Binding and biological responses of antiestrogens in the fetal and newborn uteri of guinea-pig

Dissociated effects of tamoxifen on growth and on progesterone receptor induction in quail oviduct

The estrogen agonist and antagonist activities of tamoxifen on growth and progesterone receptor induction were studied in the immature quail oviduct. Tamoxifen alone, when administered for 3 days at doses ranging from 0.01-10 mg/kg, had no effect on oviducal weight, DNA, and protein content, but significantly increased progesterone receptor concentration. When combined with estradiol benzoate (0.1 mg/kg daily for 3 days), tamoxifen completely inhibited the trophic action of estradiol while it only reduced the progesterone receptor concentration in the oviduct by 50%. This latter effect reflected more a reduction in the progesterone-responsive cell population of the tissue rather than a true estrogen antagonist effect on this specific protein induction. These results and previous data from this laboratory support the conclusions that in this model system: (1) the mechanisms involved in the induction of estrogen-sensitive cell proliferation and progesterone receptor synthesis are independent, and (2) the estrogen-antagonist activity of tamoxifen on cell proliferation is mediated through an estrogen receptor-independent pathway. Thus, the immature quail oviduct model system is particularly relevant to more detailed studies on the molecular modes of action of synthetic antiestrogens.

Pharmacodynamic and biological effects of anti-estrogens in different models

The biological response to anti-estrogens is very variable and depends on the animal species considered, the target organ, the parameter studied, and the experimental conditions. Anti-estrogens can bind specifically, (1) to the estrogen receptor, (2) to the typical anti-estrogen specific binding site, and (3) to low density lipoproteins in the plasma. Using a monoclonal antibody against the estrogen receptor, different immunological characteristics of the anti-estrogen-receptor complex can be observed. This difference could explain some of the different biological effects. Studies using different human mammary cancer cell lines (hormone-dependent) show that anti-estrogens are active in decreasing cell proliferation. Also, anti-estrogens can block proteins specifically produced by these cells. Some of these proteins could act as growth or inhibitory factors. Estrogen sulfates are the main precursors of estradiol in breast tissues and this conversion is significantly decreased by anti-estrogens. It is accepted that the main pathway of action of anti-estrogens is through the estrogen receptor, but recent information suggests the possibility that this is not the only step in the mechanism of action of anti-estrogens.

Tamoxifen and progesterone effects in target tissues during the perinatal period

The biological effects of tamoxifen (TAM), progesterone (P), or a combination of TAM + P were investigated in the uterus and vagina of newborn guinea pigs after short (2 days) and long (12 days) treatments. In both tissues, tamoxifen provoked a significant trophic effect which is indicated by the increase in weight, protein and DNA content. In the uterus, progesterone also provoked an increase in weight, protein and DNA content, but much less than that provoked by tamoxifen. In contrast, in the vagina progesterone had no effect on the weight, protein and DNA content, but progesterone did not block the agonistic effect provoked by tamoxifen. The situation was different when progesterone receptor was concerned. Tamoxifen in both tissues (particularly in the vagina) stimulated the progesterone receptor very significantly. Progesterone blocked the number of specific binding sites of progesterone and the stimulatory effect provoked by tamoxifen.

Biological responses of tamoxifen in the fetal and newborn vagina and uterus of the guinea-pig and in the R-27 mammary cancer cell line

The biological and morphological responses of tamoxifen were studied in two models: the uterus and vagina of fetal and newborn guinea-pigs: R-27 cells--a mammary cancer cell line (tamoxifen resistant) derived from the MCF-7 cancer cell line. Tamoxifen (TAM) alone or in combination with estradiol (E2) was administered to pregnant (50-52 days of gestation) or to newborn (2-day-old) guinea-pigs for a long period (12 days). TAM alone produced a great trophic effect on the uterus and vagina which was markedly enhanced when TAM was administered together with E2. Histological studies showed that TAM provokes morphological changes in both the endometria and the myometria and this effect was also greater when TAM was administered together with E2. In the fetal uterus and vagina, the ultrastructural studies showed that TAM induces morphological alterations in different cytoplasmic organelles. This effect was much more intense in newborns where TAM provoked a significant vacuolization of the epithelial cells. Concerning progesterone receptor (PR) in the fetal or newborn tissues (uterus or vagina) TAM provoked a less intense effect than those provoked by E2, but TAM did not block the effect provoked by E2. It was observed that [3H]TAM binds specifically to the estrogen receptor (ER) of fetal guinea pig uterus and this complex is partially recognized by a monoclonal antibody which recognizes the activated form of this receptor, supporting the suggestion that the biological action of TAM is mediated by the ER. The biological and ultrastructural effects provoked by TAM (1 X 10(-6) M), estriol (E3)(5 X 10(-8) M) and the combination of TAM + E3 were studied in the R-27 mammary cancer cell line in culture. E3 stimulated the PR content by 7-10 times. However, TAM did not provoke a significant decrease in the concentration of PR, and in the mixture of TAM + E3 the concentration of PR was of the same order as that in E3 treatment. Ultrastructural observations indicate an intense concentration of ribosomes in the pericytoplasmic area after exposure to E3 and with exposure to TAM an increase in vacuoles and a significant enlargement of the size of the mitochondria were observed. It is concluded that TAM in the target tissues of fetal and newborn guinea pigs acts as a real estrogen and in the R-27 mammary cancer cell line TAM does not block the effect provoked by E3, however it does provoke intense ultrastructural modifications.

Anti-estrogens in fetal and newborn target tissues

The antagonistic effects of progesterone and of the anti-estrogens, tamoxifen and nafoxidine, to estrogen responses were studied in the target tissues of fetal and newborn guinea pigs. In the fetal uterus, progesterone inhibits the stimulatory effect provoked by estradiol on uterine growth, on progesterone receptor and on the acetylation of nuclear histones. Progesterone also blocks the synthesis of new progesterone receptor protein in organ culture. Tamoxifen or nafoxidine (1 or 10 mg/kg/day injected to the mother for 3 days) provoke a uterotrophic effect similar to that of estradiol (1 mg/kg/day injected to the mother for 3 days) but these anti-estrogens have a limited effect on the progesterone receptor. Tamoxifen given together with estradiol antagonizes the effect of the estrogen on the acetylation of histones but the anti-estrogens do not block the effect of estradiol on uterine growth. Histological studies show that both estradiol and tamoxifen provoke a dramatic hypertrophic and hyperplastic effect particularly in the uterine epithelium. In the newborn uterus (6-day old), tamoxifen (s.c. injection of 0.6 micrograms/g body weight) and estradiol (injection of 30 ng/g body weight) provoke a similar uterotrophic effect and both have a limited effect on the progesterone receptor. In the fetal thymus estradiol provokes a selective decrease in the larger and actively proliferating lymphoid cells of the cortical zone. Tamoxifen has a similar effect but to a much lesser extent than estradiol. On the other hand, tamoxifen antagonizes the effect of estradiol on this fetal tissue. It is concluded that during fetal life progesterone antagonizes the effect of estradiol but tamoxifen can act as an agonist or an antagonist of estrogen action which is a function of the type of response or organ considered.