; the combination of high activity arousal and low attentional intensivity related to greater anxiety and was also related to more interpersonal relationship problems among children regardless of whether or not children perceive their mothers as rejective. Further, rejection was linked to greater interpersonal relationship problems among low emotionality arousal than high emotionality arousal children. In contrast, in predicting interpersonal relationships, high emotional arousal was found to be related to more problems than was low emotional arousal when children's perception of mothers was acceptive.

A Chaotic Home Environment Accounts for the Association between Respect for Rules Disposition and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study

This study examined the association between socioemotional dispositions from the developmental propensity model and reading comprehension and whether those associations could be accounted for by level of chaos in the home. Data from 342 monozygotic and 333 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs age 7-13 years were used. A parent rated the twins on sympathy, respect for rules, negative emotionality, and daring and level of chaos in the twins' home. Reading comprehension was measured using a state-wide school assessment. Only respect for rules significantly and uniquely predicted reading comprehension. Biometric models indicated that respect for rules was positively associated with reading comprehension via the shared environment and home chaos accounted for a significant amount of that shared environmental variance even after controlling for family income. Children with higher respect for rules have better reading comprehension scores in school and this relationship owes partly to the level of chaos in the family home.

Behavioral and brain measures of executive attention and school competence in late childhood

This study examines the role of executive attention on school competence in early adolescence. Twelve-year-old children (N = 37) performed a combined Flanker-Go/No-Go task while their brain activation was registered using electroencephalogram (EEG). Additionally, measures of children regulation, schooling skills, and academic achievement were obtained. We observed that individual differences in executive attention and Effortful Control predict most dimensions of school competence. Also, individual differences in the amplitude of event-related potentials (ERPs) related to interference suppression predict school achievement and some skills important for school. The results are consistent with the role attributed to executive attention in self-regulation.

The Association between Preschool Children's Social Functioning and Their Emergent Academic Skills

This study examined the relationship between social functioning and emergent academic development in a sample of 467 preschool children (M = 55.9 months old, SD = 3.8). Teachers reported on children's aggression, attention problems, and prosocial skills. Preliteracy, language, and early mathematics skills were assessed with standardized tests. Better social functioning was associated with stronger academic development. Attention problems were related to poorer academic development controlling for aggression and social skills, pointing to the importance of attention in these relations. Children's social skills were related to academic development controlling for attention and aggression problems, consistent with models suggesting that children's social strengths and difficulties are independently related to their academic development. Support was not found for the hypothesis that these relationships would be stronger in boys than in girls. Some relationships were stronger in African American than Caucasian children. Children's self-reported feelings about school moderated several relationships, consistent with the idea that positive feelings about school may be a protective factor against co-occurring academic and social problems.

Temperament and social behaviour at home and school among typically developing children and children with an intellectually disability

BACKGROUND

There has been limited research on differences in temperament between typically developing children and children with an intellectual disability (ID). Individual differences have generally been neglected in previous investigations of children with an ID. The present research investigated differences in temperament and social behaviour between typically developing children and children with an ID, in both home and school settings.

METHODS

Participants were 100 children (M = 10.7 years, SD = 0.88) from both regular and special education schools. Temperament was measured using the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey for Children (parental and teacher ratings), while social behaviour was measured using the School Social Behaviour Scales, Second Edition (SSBS-2) and the Home and Community Social Behaviour Scales (HCSBS).

RESULTS

There were minimal significant differences in temperament between the regular and special education groups. Children who attended regular schools had a significantly higher level of social competence and significantly lower level of antisocial behaviour both at home and school, when compared with children who attended special schools.

CONCLUSIONS

The difference in social behaviour between children attending regular and special schools was attributed to the difference in intellectual ability of the two groups, as well as contextual influences of regular or special school environments.

Attention in preschoolers: associations with effortful control and motivation

The current study examined how individual differences in children's temperament and motivation relate to attention skills in children from economically disadvantaged families. A total of 73 mother-child dyads participated in this study. Children were between the ages of 3 and 5, and all attended a Head Start program. Using multiple hierarchical regression analyses, the hypotheses that effortful control (an aspect of temperament) and motivation would individually and collectively relate to attention skills were supported. The current study supports the importance of understanding attention as a multifaceted concept (Posner & Petersen, 1990) that relates to cognitive, socioemotional, and motivational systems. The utility of applying a systems approach to school readiness issues in children of poverty is discussed.

Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: the case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents

In a longitudinal study, internationally adopted children (N = 146) placed before 6 months of age were followed from infancy to age 7. Results showed that girls were better adjusted than boys, except in cognitive development, and that easy temperament was associated with higher levels of social, cognitive, and personality development and fewer behavior problems. Higher quality of child-mother relationships, in terms of attachment security and maternal sensitivity, uniquely predicted better social and cognitive development. The combination of attachment disorganization and difficult temperament predicted less optimal ego-control and lower levels of cognitive development. It is concluded that even in adopted children, who are not biologically related to their adoptive parents, early mother-infant interactions and attachment relationships predict later socioemotional and cognitive development, beyond infant temperament and gender.

Close relationships, individual differences, and early literacy learning

We hypothesized that the emotional investment and mutuality characteristic of friendship dyads, compared to nonfriend dyads, would support conflicts and resolutions, as well as reflection on emotions and literate language. We also tested a process model by which temperament influenced interactions leading to the expression of conflicts and resolutions, which, in turn, lead to use of emotional and literate language in friend and nonfriend dyads. Dyads of kindergarten children were observed in either friend or nonfriend dyads across the school year. While rates of conflicts were similar, friends, compared to nonfriends, more frequently resolved conflicts and generated more emotional and literate language. Our process model of literate language was also supported. Directions for future research are discussed.

Crianças com queixa de dificuldade escolar: avaliação das mães através da Escala Comportamental Infantil A2 de Rutter

Tendo em vista esclarecer a associação entre problemas emocionais / comportamentais e baixo rendimento escolar, foram conduzidos dois estudos empregando a Escala Comportamental Infantil A2 de Rutter (ECI). No Estudo I, a ECI foi aplicada a 200 mães de crianças referidas para atendimento psicológico em uma clínica-escola em razão de dificuldade no aprendizado escolar, verificando-se as diferenças entre sexos. No Estudo 2, foram avaliadas 75 crianças em três grupos: 1. com queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem e suspeita de déficit cognitivo leve; 2. com queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem, sem suspeita de déficit cognitivo; 3. com desempenho escolar satisfatório. Verificou-se uma alta porcentagem de crianças que, segundo o escore obtido na ECl, necessitariam de atendimento psicológico; as mães indicaram maior intensidade de problemas internalizados nas meninas, bem como de comportamentos imaturos nas crianças com suspeita de déficit cognitivo. A ECI confirmou tendências detectadas em estudos anteriores baseados em entrevistas.