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Interactive effects of light/dark cycle, ECS, physostigmine, and scopolamine on one-way avoidance learning in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Interactions of ECS and a light-dark cycle on one-way avoidance learning in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shell WE, May LA, Bullias DH, Pavlik SL, Silver DS. Sentra PM (a Medical Food) and Trazodone in the Management of Sleep Disorders. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2012; 4:65-72. [PMID: 23650468 PMCID: PMC3619436 DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s9381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders are a common and poorly treated disease state. This double blind, four arm placebo-controlled, randomized trial compared (1) low dose trazodone, (2) Sentra PM, a neurotransmitter based medical food, (3) the joint administration of trazodone and the medical food Sentra PM and (4) placebo. There were 111 subjects studied in 12 independent sites. Subjects underwent baseline screening, informed consent and an initial sleep questionnaire. After 14 days subjects underwent a second evaluation by questionnaire. At baseline and Day 14 the subjects underwent 24 hour ECG recordings that were analyzed in the frequency domain of heart rate variability. The specific high frequency parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity was analyzed. The primary endpoints were sleep latency and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system improvement in sleeping hours. The results showed improvement in sleep latency for the Sentra PM and combination of Sentra PM and trazodone (−41 and −56 minutes P < 0.001). There was an improvement in quality of sleep for the amino acid formulation Sentra PM and the combination (3.86 and 6.48 Likert units on a 10 point scale P < 0.001). There was an activation of circadian activity percent at night in the medical food and combination groups while there was no change in parasympathetic activity in either the placebo or trazodone group. These data indicate that Sentra PM can improve the quality of sleep, the response to trazodone as a sleep medication and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity.
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Mondadori C. Pharmacological modulation of memory: trends and problems. ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 89:129-43. [PMID: 6120610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1981.tb02371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Owasoyo JO. Circadian rhythm in brain histamine: Alteration by phenobarbital, pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018209359760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Owasoyo JO, Gipson KD, Soliman KF, Walker CA. Circadian variation in the monoamine Oxidase activity of specific rat brain areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018409359847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Owasoyo J, Okonmah A, Soliman K, Walker C. Circadian variation in the acetylcholinesterase activity of specific rat brain areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018009359712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Owasoyo JO, Walker CA. The effect of sodium phenobarbital on the circadian levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in rat brain areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018009359692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gordon CJ, Mack CM. Diurnal variation in thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl in the rat. Toxicology 2001; 169:93-105. [PMID: 11718951 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Time of day of exposure is rarely considered in the study of insecticide toxicology. It would be expected that the circadian temperature rhythm (CTR) as well as the circadian rhythms of other physiological processes would affect the efficacy of anticholinesterase (antiChE) insecticides. The ability of antiChE insecticides to alter core temperature (T(c)) could be affected by time of exposure in relation to the CTR. To this end, we assessed time of exposure on the efficacy of the antiChE insecticides chlorpyrifos (CHP) and carbaryl (CAR) to alter T(c) in the rat. T(c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored by radiotelemetry. Rats were dosed orally with 0, 30, and 50 mg/kg CHP or 0, 25 and 75 mg/kg CAR at 09:00 and 15:00 h. Both insecticides caused an acute decrease followed by a delayed increase in T(c) by 24-48 h post-exposure. The temperature index (TI) (area under curve of DeltaT(c) with time) was significantly greater when CHP was given at 15:00 h as compared with 09:00 h. The maximum decrease in T(c) was similar for morning and afternoon CHP. The TI following CAR was similar for morning and afternoon exposure. CHP suppressed the 24 h MA equally when given in the morning and afternoon. CAR was more effective in reducing MA when given in the morning as compared with the afternoon. The T(c) increase measured 24 h after dosing was greater when CHP was given in the morning. Overall, time of day affected the thermoregulatory toxicity of CHP but not CAR. Another experiment showed that the hypothermic efficacy of oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, was greater when injected at 09:00 h as compared with 15:00 h. Hence, cholinergic stimulation is probably not the only mechanism to explain the effects of the chronotoxicogical effects of some antiChE insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gordon
- Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-74B, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Dykes RW. Daily changes in the release of acetylcholine from rat primary somatosensory cortex. Brain Res 1993; 625:152-8. [PMID: 8242394 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90148-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using microdialysis, acetylcholine (ACh) release was measured in the somatosensory cortex of 14 rats over a 24-h period. The release of ACh was 0.195 pmol/min during the day and 0.344 pmol/min at night. The length of exposed dialysis membrane within the cortex was an important source of variability in the absolute amounts of ACh collected. Even after rejecting some cases where the membrane contacted only the superficial cortical layers, this factor accounted for 25% of the variation of absolute amounts collected in different animals. After correcting for the length of exposed membrane, the release of ACh was shown to increase 52% at night during the time when the animals were awake, feeding and grooming. Variability in the measures of ACh release obtained during periods of activity was greater than its variability during periods of inactivity. These data were interpreted in the context of several hypothesized roles for ACh in sensory cortex.
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Mizuno T, Endo Y, Arita J, Kimura F. Acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus as measured by the microdialysis method correlates with motor activity and exhibits a diurnal variation. Neuroscience 1991; 44:607-12. [PMID: 1754054 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular levels of acetylcholine were measured by the microdialysis method coupled to high performance liquid chromatography in the dorsal hippocampus of freely moving rats over a period of 24 h to examine whether the acetylcholine release in the hippocampus exhibited a diurnal variation. Spontaneous motor activity was simultaneously measured with an automatic animal activity monitor. The amount of acetylcholine collected per 20-min sample varied markedly, in a range from about 5 to 90 pmol. There appeared to be variations in the amount with a 2-4 h periodicity as well as an apparent diurnal periodicity. In all five rats studied, the overall mean value for the dark cycle (11.1-34.5, average 20.9 pmol/20 min) was significantly greater than that for the light cycle (5.1-21.3, average 12.3 pmol/20 min), showing a 70% average increase. Cross-correlation analysis performed between the amount of acetylcholine and the motor activity count for the animal during the sampling revealed a significant positive correlation coefficient in four rats studied. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the acetylcholine release shows a diurnal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizuno
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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Anthony A, Doebler JA, Bocan TM, Zerweck C, Shih TM. Scanning-integrating cytophotometric analyses of brain neuronal RNA and acetylcholinesterase in acute soman toxicated rats. Cell Biochem Funct 1983; 1:30-6. [PMID: 6205784 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytophotometric analyses of RNA and acetylcholinesterase responses of caudate and cerebrocortical neurons of soman toxicated rats were conducted to characterize impairments in regulatory aspects of neuronal metabolism occurring in the acute phase of cholinesterase impairment. There was a severe and dose-dependent suppression (20-60%) in neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity in both a.m. and p.m.-treated rats; no diurnal differences were apparent in control acetylcholinesterase levels or neuronal acetylcholinesterase responsiveness to soman toxication. RNA levels, however, were markedly higher in p.m. than in a.m. saline-treated controls. Soman depressed caudate neuron RNA contents in the afternoon, but not in the morning. Cerebrocortical neuron RNA levels were suppressed in both a.m. and p.m.-toxicated rats, although this RNA depletion was more severe in the afternoon. These results indicate that soman can elicit marked alterations in neuronal transcriptional-translational capabilities and that there are diurnal variations in cellular metabolic responsiveness to soman toxication. Although functional relationships between soman-induced cholinesterase inhibition and RNA depletion remain to be elucidated, depressed RNA metabolism appears to be a maladaptive response preventing rapid regeneration of cholinesterase following poisoning.
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Nordberg A, Wahlström G. Diurnal fluctuation in striatal choline acetyltransferase activity and strain difference in brain protein content of the rat. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1980; 108:385-8. [PMID: 7191193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured in two brain regions of rat at different times of the day. A diurnal fluctuation of the CAT activity was found in the striatum with a high activity during the light period and a low activity during the dark period. In the hippocampus + cortex the CAT activity remained constant. A marked difference in the brain protein content was found between two strains of Sprague-Dawley rats. This finding emphasizes the importance of expressing enzyme activity both per g tissue and g protein especially when comparing data between different research groups.
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Owasoyo JO, Walker CA, Whitworth UG. Diurnal variation in the dopamine level of rat brain areas: effect of sodium phenobarbital. Life Sci 1979; 25:119-22. [PMID: 573832 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wood N, Rose SP. Changes in acetylcholinesterase with light exposure, time of day, and motor activity in the rat. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1979; 25:79-89. [PMID: 572215 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(79)90790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rodichok LD, Friedman AH. Diurnal variations in the toxicity and tissue levels of spermidine in mice. Life Sci 1978; 23:2137-46. [PMID: 569238 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Iwata H, Matsuda T, Yamagami S, Tsukamoto T, Baba A. Circadian periodicity of taurine content of rat brain. Brain Res 1978; 143:383-6. [PMID: 630416 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mohan C, Radha E. Circadian rhythms in the central cholinergic system in aging animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 108:275-99. [PMID: 742528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4460-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Stewart WJ. Effect of prior experience of an environment on scopolamine-induced changes in activity. Neurosci Lett 1975; 1:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(75)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1975] [Accepted: 09/03/1975] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saito Y, Yamashita I, Yamazaki R, Okada F, Satomi R, Fujieda T. Circadian fluctuation of brain acetylcholine in rats. I. On the variations in the total brain and discrete brain areas. Life Sci 1975; 16:281-8. [PMID: 1110605 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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DiRaddo J, Kellogg C. In vivo rates of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation in regions of rat brain at four times during the light-dark cycle. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1975; 286:389-400. [PMID: 1143354 DOI: 10.1007/bf00506653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo rates of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation were studied in three regions of young adult rat brains at 4 times the light-dard cycle. The procedure utilized was to analyze the accumulation of Dopa and 5-HTP after injection of a centrally effective L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD 1015. Monoamine levels were also determined in all control animals and some treated animals. The reate of tyrosine dydrosylation in the telencephalon was significantly higher 7 hrs after dard onset than at the other three times tested. Smaller variations in tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation rates as a function of time of day were also observed. 5-HT levels were significantly higher during the light phase than the dark in the telencephalon with the same trend occurring in the diencephalon and brainstem. NA was stable in the telencephalon but reached lower levels in the light and higher levels in the dark in the other two regions. In the telencephalon DA reached high levels early in the light and in the dark phases, showing a biphasic variation. Of particular interest was the apparent lack of carrelation between cyclic changes in the monoamine levels and the changes in hydroxylation rates. Rates of hydroxylation can be considered indicative of rates of monoamine synthesis. This observation is discussed in relation to feedback and other mechanisms regulating synthesis and release of monoamines.
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Domino EF, Wilson AE, Olds ME. Relation of rat brain acetylcholine levels to duration of self-stimulation and escape behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1975; 3:103-7. [PMID: 1129345 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(75)90087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Total brain acetylcholine (ACh) was assayed in groups of animals after various periods of operant responding maintained by electrical stimulation of the lateral posterior hypothalamus or of escape behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum. Different groups of trained rats were placed in identical Skinner boxes for periods of 1 to 24 hr. The following groups were studied: controls, self-stimulators receiving electrical stimulation, escapers from brain stimulation or peripherally applied aversive stimulation, self-stimulators not receiving electrical stimulation prior to decapitation, tubocurarine-paralyzed respired rats with electrodes in the posterior-lateral hypothalamus not receiving stimulation, and a group of tubocurarine-paralyzed, respired rats receiving electrical stimulation automatically. It was found that brain stimulation decreased total brain ACh, regardless of whether the stimulation was positive, as during self-stimulation behavior, or negative, as during escape behavior. Animals that receivied positive stimulation while being paralyzed showed similar decreases in total brain ACh, but the change in ACh was smaller. No changes occurred in animals that were paralyzed that recieved no electrical stimulation. It is concluded that brain usage produced by electrical stimulation of discrete functional pathways causes a reduction of total ACh, but this is unrelated to the specific motivational properties of the electrical stimuli.
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Thompson JH, Su C, Shih JC, Aures D, Choi L, Butcher S, Loskota WS, Simon M, Silva D. Effects of chronic nicotine administration and age on various neurotransmitters and associated enzymes in male Fischer-344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 27:41-59. [PMID: 4152860 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shea PA, Aprison MH. An enzymatic method for measuring picomole quantities of acetylcholine and choline in CNS tissue. Anal Biochem 1973; 56:165-77. [PMID: 4358017 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Moudgil VK, Kanungo MS. Effect of age on the circadian rhythm of acetylcholinesterase of the brain of the rat. COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1973; 4:127-30. [PMID: 4770270 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4035(73)90030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Herman ZS, Kmieciak-Kolada K, Slominska-Zurek J, Szkilnik R. Central effects of acetylcholine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1972; 27:223-32. [PMID: 4642461 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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