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Meng XL, Shen JS, Watabe K, Ohashi T, Eto Y. GALC transduction leads to morphological improvement of the twitcher oligodendrocytes in vivo. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 84:332-43. [PMID: 15781194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a severe demyelinating disease caused by a genetic defect of beta-galactocerebrosidase (GALC). To date treatment to GLD is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Experimental approaches by means of gene therapy in twitcher mouse, an authentic murine model of human GLD, showed significant but only marginal improvements of the disease. To clarify whether the introduction of GALC could provide beneficial effects on the oligodendrocytes in GLD, we transduced twitcher oligodendrocytes by stereotactically injecting recombinant retrovirus encoding GALC-myc-tag fusion gene into the forebrain subventricular zone of neonatal twitcher mouse. In vivo effects of exogenous GALC on twitcher oligodendrocytes were studied histologically by combined immunostaining for the myc-epitope and the oligodendroglial specific marker, pi form of glutathione-S-transferase, at around 40 days of age. We show here that GALC transduction led to dramatic morphological improvement of the twitcher oligodendrocytes comparing with those in untreated twitcher controls. This study provided direct in vivo evidence that GALC transduction could prevent or correct aberrant morphology of oligodendrocytes in GLD which may be closely related to the dysfunction and/or degeneration of oligodendrocytes and the demyelination in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Li Meng
- Department of Gene Therapy, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Yokoo T, Ohashi T, Shen JS, Sakurai K, Miyazaki Y, Utsunomiya Y, Takahashi M, Terada Y, Eto Y, Kawamura T, Osumi N, Hosoya T. Human mesenchymal stem cells in rodent whole-embryo culture are reprogrammed to contribute to kidney tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3296-300. [PMID: 15728383 PMCID: PMC552897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406878102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells has enabled the successful generation of simple organs. However, anatomically complicated organs such as the kidney have proven more refractory to stem-cell-based regenerative techniques. Given the limits of allogenic organ transplantation, an ultimate therapeutic solution is to establish self-organs from autologous stem cells and transplant them as syngrafts back into donor patients. To this end, we have striven to establish an in vitro organ factory to build up complex organ structures from autologous adult stem cells by using the kidney as a target organ. Cultivation of human mesenchymal stem cells in growing rodent embryos enables their differentiation within a spatially and temporally appropriate developmental milieu, facilitating the first step of nephrogenesis. We show that a combination of whole-embryo culture, followed by organ culture, encourages exogenous human mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate and contribute to functional complex structures of the new kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy and Pediatrics, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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3
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Uchino M, Uyama E, Kawano H, Hokamaki J, Kugiyama K, Murakami Y, Yasue H, Ando M. A histochemical and electron microscopic study of skeletal and cardiac muscle from a Fabry disease patient and carrier. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 90:334-8. [PMID: 8525810 DOI: 10.1007/bf00296520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were performed in an attempt to clarify the muscle pathology in an 18-year-old man with Fabry disease, showing proximal limb muscle atrophy, and his 52-year-old mother, who is a Fabry carrier with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Despite the relatively mild myopathic changes revealed by histochemistry, electron microscopy demonstrated the widespread accumulation of abundant lamellated bodies in myofibers, associated with increased glycogen granules and autophagic vacuoles. The cardiac muscle of the proband's mother revealed a mosaic pattern of normal-appearing and hypertrophic myofibers containing a number of ring-like, lamellated bodies. Although further studies are necessary to support our findings, skeletal muscle is apparently involved in patients with Fabry disease, and a mosaic pattern of cardiac muscle involvement possibly reflecting Lyonization, may be one of the characteristic findings of a Fabry disease carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uchino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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Agmon V, Dinur T, Cherbu S, Dagan A, Gatt S. Administration of pyrene lipids by receptor-mediated endocytosis and their degradation in skin fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1991; 196:151-7. [PMID: 1654269 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90244-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin and seven glycosphingolipids were labeled with the fluorescent probe pyrene and administered into cultured fibroblasts by receptor-mediated endocytosis. For this purpose pyrene sphingomyelin or mixtures of pyrene glycolipid and unlabeled sphingomyelin were dispersed as small, unilamellar liposomes. Apolipoprotein E was then added and the receptor for this ligand on the cell surface was utilized for uptake of the liposomes and their transport to the lysosomes, where the respective pyrene lipids were degraded. Following incubation with each of the respective pyrene lipids, only the administered compound and the pyrene ceramide were present; intermediate hydrolysis products were not detected. This indicated that, in skin fibroblasts, the lysosomal ceramidase was limiting and controlled the rate of total degradation of the pyrene sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agmon
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Neurochemistry, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Dasgupta S, Chien JL, Hogan EL. Biosynthesis of GM1b and similar neolactoseries gangliosides by a partially purified chicken skeletal muscle sialyltransferase. Effect of sphingomyelin and acetylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1036:11-7. [PMID: 2223821 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(90)90207-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An alpha 2----3 glycolipid galactosyl sialyltransferase (SAT3/4) has been partially purified from embryonic chicken skeletal muscle. It is preserved in 50 mM Hepes buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1% Triton CF-54 and 20% glycerol at -70 degrees C for a period of 6 months without loss of activity. The SAT3+4 preparation transfers sialic acid to nLcOse4Cer, nLcOse6Cer and GgOse4Cer with respective Km values of 1.4, 0.83 and 0.45 mM. The activity is stimulated 2-3-fold at high substrate concentration and 6-8-fold at low substrate concentration; 0.01 and 0.005 mumol for asialo GM1 and 0.025 and 0.01 mumol for other glycolipids in the presence of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) at an optimum concentration 0.75%. A higher concentration is inhibitory. SM from chicken muscle is more effective than that from bovine brain and the stimulation is qualitatively proportional to that of the saturated fatty acyl content of SM. Free fatty acids (palmitic and stearic), their sodium salts, other choline compounds including choline chloride, phosphorylcholine and acetylcholine either do not have any effect or are inhibitory. Acetylcholine, even in the presence of SM and PC, is strongly inhibitory (70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Mitsuo K, Nakano T, Kobayashi T, Goto I, Taniike M, Suzuki K. Juvenile Sandhoff disease: a Japanese patient carrying a mutation identical to that found earlier in a Canadian patient. J Neurol Sci 1990; 98:277-86. [PMID: 2147031 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(90)90269-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A 35-year-old Japanese man with juvenile Sandhoff disease is described. He showed progressive neurogenic muscular atrophy, cerebellar ataxia and mental deterioration, beginning at age 10 years. The accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in the submucosal nerve cell was confirmed by positive immunostaining using anti-GM2 ganglioside antibody. Biochemical evaluation revealed nearly absent beta-hexosaminidase A and B activities in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Hydrolysis of [3H]globoside I in the intact fibroblasts was apparently disturbed but the rate of hydrolysis was higher than those seen in cells from patients with infantile Sandhoff disease. Analysis of the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit gene of the patient disclosed a point mutation (a G-to-A transition) within intron 12. The mutation generates a new splice junction resulting in a 24-base insertion between exons 12 and 13 in the processed mRNA and consequently an 8-amino acid insertion in the translation product. This mutation is identical to that originally found in a Canadian patient with juvenile Sandhoff disease. A possible relationship with the clinical phenotype and the gene abnormality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitsuo
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
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Hasholt L, Sørensen SA, Wandall A, Andersen EB, Arlien-Søborg P. A Fabry's disease heterozygote with a new mutation: biochemical, ultrastructural, and clinical investigations. J Med Genet 1990; 27:303-6. [PMID: 2161929 PMCID: PMC1017080 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.27.5.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A Fabry heterozygote with early clinical manifestations of this X linked disorder is described. Her symptoms, including febrile attacks, arthralgia, abdominal pain, and neurological signs, were characteristic of Fabry's disease hemizygotes. The neurological findings were compatible with a brain stem infarction. The diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of low activities of alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-galA) in plasma, lymphocytes, and cultured fibroblasts, and by the observation of typical lamellar inclusions in the lysosomes of cultured fibroblasts. Increased levels of ceramide trihexoside were also found by TLC of urine sediment. The family history gave no indication of Fabry's disease in the patient's relatives, and biochemical and ultrastructural investigations of their cells were also normal. Our findings therefore suggest that the defective gene in the heterozygote has resulted from a new mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hasholt
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Biochemical and clinical analysis of accumulated glycolipids in symptomatic heterozygotes of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry's disease) in comparison with hemizygotes. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Metabolism of galactosylceramide in the twitcher mouse, an animal model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Takuro K, Nobue S, Yoshigoro K. Incorporation and degradation of GM1 ganglioside and asialoGm1 ganglioside in cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with β-galactosidase deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Shinnoh N, Goto I, Kuroiwa Y. Hydrolysis of galactosylceramide is catalyzed by two genetically distinct acid beta-galactosidases. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Galactosylceramide- and lactosylceramide-loading studies in cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) and GM1-gangliosidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(85)90115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Kobayashi T, Kira J, Shinnoh N, Goto I, Kuroiwa Y. Fabry's disease with partially deficient hydrolysis of ceramide trihexoside. J Neurol Sci 1985; 67:179-85. [PMID: 2984338 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(85)90114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A report is presented on biochemical studies of the fibroblasts from a 26-year-old man with Fabry's disease whose clinical picture was atypical. The patient had severe pain in the extremities, but no angiokeratomas, corneal clouding or hypohidrosis. The trihexosylceramidase activity in the fibroblasts in vitro was deficient. The level and Km value of the residual activity were similar to levels seen in typical Fabry's patients. However, fibroblasts from the patient cultured in medium supplemented with [3H]ceramide trihexoside hydrolyzed the labeled ceramide trihexoside much higher than did cells from typical Fabry's patients, implying that the patient has a partial defect in hydrolysis of trihexosylceramide in cultured fibroblasts.
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