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Effects of a preconditioning oral nutritional supplement on pig livers after warm ischemia. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2012; 2012:783479. [PMID: 22791934 PMCID: PMC3389686 DOI: 10.1155/2012/783479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background. Several approaches have been proposed to pharmacologically ameliorate hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a preconditioning oral nutritional supplement (pONS) containing glutamine, antioxidants, and green tea extract on hepatic warm IRI in pigs. Methods. pONS (70 g per serving, Fresenius Kabi, Germany) was dissolved in 250 mL tap water and given to pigs 24, 12, and 2 hrs before warm ischemia of the liver. A fourth dose was given 3 hrs after reperfusion. Controls were given the same amount of cellulose with the same volume of water. Two hours after the third dose of pONS, both the portal vein and the hepatic artery were clamped for 40 min. 0.5, 3, 6, and 8 hrs after reperfusion, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), portal venous flow (PVF), hepatic arterial flow (HAF), bile flow, and transaminases were measured. Liver tissue was taken 8 hrs after reperfusion for histology and immunohistochemistry. Results. HR, MAP, CVP, HAF, and PVF were comparable between the two groups. pONS significantly increased bile flow 8 hrs after reperfusion. ALT and AST were significantly lower after pONS. Histology showed significantly more severe necrosis and neutrophil infiltration in controls. pONS significantly decreased the index of immunohistochemical expression for TNF-α, MPO, and cleaved caspase-3 (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Administration of pONS before and after tissue damage protects the liver from warm IRI via mechanisms including decreasing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and necrosis.
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Nickkholgh A, Barro-Bejarano M, Liang R, Zorn M, Mehrabi A, Gebhard MM, Büchler MW, Gutt CN, Schemmer P. Signs of reperfusion injury following CO2 pneumoperitoneum: an in vivo microscopy study. Surg Endosc 2007; 22:122-8. [PMID: 17483991 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During laparoscopic surgery, pneumoperitoneum is generally established by means of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) insufflation which may disturb hepatic microperfusion. It has been suggested that the desufflation at the end of the procedure creates a model of reperfusion in a previously ischemic liver, thus predisposing it to reperfusion injury. METHODS To study the effects of pneumoperitoneum on hepatic microcirculation, Sprague-Dawley rats underwent pneumoperitoneum with an intraabdominal pressure of 8 or 12 mmHg for 90 min. Subsequently, in vivo microscopy was performed to assess intrahepatic microcirculation and transaminases were measured to index liver injury. RESULTS A CO(2) pneumoperitoneum of 8 mmHg did not change serum transaminases; however, further increase of intraperitoneal pressure to 12 mmHg significantly increased AST, ALT, and LDH measured after desufflation to almost 1.5 times as much as control values of 49 +/- 5 U/L, 31 +/- 3 U/L, and 114 +/- 12 U/L. In parallel, in all subacinar zones the permanent adherence of both leukocytes and platelets to the endothelium increased by about sixfold and threefold, respectively. Furthermore, Kupffer cells labeled with latex beads as an index for their activation were significantly increased compared to controls. CONCLUSION This in vivo observation demonstrated traces of reperfusion injury in liver induced by the insufflation and desufflation of CO(2 )pneumoperitoneum. The clinical relevance of this finding and the issue of using hepatoprotective substances to prevent this injury should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nickkholgh
- Department of General Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yano H, Kinoshita S, Kira S. Effects of acute moderate exercise on the phagocytosis of Kupffer cells in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 182:151-60. [PMID: 15450111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the function of Kupffer cells, and particularly their role as immunocompetent cells that come into contact with gut-derived endotoxin, in the acute exercise of rats. METHODS Female Fischer 344 rats were run on a treadmill at 21 m min(-1) for 60 min on a 15% grade. RESULTS Afterwards, the number of latex particles in the liver was higher in the exercising rats than that in resting rats and an increase in the number of latex particles phagocytosed by each Kupffer cell was noted. The plasma endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in the exercise group than in the resting rats, and the small intestine was damaged by the exercise. Plasma corticosterone and thyroxine 4 levels were unchanged. Although the number of Kupffer cells was unchanged by acute exercise, the number of CD14-positive Kupffer cells increased. Plasma liver enzyme activities were slightly increased by acute exercise, whereas plasma tumour necrosis factor-alpha was not detected. CONCLUSION These results suggest that moderately intense exercise increases the phagocytosis of Kupffer cells, and that it might be induced by endotoxemia of portal blood caused by intestinal mucosal lesions resulting from acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yano
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Towfigh S, Heisler T, Rigberg DA, Hines OJ, Chu J, McFadden DW, Chandler C. Intestinal ischemia and the gut-liver axis: an in vitro model. J Surg Res 2000; 88:160-4. [PMID: 10644483 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained intestinal ischemic injury often leads to shock and multiorgan failure, mediated in part by a cytokine cascade. Animal models have also identified a central role of Kupffer cells in amplification of cytokines following intestinal ischemia. To better understand this gut-liver axis, we developed an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Kupffer cells were isolated from rat livers by arabinogalactan gradient ultracentrifugation and adherence purification. Cells were grown in RPMI medium in 5% CO(2). Rat intestinal epithelial cells, IEC-6, were cultured under normoxic or anoxic (90% N(2), 10% CO(2)) conditions for 2, 12, and 24 h. Kupffer cells were then grown in the conditioned medium of the IEC-6 cultures. After 24 h, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. This final Kupffer cell supernatant was tested for tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 production by ELISA. Trypan blue exclusion was performed to assess cell viability. RESULTS Intestinal and Kupffer cells remained viable during the experimental time. Production of both tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by Kupffer cells increased with increasing ischemia time of the intestinal cells. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with animal studies of intestinal ischemia, this study found an increase in cytokine production by Kupffer cells following hypoxia of intestinal cells. This in vitro model offers a new tool to study the expression of cytokines, proteins, and messengers involved in the cascade of events that follow intestinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Towfigh
- Department of Surgery, Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, North Hills, California 91343, USA
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Bhatia SN, Balis UJ, Yarmush ML, Toner M. Effect of cell-cell interactions in preservation of cellular phenotype: cocultivation of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. FASEB J 1999; 13:1883-900. [PMID: 10544172 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterotypic cell interaction between parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal neighbors has been reported to modulate cell growth, migration, and/or differentiation. In both the developing and adult liver, cell-cell interactions are imperative for coordinated organ function. In vitro, cocultivation of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells has been used to preserve and modulate the hepatocyte phenotype. We summarize previous studies in this area as well as recent advances in microfabrication that have allowed for more precise control over cell-cell interactions through 'cellular patterning' or 'micropatterning'. Although the precise mechanisms by which nonparenchymal cells modulate the hepatocyte phenotype remain unelucidated, some new insights on the modes of cell signaling, the extent of cell-cell interaction, and the ratio of cell populations are noted. Proposed clinical applications of hepatocyte cocultures, typically extracorporeal bioartificial liver support systems, are reviewed in the context of these new findings. Continued advances in microfabrication and cell culture will allow further study of the role of cell communication in physiological and pathophysiological processes as well as in the development of functional tissue constructs for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Bhatia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Hahn PY, Yoo P, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH, Wang P. Upregulation of Kupffer cell beta-adrenoceptors and cAMP levels during the late stage of sepsis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1404:377-84. [PMID: 9739166 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although a burst of immunoresponsiveness may occur during the early stage of sepsis, late sepsis is characterized by severe immunodepression. In addition, although studies have shown that stimulation of macrophage beta-adrenoceptors results in an increase in cAMP and an associated reduction in macrophage phagocytic activity, it remains unknown whether Kupffer cell beta-adrenoceptor characteristics and cAMP levels are altered during polymicrobial sepsis. To study this, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 5 h (i.e., the early stage of sepsis) or 20 h (late sepsis) after CLP or sham operation, the liver was perfused with collagenase solution and Kupffer cells were isolated. beta-Adrenoceptor characteristics of the isolated Kupffer cells were determined using [125I]iodopindolol, and basal levels of cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that while maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of Kupffer cell beta-adrenoceptors was not altered at 5 h, it increased significantly at 20 h after CLP. Similarly, basal levels of cAMP in Kupffer cells did not change at 5 h but increased markedly at 20 h after the onset of sepsis. In contrast, the dissociation constant (Kd, 1/affinity) of Kupffer cell beta-adrenoceptors was not significantly affected by sepsis at both 5 h and 20 h after CLP. Thus, upregulation of beta-adrenoceptors and increase in cAMP levels in Kupffer cells occur during the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis, and this may contribute to the depression of macrophage phagocytic function under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Hahn
- Center for Surgical Research, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Middle House II, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Thurman RG, Bradford BU, Iimuro Y, Knecht KT, Arteel GE, Yin M, Connor HD, Wall C, Raleigh JA, Frankenberg MV, Adachi Y, Forman DT, Brenner D, Kadiiska M, Mason RP. The role of gut-derived bacterial toxins and free radicals in alcohol-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:S39-S50. [PMID: 28976690 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.1998.13.s1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from this laboratory using a continuous enteral ethanol (EtOH) administration model demonstrated that Kupffer cells are pivotal in the development of EtOH-induced liver injury. When Kupffer cells were destroyed using gadolinium chloride (GdCl3 ) or the gut was sterilized with polymyxin B and neomycin, early inflammation due to EtOH was blocked. Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody markedly decreased EtOH-induced liver injury and increased TNF-mRNA. These findings led to the hypothesis that EtOH-induced liver injury involves increases in circulating endotoxin leading to activation of Kupffer cells. Pimonidazole, a nitro-imidazole marker, was used to detect hypoxia in downstream pericentral regions of the lobule. Following one large dose of EtOH or chronic enteral EtOH for 1 month, pimonidazole binding was increased significantly in pericentral regions of the liver lobule, which was diminished with GdCl3 . Enteral EtOH increased free radical generation detected with electron spin resonance (ESR). These radical species had coupling constants matching α-hydroxyethyl radical and were shown conclusively to arise from EtOH based on a doubling of the ESR lines when 13 C-EtOH was given. α-Hydroxyethyl radical production was also blocked by the destruction of Kupffer cells with GdCl3 . It is known that females develop more severe EtOH-induced liver injury more rapidly and with less EtOH than males. Female rats on the enteral protocol exhibited more rapid injury and more widespread fatty changes over a larger portion of the liver lobule than males. Plasma endotoxin, ICAM-1, free radical adducts, infiltrating neutrophils and transcription factor NFκB were approximately two-fold greater in livers from females than males after 4 weeks of enteral EtOH treatment. Furthermore, oestrogen treatment increased the sensitivity of Kupffer cells to endotoxin. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Kupffer cells participate in important gender differences in liver injury caused by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Thurman
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blair U Bradford
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuji Iimuro
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn T Knecht
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ming Yin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry D Connor
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chantal Wall
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Moritz V Frankenberg
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yukito Adachi
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald T Forman
- Department of Pathology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Kadiiska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Fujita S, Arii S, Monden K, Ishiguro S, Nakamura T, Mizumoto M, Imamura M. The preventive effects of OK432 on endotoxin-induced liver injury: liver protection by the modulation of hepatic macrophage function. Surg Today 1996; 26:29-35. [PMID: 8680117 DOI: 10.1007/bf00311988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to clarify whether endotoxin-induced liver injury could be improved by modulating the function of hepatic macrophages using OK432, an immunostimulant derived from Streptococcus. OK432 elevated the capacity of hepatic macrophages to produce superoxide and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and enhanced the mRNA expression of interleukin-1-alpha, -beta, and TNF-alpha in liver nonparenchymal cells (NPC). However, intravenous (iv) preadministration of OK432 reduced the mRNA expression of TNF-alpha in liver NPC enhanced by the endotoxin injection, decreased the serum level of GOT and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and improved the survival rate of endotoxin-injected rats. Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in cell vacuolization and focal necrosis in the livers of the endotoxin-injected rats pretreated with OK432. These results indicate that hepatic macrophages play a crucial role in endotoxin-induced liver injury, and that TNF-alpha is one of the factors most likely to be implicated in the development of endotoxin-induced liver injury. Thus, it is suggested that the administration of OK432 provides liver protection by modulating the responsiveness of hepatic macrophages against endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujita
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Thurman RG, Gao W, Connor HD, Adachi Y, Stachlewitz RF, Zhong Z, Knecht KT, Bradford BU, Mason RP, Lemasters JJ. Role of free radicals in failure of fatty livers following liver transplantation and alcoholic liver injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 387:231-41. [PMID: 8794217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9480-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Thurman RG, Gao W, Connor HD, Adachi Y, Stachlewitz RF, Zhong Z, Knecht KT, Bradford BU, Mason RP, Lemasters JJ. Role of Kupffer cells in failure of fatty livers following liver transplantation and alcoholic liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 10 Suppl 1:S24-30. [PMID: 8589336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells have been implicated in mechanisms of pathophysiology following liver transplantation. Recently, postoperative injury in ethanol-induced fatty liver has been evaluated because fatty livers often fail following transplantation. The low-flow, reflow liver perfusion model was used to study the role of Kupffer cells (KC) in reperfusion injury to fatty livers from rats fed a diet containing ethanol for 4-5 weeks. Treatment with GdCl3, which selectively destroys KC, decreased cell death significantly. Thus, destruction of KC minimized hepatic reperfusion injury, most likely by inhibiting free radical formation and improving microcirculation. Since it was demonstrated recently that destruction of KC prevented the hypermetabolic state observed with acute alcohol exposure, their involvement in events leading to alcohol-induced liver disease was investigated. In rats exposed to ethanol continuously via intragastric feeding for up to 4 weeks, GdCl3 treatment prevented elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and dramatically reduced the average hepatic pathological score. These results indicate that KC participate in the early phases of alcohol-induced liver injury. Endotoxaemia occurs in alcoholics and activates KC; therefore, we evaluated the effect of minimizing bacterial endotoxin by intestinal sterilization with the antibiotics polymyxin B and neomycin. Antibiotics diminished plasma endotoxin levels significantly and prevented ethanol-induced increases in AST values. These results indicate that endotoxin is involved in the mechanism of ethanol-induced liver injury. A six-line radical spectrum was detected with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in bile from alcohol-treated rats which was blocked by GdCl3. The free radical adducts had hyperfine coupling constants characteristic of lipid-derived free radical products. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that KC are involved in reperfusion injury to ethanol-induced fatty livers and hepatic injury due to long-term treatment with ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7365, USA
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Adachi Y, Moore LE, Bradford BU, Gao W, Thurman RG. Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:218-24. [PMID: 7806045 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Kupffer's cells participate in alcohol-induced liver injury, and endotoxemia is observed in human alcoholics and in a rat model. This study evaluated the effect of reducing bacterial endotoxin production by intestinal sterilization on alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol continuously for up to 3 weeks via intragastric feeding. The gut was sterilized with polymyxin B and neomycin. RESULTS Fecal culture of stool samples from ethanol-fed rats treated with antibiotics showed virtually no growth of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin levels of 80-90 pg/mL in plasma of ethanol-fed rats were reduced to < 25 pg/mL by antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment also completely prevented elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and significantly reduced the average hepatic pathological score in rats exposed to ethanol. Oxygen tension on the surface of the liver measured in vivo was decreased significantly from control values of 48 +/- 1 to 39 +/- 1 mumol/L in ethanol-treated rats. This hypoxia was prevented by treatment with antibiotics. Moreover, the increase in rates of ethanol elimination due to long-term ethanol treatment was prevented by antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal sterilization prevented alcohol-induced liver injury in the rat, supporting the idea that hypermetabolism and consequent hypoxia caused by activation of Kupffer's cells by endotoxin is involved in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Adachi Y, Bradford BU, Gao W, Bojes HK, Thurman RG. Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 1994. [PMID: 8045507 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that consumption of alcohol leads to liver disease in a dose-dependent manner; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Hypoxia subsequent to a hypermetabolic state may be involved; therefore, when it was observed recently that inactivation of Kupffer cells prevented stimulation of hepatic oxygen uptake by alcohol, the idea that Kupffer cells participate in early events that ultimately lead to alcohol-induced liver disease became a real possibility. The purpose of this study was to test that hypothesis. Male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol continuously by means of intragastric feeding for up to 4 weeks using the model developed by Tsukamoto and French. In this model, ethanol causes fatty liver, necrosis and inflammation--changes characteristic of alcohol-induced liver disease in human beings. Kupffer cells were inactivated by twice weekly treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a selective Kupffer cell toxicant. AST levels were elevated to 192 +/- 13 and 244 +/- 56 IU/L in rats exposed to ethanol for 2 and 4 wk, respectively (control value, 88 +/- 7). This injury was prevented almost completely by GdCl3 treatment. Fatty changes, inflammation and necrosis were also all reduced dramatically by GdCl3 treatment. The average hepatic pathological score of rats treated with ethanol for 4 wk was 4.3 +/- 0.6, which was reduced significantly in ethanol- and GdCl3-treated rats to 1.8 +/- 0.5 (p < 0.05). Rates of ethanol elimination were elevated 2- to 3-fold in rats exposed to ethanol for 2 to 4 wk. This elevation was blocked by GdCl3 treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7365
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Adachi Y, Arii S, Sasaoki T, Funaki N, Higashitsuji H, Fujita S, Furutani M, Mise M, Zhang W, Tobe T. Hepatic macrophage malfunction in rats with obstructive jaundice and its biological significance. J Hepatol 1992; 16:171-6. [PMID: 1336505 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the pathophysiology of obstructive jaundice by analyzing the function of hepatic macrophages and their role in immune responses and homeostasis in rats. The phagocytic index, determined by the rate of disappearance of 51Cr-endotoxin from the peripheral blood after intravenous injection, was increased in obstructive jaundice 2 weeks after bile duct ligation. The superoxide production of isolated hepatic macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes, measured by the superoxide dismutase inhibitable ferricytochrome c reduction method, was increased. Prostaglandin E2 release, measured by RIA, was markedly increased in rats with obstructive jaundice, but there was no significant difference in interleukin-1 release between jaundiced and control rats. The flow-cytometric analysis of surface molecules of hepatic macrophages showed decreased expression of interleukin-2 receptor in rats with obstructive jaundice. Thus, the functions of hepatic macrophages in rats with obstructive jaundice were impaired. This malfunction may disturb the immunoregulatory network and metabolism, although the exact implications of the altered function of hepatic macrophages have not yet been clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Adachi
- First Department of Surgery, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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