Relative efficacies of 1,4-diazepines on GABA-stimulated chloride influx in rat brain vesicles

Allopregnanolone-stimulated GABA-mediated chloride ion flux is inhibited by 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (isoallopregnanolone)

Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic function is associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Certain progesterone metabolite 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, or allopregnanolone (ALLO), increases the GABA-mediated chloride ion (Cl(-)) flux through GABA(A) receptors in a similar fashion as benzodiazepines and barbiturates. We have studied the effect of its 3beta diastereomer, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, or isoallopregnanolone (ISO), on the Cl(-) flux and investigated the interaction between ISO and ALLO on GABA-mediated Cl(-) uptake in cortical homogenates from adult male Wistar rats. We found that ISO from 1 microM to 1 mM does not affect baseline Cl(-) uptake in rat cortical homogenates. Neither does ISO at dose range of 100 nM to 100 microM interact with 10 microM GABA in the Cl(-) uptake assay. In addition, ISO at the dose range of 1-30 microM does not affect flunitrazepam and pentobarbital-induced increase of Cl(-) uptake. We conclude that ISO selectively inhibits the ALLO-induced Cl(-) uptake with respect to ALLO concentrations. The IC(50) of ISO inhibition on 1 microM ALLO-induced Cl(-) uptake was calculated to be 12.25 microM. On the other hand, we have studied the effect of 30 microM ISO on ALLO (0.01 nM to 1 microM) induced displacement of tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding. We did not note any interaction between ALLO and ISO on TBPS binding assay. These results indicate that ISO may be useful functional blocker of GABA(A) receptor potentiating steroid ALLO when used at concentrations that do not affect baseline GABAergic neurotransmission.

Diazepam fails to potentiate GABA-induced chloride uptake and to produce anxiolytic-like action in aged rats

The pharmacological response to benzodiazepines has been demonstrated to be different in aged individuals in comparison to adults. We studied the age-dependent changes in some of the in vitro and behavioral effects of diazepam in aged (24 months old) rats, comparing them to adults (3 months old). We evaluated the in vitro gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced 36Cl- uptake and the diazepam potentiation of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake in microsacs from cerebral cortex of both groups of animals. We found no differences in the GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake between adult and aged animals, and diazepam failed to potentiate GABA-induced 36Cl- flux in the aged cortical microsacs. We also examined the effect of 0.03-10 mg of diazepam on locomotor activity in an open-field test and the anxiolytic-like action of diazepam in doses ranging from 0.03 to 1 in a dark-light transition test. We observed no anxiolytic-like action of the drug in the dark-light transition test in the aged rats, while there was a shift to the left in the diminution of locomotor activity evaluated by the open-field test. We conclude that the pharmacodynamic changes observed in cortical GABA(A) receptors in aged rats could partially explain the lack of anxiolytic-like action but not the oversedation evidenced in this group of animals.

Effects of clobazam and its active metabolite on GABA-activated currents in rat cerebral neurons in culture

PURPOSE

The antiepileptic effects of clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, have been well documented in animal experiments and clinical trials. However, the drug's mechanisms of antiepileptic actions are still undetermined. The purpose of this study was to learn how clobazam and its active metabolite modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated currents in rat cerebral neurons in culture.

METHODS

Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on cultured cerebral neurons of the rat. Clobazam or its metabolite N-desmethylclobazam was dissolved in the extracellular solution and applied for 2 s by pressure ejection from a micropipette. To maintain GABA-activated currents, 2 mM Mg adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was added to the intracellular solution.

RESULTS

GABA elicited outward currents that were mediated by GABAA receptor-coupled Cl- channels. Applying clobazam with 10 microM GABA elicited enhanced outward currents. Flumazenil, an antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor, inhibited the enhancing effect of clobazam. The enhancement ratio increased as much as 2.28-fold in a dose-dependent manner at a concentration of 3 microM clobazam. However, it started to decrease at a concentration of 10 microM clobazam. The metabolite N-desmethylclobazam was tested in the same manner, and exhibited an identical dose-dependent enhancement of GABA-activated currents.

CONCLUSIONS

The antiepileptic effects of the 1,5-benzodiazepines are attributed to the enhancement of GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission. The antiepileptic effects of clobazam are thought to depend mainly on its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam, which is present in high concentrations in patients who receive long-term clobazam. Clobazam's enhancement of GABA-activated currents was most marked on weaker GABA currents. We therefore infer that clobazam acts more efficiently on tissues in which the release of GABA is diminished.

Bidirectional effect of β-carboline agonists at the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor chloride ionophore complex on GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake

beta-Carboline agonists produced a left shift of the GABA concentration-chloride uptake curve or a reduction in the maximal increase in GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake depending on their concentration. The enhancement of the GABA effect occurs only at lower beta-carboline and GABA concentrations and is smaller for the partial agonist ZK 9126 compared to the full agonist ZK 93423. The opposite effect, inhibition of GABA-stimulated chloride conductance, is observed only at higher concentrations of beta-carboline agonists and GABA. The reduction of the GABA maximal response by the partial agonist ZK 91296 is greater than by the full agonist ZK 93423. The transformation of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake data to specific chloride influx (36Cl- uptake per nM of GABA) reveals that the GABA concentration-response curve consists of three parts characterized by differences in the molar effectiveness of GABA relative to the GABA concentration. The molar effectiveness of GABA is a measure of the sensitivity of the GABAA receptor chloride ionophore complex and shows adaptive changes by this complex to increasing concentrations of GABA and/or beta-carboline. We conclude from our data that the change from GABA-sensitive to GABA-insensitive conformation of the GABAA receptor occurs with increasing concentrations of GABA and/or beta-carboline. Both conformations maintain positive heterotropic cooperativity with beta-carboline binding sites, one responsible for positive and the other responsible for negative effects of beta-carboline agonists on chloride uptake.

Differences in pharmacological profiles of a new generation of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

The hypnotics, quazepam (a benzodiazepine), brotizolam (a thienotriazolodiazepine), zopiclone (a cyclopyrrolone) and zolpidem (an imidazopyridine) have a common ability to bind to the benzodiazepine recognition site (omega receptor) within the GABAA receptor. For this reason we compared their pharmacological profiles in mice. All compounds shared anticonvulsant and central depressant effects. However, the sedative activity of zolpidem appeared at much lower doses than did the anticonvulsant and myorelaxant effects but the opposite was observed with the other hypnotics. In contrast to brotizolam, quazepam and zopiclone, zolpidem did not increase food intake in mice placed in a novel environment, indicating that this drug lacks disinhibitory activity. Moreover the efficacy of zolpidem at the GABAA receptor, as indicated by its activity against convulsions induced by the GABA synthesis inhibitor, isoniazid, was much greater than that of other hypnotics. These results suggest that the hypnoselective properties observed with zolpidem might be related to a high selectivity for the omega 1 recognition site of the GABAA receptor coupled with a very high intrinsic activity.