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Barrientos A, Lopez M, Sotomayor C, Pilleux L, Calderón S, Navarrete M, Otth C. Prevalence of human T-Cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 among patients with malignant hematological diseases in South Chile. J Med Virol 2011; 83:745-8. [PMID: 21328393 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barrientos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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2
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Pimenta FCF, Kashima Haddad S, de Medeiros Filho JG, Costa MJC, Diniz MFM, Fernandes MP, de Araújo LB, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS. Prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 in nursing mothers from the state of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil. J Hum Lact 2008; 24:289-92. [PMID: 18689716 DOI: 10.1177/0890334408316084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus known as a direct causal agent of a malignant disease. The vertical route of HTLV transmission is the most frequent pathway of the virus contamination. This study was performed to determine the prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 infection among nursing women. From January 2004 to January 2005, blood samples from 1033 nursing mothers from Paraíba, Brazil were evaluated for HTLV antibodies by ELISA and HTLV-1 viral particles confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HTLV antibodies were detected in 7 women. The overall seroprevalence ratio was 0.68% and HTLV-1 viral sequences were confirmed by PCR in 2 women. These preliminary data suggest that HTLV screening should be introduced as a mandatory test before breastfeeding and breast milk donation in Paraíba, Brazil. Additionally, counseling programs would help reduce the prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 infected individuals in this Brazilian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia C F Pimenta
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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De Castro-Costa CM, Araújo AQC, Barreto MM, Takayanagui OM, Sohler MP, da Silva ELM, de Paula SMB, Ishak R, Ribas JGR, Rovirosa LC, Carton H, Gotuzzo E, Hall WW, Montano S, Murphy EL, Oger J, Remondegui C, Taylor GP. Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:931-5. [PMID: 17067261 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first description of TSP/HAM in 1985 and the elaboration of WHO's diagnostic criteria in 1988, the experience of the professionals in this field has increased so that a critical reappraisal of these diagnostic guidelines was considered timely. Brazilian neurologists and observers from other countries met recently to discuss and propose a modified model for diagnosing TSP/HAM with levels of ascertainment as definite, probable, and possible, according to myelopathic symptoms, serological findings, and/or detection of HTLV-I DNA and exclusion of other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M De Castro-Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-270, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
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Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Azevedo VN, Ishak MDOG. Epidemiological aspects of retrovirus (HTLV) infection among Indian populations in the Amazon Region of Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2003; 19:901-14. [PMID: 12973556 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2003000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV was initially described in association with a form of leukemia in Japan and a neurological disease in the Caribbean. It was soon shown that HTLV-II was endemic among Amerindians and particularly among Brazilian Indians. The Amazon Region of Brazil is presently the largest endemic area for this virus and has allowed several studies concerning virus biology, the search for overt disease, epidemiological data including detailed demographic data on infected individuals, clear-cut geographic distribution, definition of modes of transmission and maintenance within small, epidemiologically-closed groups, and advances in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. A new molecular subtype named HTLV-IIc was further described on the basis of genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This subtype is present in other areas of Brazil, indicating that the virus is additionally both a valuable marker for tracing past human migration routes in the Americas and a probable marker for social habits of the present human population. HIV, the other human retrovirus, is still not prevalent among indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon, but these groups are also easy targets for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66040-970, Brasil.
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Ramirez E, Fernandez J, Cartier L, Villota C, Rios M. Defective human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus in seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) patients. Virus Res 2003; 91:231-9. [PMID: 12573502 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) have been associated with the development of the tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). We studied the presence of HTLV-I provirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 72 Chilean patients with progressive spastic paraparesis by polymerase chain reaction: 32 seropositive and 40 seronegative cases. We amplified different genomic regions of HTLV-I using primers of 5' ltr, tax, env/tax, pX, pol and env genes. These genes were detected from all seropositive patients. The seronegative patients were negative with 5' ltr, pol, env, and pX primers. However, amplified product of tax and env/tax genes was detected from 16 and four seronegative patients, respectively. Three of them were positive with both genetic regions. The results of this study show that the complete HTLV-I provirus is found in 100% of seropositive cases. In seronegative cases, clinically very similar of seropositive cases, was found only tax gene in 42.5% (17/40) of patients. These results suggest the presence of a defective HTLV-I provirus in some seronegative patients with progressive spastic paraparesis, and suggest a pathogenic role of this truncate provirus for a group of TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ramirez
- Section of Virology, Public Health Institute of Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile.
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Castro-Costa CM, Carton H, Santos TJ. HTLV-I negative tropical spastic paraparesis: a scientific challenge. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2001; 59:289-94. [PMID: 11400047 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2001000200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the historical, clinical and etiological aspects of the progressive chronic spastic myelopathies of unknown etiology, disserting on the clinical similarities between HTLV-I seropositive and seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), as well as focusing on the PCR studies of the seronegative TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Castro-Costa
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
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Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Carvalho SM, Borducchi D, Dobbin J, Salvador J, Correa RB, Moellman A, Loureiro P, Chiattone C, Rios M. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and cluster of HTLV-I associated diseases in Brazilian settings. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42:135-44. [PMID: 11699201 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109097685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied the transmission routes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) within families of 82 Brazilian patients diagnosed with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). Diagnosis of ATL in 43 male and 39 female patients was based on clinical and laboratory criteria of T-cell malignancy and detection of HTLV-I monoclonal integration. Samples were tested for HTLV antibodies and infection was confirmed as HTLV-I by Western Blot and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Overall 26/37 (70%) of mothers, 24/37 (65%) of wives, 8/22 (36%) of husbands, 34/112 (30%) of siblings and 10/82 (12%) offspring were HTLV-I infected. In 11 ATL patients, mothers were repeatedly HTLV-I seronegative, but HTLV-I pol or tax sequences were detected in 2 out of 6 cases tested by PCR. ATL patients with seronegative mothers related the following risk factors for HTLV-I infection: 6 were breast-fed by surrogate mothers with unknown HTLV-I status, 4 had a sexually promiscuous behaviour and 1 had multiple blood transfusions at a young age. Familial aggregation of ATL and other HTLV-I associated diseases such as HTLV-I myelopathy (HAM/TSP) and or uveitis, ATL in sibling pairs or in multiple generations was seen in 9 families. There were 6 families with ATL and TSP sibling pairs. In 3 families at least one parent had died with lymphoma or presenting neurological diseases and 2 offspring with ATL. Further to the extent of vertical and horizontal transmission of HTLV-I infection within ATL families, our results demonstrate that mothers who provide surrogate breast-milk appear to be an important source of HTLV-I transmission and ATL development in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Cell Marker Laboratory-Department of Hematology of Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Hematologia Clinica, Praça Cruz Vermelha, 23, 7th floor, CEP 20 230 030-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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De Castro-Costa CM. [Tropical spastic paraparesis: a necessary redefinition]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1996; 54:131-5. [PMID: 8736159 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1996000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The author disserts on the definition of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis since its first description up to the etiological involvement of HTLV-1 in part of the cases. According to him the basic nucleus of the syndrome consists of a paraparesis with pyramidal signs (spasticity and hyperreflexia) with variable sensory and sphincter symptoms. The retroviral etiology by HTLV-1 is one of the variable elements of the condition. He aims at preventing conceptual distortions in the description of this condition.
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9
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Araújo ADQ, de Andrada-Serpa MJ. Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Brazil. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 13 Suppl 1:S33-7. [PMID: 8797701 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Brazil, the largest Latin American country, is highly heterogeneous, both demographically and socioeconomically. The overall human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) seroprevalence among blood donors is approximately 0.45%. These rates are highly variable, from 0 to 1.8%. Since 1989, many series of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) cases have appeared in the literature, with high variation in the prevalence of HTLV-I among TSP patients (14.7-57%). The main clinical features of Brazilian TSP/HAM are similar to those in other endemic countries, but sensory signs are more frequent. Recently, the presence of peripheral nerve and muscular involvement has been characterized. The first nationwide study on the disease has been recently completed: it enrolled 163 patients and concluded that TSP/HAM is common in Brazil, mainly in the northeast and southeast regions; it predominates among women and whites; the most important risk factors for infection are sexual promiscuity and blood transfusion; and, although a remarkably uniform disease throughout the country, some statistically significant differences were detected, such as a higher proportion of females over males in the northeast region, a higher proportion of whites the southeast and the south and mulattos in the northeast, and, finally, a high rate of venereal diseases in the southeast region and of intravenous drug use in the south. Brazil seems to be a perfect setting for future epidemiologic, clinical, basic, and therapeutic studies on TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Q Araújo
- HTLV Unit, Evandro Chagas Hospital, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Araújo AQ, Leite AC, Dultra SV, Andrada-Serpa MJ. Progression of neurological disability in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). J Neurol Sci 1995; 129:147-51. [PMID: 7608729 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)00266-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is apparently a disease with a chronic evolution without spontaneous remissions. The real profile of its natural history and of the progression of the neurological disability, however, awaits confirmation. We devised the present study to evaluate the progression profile of the neurological disability of HAM/TSP in a series of 43 patients who have never received any kind of previous immune therapy. Patients were divided into different groups according to the duration of their disease. Age, gender and the Kurtzke's disability status scale (DSS) at the time of the first examination were compared. There were no statistically significant differences among groups with different disease duration. The present study suggests that the evolution of the neurological disability in HAM/TSP occurs mainly during the first year of the disease and becomes relatively stable after that. Therefore we speculate that the variable therapeutic success rates observed in many series of the literature could be due to the timing in the beginning of the pharmacological immunosuppression. Probably the therapeutic window in HAM/TSP lies within the first year of the disease. Thus it might be of utmost importance that future therapeutical trials take into consideration the duration of the disease since this factor can play an important role in the results of the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Q Araújo
- HTLV-Associated Neuropathies Research Unit, IOC, Hospital Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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De Castro Costa CM, Carton H, Goubau P, D'Almeida JA. Brazilian studies on tropical spastic paraparesis. A meta-analysis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1994; 52:585-91. [PMID: 7611958 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1994000400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic progressive myelopathy and in most of the cases has a retroviral (HTLV-1) etiology, when it is denominated HTLV-1 associated-mielopathy (HAM/TSP). Around 433 cases of TSP have been described in Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Among these cases, 157 (36.2%) are HTLV-1 positive and 276 (63.7%) are negative. Their mean age is 43.8 years with a slight predominance of females and mulattoes, although white patients are also numerous. Clinically all patients exhibit a spastic paraparesis with variable sphincter and sensory disturbance. Pain and autonomic symptoms seem to be expressive in the HTLV-1 positive HAM/TSP Brazilian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M De Castro Costa
- Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Neurologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFCE), Brasil
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Melo A, Gomes I, Mattos K. [HTLV-1 associated myelopathies in the city of Salvador, Bahia]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1994; 52:320-5. [PMID: 7893204 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1994000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been described in several endemic areas in Brazil. In Salvador, 102 patients with myelopathy were screened for HTLV-I/II by ELISA and Western blot assays. We found 36 patients with HTLV-I/II associated myelopathy confirming the high prevalence of HAM in Salvador. The initial complaint of our patients were urinary urgency, back pain and progressive unsteadiness on walking. On examination all of them had a spastic paraparesis, variable degrees of lower motor neuron syndrome, deep and superficial sensitive syndrome. MRI analysis revealed lesions in the periventricular white matter in addition to atrophy of the thoracic spinal cord. Clinical and magnetic resonance findings reveal that the inflammatory lesions of HAM involve not only the spinal cord but also the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melo
- Unidade de Neuroinfectologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brasil
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