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Salazar-Ramírez F, Ramos-Mondragón R, García-Rivas G. Mitochondrial and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Interconnection in Cardiac Arrhythmia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623381. [PMID: 33585462 PMCID: PMC7876262 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial energy production, contraction, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial Ca2+-targeted fluorescent probes have demonstrated that mitochondria Ca2+ transients are synchronized with Ca2+ fluxes occurring in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The presence of specialized proteins tethering SR to mitochondria ensures the local Ca2+ flux between these organelles. Furthermore, communication between SR and mitochondria impacts their functionality in a bidirectional manner. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniplex is essential for ATP production and controlled reactive oxygen species levels for proper cellular signaling. Conversely, mitochondrial ATP ensures the proper functioning of SR Ca2+-handling proteins, which ensures that mitochondria receive an adequate supply of Ca2+. Recent evidence suggests that altered SR Ca2+ proteins, such as ryanodine receptors and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump, play an important role in maintaining proper cardiac membrane excitability, which may be initiated and potentiated when mitochondria are dysfunctional. This recognized mitochondrial role offers the opportunity to develop new therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing cardiac arrhythmias in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Salazar-Ramírez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Cardiovascular, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Roberto Ramos-Mondragón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Cardiovascular, Monterrey, Mexico.,TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico.,TecSalud, Centro de Medicina Funcional, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
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Yoval-Sánchez B, Calleja LF, de la Luz Hernández-Esquivel M, Rodríguez-Zavala JS. Piperlonguminine a new mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activator protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129684. [PMID: 32679250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detoxification of aldehydes by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) is crucial to maintain cell function. In cardiovascular diseases, reactive oxygen species generated during ischemia/reperfusion events trigger lipoperoxidation, promoting cell accumulation of highly toxic lipid aldehydes compromising cardiac function. In this context, activation of ALDH2, may contribute to preservation of cell integrity by diminishing aldehydes content more efficiently. METHODS The theoretic interaction of piperlonguminine (PPLG) with ALDH2 was evaluated by docking analysis. Recombinant human ALDH2 was used to evaluate the effects of PPLG on the kinetics of the enzyme. The effects of PPLG were further investigated in a myocardial infarction model in rats, evaluating ALDHs activity, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial function. RESULTS PPLG increased the activity of recombinant human ALDH2 and protected the enzyme from inactivation by lipid aldehydes. Additionally, administration of this drug prevented the damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats, restoring heart rate and blood pressure, which correlated with protection of ALDHs activity in the tissue, a lower content of lipid aldehydes, and the preservation of mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION Activation of ALDH2 by piperlonguminine ameliorates cell damage generated in heart ischemia/reperfusion events, by decreasing lipid aldehydes concentration promoting cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Luis Francisco Calleja
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | | | - José Salud Rodríguez-Zavala
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México.
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Antineoplastic copper coordinated complexes (Casiopeinas) uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and induce mitochondrial permeability transition in cardiac mitochondria and cardiomyocytes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:43-54. [PMID: 26739598 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based drugs, Casiopeinas (Cas), exhibit antiproliferative and antineoplastic activities in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Unfortunately, the clinical use of these novel chemotherapeutics could be limited by the development of dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cas cardiotoxicity and anticancer activity are not completely understood. Here, we explore the potential impact of Cas on the cardiac mitochondria energetics as the molecular mechanisms underlying Cas-induced cardiotoxicity. To explore the properties on mitochondrial metabolism, we determined Cas effects on respiration, membrane potential, membrane permeability, and redox state in isolated cardiac mitochondria. The effect of Cas on the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was also evaluated in isolated cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Cas IIIEa, IIgly, and IIIia predominately inhibited maximal NADH- and succinate-linked mitochondrial respiration, increased the state-4 respiration rate and reduced membrane potential, suggesting that Cas also act as mitochondrial uncouplers. Interestingly, cyclosporine A inhibited Cas-induced mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Similarly to isolated mitochondria, in isolated cardiomyocytes, Cas treatment decreased the Δψm and cyclosporine A treatment prevented mitochondrial depolarization. The production of H2O2 increased in Cas-treated mitochondria, which might also increase the oxidation of mitochondrial proteins such as adenine nucleotide translocase. In accordance, an antioxidant scavenger (Tiron) significantly diminished Cas IIIia mitochondrial depolarization. Cas induces a prominent loss of membrane potential, associated with alterations in redox state, which increases mPTP opening, potentially due to thiol-dependent modifications of the pore, suggesting that direct or indirect inhibition of mPTP opening might reduce Cas-induced cardiotoxicity.
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The mitochondrial translocator protein and arrhythmogenesis in ischemic heart disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:234104. [PMID: 25918579 PMCID: PMC4397036 DOI: 10.1155/2015/234104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of multiple cardiovascular disorders, including ischemic heart disease. Although mitochondria are well recognized for their role in energy production and cell death, mechanisms by which they control excitation-contraction coupling, excitability, and arrhythmias are less clear. The translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is expressed in multiple organ systems. The abundant expression of TSPO in macrophages has been leveraged to image the immune response of the heart to inflammatory processes. More recently, the recognition of TSPO as a regulator of energy-dissipating mitochondrial pathways has extended its utility from a diagnostic marker of inflammation to a therapeutic target influencing diverse pathophysiological processes. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging role of TSPO in ischemic heart disease. We highlight the importance of TSPO in the regenerative process of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced ROS release through its effects on the inner membrane anion channel (IMAC) and the permeability transition pore (PTP). We discuss evidence implicating TSPO in arrhythmogenesis in the settings of acute ischemia-reperfusion injury and myocardial infarction.
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Hernández-Esquivel L, Pavón N, Buelna-Chontal M, González-Pacheco H, Belmont J, Chávez E. Cardioprotective properties of citicoline against hyperthyroidism-induced reperfusion damage in rat hearts. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:185-91. [PMID: 25589288 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism represents an increased risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, especially when the heart is subjected to an ischemia/reperfusion process. The aim of this study was to explore the possible protective effect of the nucleotide citicoline on the susceptibility of hyperthyroid rat hearts to undergo reperfusion-induced damage, which is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, we analyzed the protective effect of citicoline on the electrical behavior and on the mitochondrial function in rat hearts. Hyperthyroidism was established after a daily i.p. injection of triiodothyronine (at 2 mg/kg of body weight) during 5 days. Thereafter, citicoline was administered i.p. (at 125 mg/kg of body weight) for 5 days. In hyperthyroid rat hearts, citicoline protected against reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Moreover, citicoline maintained the accumulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+), allowing mitochondria to reach a high transmembrane electric gradient that protected against the release of cytochrome c. It also preserved the activity of the enzyme aconitase that inhibited the release of cytokines. The protection also included the inhibition of oxidative stress-induced mDNA disruption. We conclude that citicoline protects against the reperfusion damage that is found in the hyperthyroid myocardium. This effect might be due to its inhibitory action on the permeability transition in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano N°1, Col Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan D.F. México
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Pavón N, Hernández-Esquivel L, Buelna-Chontal M, Chávez E. Antiarrhythmic effect of tamoxifen on the vulnerability induced by hyperthyroidism to heart ischemia/reperfusion damage. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:416-23. [PMID: 24923730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism, known to have deleterious effects on heart function, and is associated with an enhanced metabolic state, implying an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Tamoxifen is a selective antagonist of estrogen receptors. These receptors make the hyperthyroid heart more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion. Tamoxifen is also well-known as an antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible protective effect of tamoxifen on heart function in hyperthyroid rats. Rats were injected daily with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine at 2mg/kg body weight during 5 days to induce hyperthyroidism. One group was treated with 10mg/kg tamoxifen and another was not. The protective effect of the drug on heart rhythm was analyzed after 5 min of coronary occlusion followed by 5 min reperfusion. In hyperthyroid rats not treated with tamoxifen, ECG tracings showed post-reperfusion arrhythmias, and heart mitochondria isolated from the ventricular free wall lost the ability to accumulate and retain matrix Ca(2+) and to form a high electric gradient. Both of these adverse effects were avoided with tamoxifen treatment. Hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress caused inhibition of cis-aconitase and disruption of mitochondrial DNA, effects which were also avoided by tamoxifen treatment. The current results support the idea that tamoxifen inhibits the hypersensitivity of hyperthyroid rat myocardium to reperfusion damage, probably because its antioxidant activity inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico.
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Xie C, Kauffman J, Akar FG. Functional crosstalk between the mitochondrial PTP and KATP channels determine arrhythmic vulnerability to oxidative stress. Front Physiol 2014; 5:264. [PMID: 25076913 PMCID: PMC4099963 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is a terminal event leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death under conditions of oxidative stress (OS). However, mPTP blockade with cyclosporine A (CsA) has shown variable efficacy in limiting post-ischemic dysfunction and arrhythmias. We hypothesized that strong feedback between energy dissipating (mPTP) and cardioprotective (mKATP) channels determine vulnerability to OS. Methods and Results: Guinea pig hearts (N = 61) were challenged with H2O2 (200 μM) to elicit mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization. High-resolution optical mapping was used to measure ΔΨm or action potentials (AP) across the intact heart. Hearts were treated with CsA (0.1 μM) under conditions that altered the activity of mKATP channels either directly or indirectly via its regulation by protein kinase C. mPTP blockade with CsA markedly blunted (P < 0.01) OS-induced ΔΨm depolarization and delayed loss of LV pressure (LVP), but did not affect arrhythmia propensity. Surprisingly, prevention of mKATP activation with the chemical phosphatase BDM reversed the protective effect of CsA, paradoxically exacerbating OS-induced ΔΨm depolarization and accelerating arrhythmia onset in CsA treated compared to untreated hearts (P < 0.05). To elucidate the putative molecular mechanisms, mPTP inhibition by CsA was tested during conditions of selective PKC inhibition or direct mKATP channel activation or blockade. Similar to BDM, the specific PKC inhibitor, CHE (10 μM) did not alter OS-induced ΔΨm depolarization directly. However, it completely abrogated CsA-mediated protection against OS. Direct pharmacological blockade of mKATP, a mitochondrial target of PKC signaling, equally abolished the protective effect of CsA on ΔΨm depolarization, whereas channel activation with 30 μM Diazoxide protected against ΔΨm depolarization (P < 0.0001). Conditions that prevented mKATP activation either directly or indirectly via PKC inhibition led to accelerated ΔΨm depolarization and early onset of VF in response to OS. Investigation of the electrophysiological substrate revealed accelerated APD shortening in response to OS in arrhythmia-prone hearts. Conclusions: Cardioprotection by CsA requires mKATP channel activation through a PKC-dependent pathway. Increasing mKATP activity during CsA administration is required for limiting OS-induced electrical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Xie
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Kauffman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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8
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Hernández-Esquivel L, Pavón N, Buelna-Chontal M, González-Pacheco H, Belmont J, Chávez E. Citicoline (CDP-choline) protects myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition. Life Sci 2013; 96:53-8. [PMID: 24389400 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress emerges after reperfusion of an organ following an ischemic period and results in tissue damage. In the heart, an amplified generation of reactive oxygen species and a significant Ca(2+) accumulation cause ventricular arrhythmias and mitochondrial dysfunction. This occurs in consequence of increased non-specific permeability. A number of works have shown that permeability transition is a common substrate that underlies the reperfusion-induced heart injury. The aim of this work was to explore the possibility that CDP-choline may circumvent heart damage and mitochondrial permeability transition. MAIN METHODS Rats were injected i.p. with CDP-choline at 20 mg/kg body weight. Heart electric behavior was followed during a closure/opening cycle of the left coronary descendent artery. Heart mitochondria were isolated from rats treated with CDP-choline, and their function was evaluated by analyzing Ca(2+) movements, achievement of a high level of the transmembrane potential, and respiratory control. Oxidative stress was estimated following the activity of the enzymes cis-aconitase and superoxide dismutase, as well as the disruption of mitochondrial DNA. KEY FINDINGS This study shows that CDP-choline avoided ventricular arrhythmias and drop of blood pressure. Results also show that mitochondria, isolated from CDP-choline-treated rats, maintained selective permeability, retained accumulated Ca(2+), an elevated value of transmembrane potential, and a high ratio of respiratory control. Furthermore, activity of cis-aconitase enzyme and mDNA structure were preserved. SIGNIFICANCE This work introduces CDP-choline as a useful tool to preserve heart function from reperfusion damage by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico, D. F. Mexico
| | - Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico, D. F. Mexico
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico, D. F. Mexico
| | | | - Javier Belmont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico, D. F. Mexico
| | - Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico, D. F. Mexico.
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Hausenloy DJ, Boston-Griffiths EA, Yellon DM. Cyclosporin A and cardioprotection: from investigative tool to therapeutic agent. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1235-45. [PMID: 21955136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The pathophysiological effects of IHD on the heart most often result from the detrimental effects of acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on the myocardium. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets for protecting the myocardium against acute IRI are required to reduce injury to the heart, preserve cardiac function and improve clinical outcomes in patients with IHD. In this regard, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has emerged as a critical target for cardioprotection which is readily amenable to intervention at the time of myocardial reperfusion. The formation and opening of the mPTP at the onset of myocardial reperfusion is a major determinant of mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death in the setting of acute IRI. The seminal discovery in the late 1980s that mPTP opening could be pharmacologically inhibited by the immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A (CsA), has been fundamental in the elucidation of the critical role of the mPTP as a mediator of acute IRI and, therefore, a viable target for cardioprotection. Its initial role as an investigative tool was used to identify mitochondrial cyclophilin D to be a regulatory component of the mPTP. The mPTP as a viable target for cardioprotection has recently been translated into the clinical setting with CsA reducing myocardial infarct size in patients. In this article, we review the intriguing role of CsA as a tool for investigating the mPTP as a target for cardioprotection and its potential role as a therapeutic agent for patients with IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital & Medical School, London, UK.
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Cardiotoxicity of acetogenins from Persea americana occurs through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:461-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thireau J, Pasquié JL, Martel E, Le Guennec JY, Richard S. New drugs vs. old concepts: a fresh look at antiarrhythmics. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:125-45. [PMID: 21420430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) are a major public health concern. Classic antiarrhythmic (AA) drugs for AF are of limited effectiveness, and pose the risk of life-threatening VT/VF. For VT/VF, implantable cardiac defibrillators appear to be the unique, yet unsatisfactory, solution. Very few AA drugs have been successful in the last few decades, due to safety concerns or limited benefits in comparison to existing therapy. The Vaughan-Williams classification (one drug for one molecular target) appears too restrictive in light of current knowledge of molecular and cellular mechanisms. New AA drugs such as atrial-specific and/or multichannel blockers, upstream therapy and anti-remodeling drugs, are emerging. We focus on the cellular mechanisms related to abnormal Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ handling in AF, heart failure, and inherited arrhythmias, and on novel strategies aimed at normalizing ionic homeostasis. Drugs that prevent excessive Na⁺ entry (ranolazine) and aberrant diastolic Ca²⁺ release via the ryanodine receptor RyR2 (rycals, dantrolene, and flecainide) exhibit very interesting antiarrhythmic properties. These drugs act by normalizing, rather than blocking, channel activity. Ranolazine preferentially blocks abnormal persistent (vs. normal peak) Na⁺ currents, with minimal effects on normal channel function (cell excitability, and conduction). A similar "normalization" concept also applies to RyR2 stabilizers, which only prevent aberrant opening and diastolic Ca²⁺ leakage in diseased tissues, with no effect on normal function during systole. The different mechanisms of action of AA drugs may increase the therapeutic options available for the safe treatment of arrhythmias in a wide variety of pathophysiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Thireau
- Inserm U1046 Physiologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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12
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Pavón N, Aranda A, García N, Hernández-Esquivel L, Chávez E. In hyperthyroid rats octylguanidine protects the heart from reperfusion damage. Endocrine 2009; 35:158-65. [PMID: 19169849 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism sensitizes the heart for reperfusion injury. As known, mitochondrial permeability transition underlies reperfusion heart damage. This study was undertaken to explore the protective effect of octylguanidine (OG), an inhibitor of permeability transition, on hearts from hyperthyroid rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Hyperthyroidism was induced by a daily injection of 2 mg T3/kg body weight for 5 days. OG was injected at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. It was found that the amine protects against reperfusion-induced permeability transition, i.e., mitochondria from hyperthyroid rats, treated with OG, retained accumulated Ca(2+), similarly to control mitochondria. OG maintained post reperfusion cardiac frequency in hyperthyroid rats at 429 +/- 16 in comparison to control and T3 treated rats (70 +/- 12 and 71 +/- 2, respectively). We also found that OG diminished the post reperfusion accumulation of IFNgamma from 34.3 +/- 2.5 to 18.7 +/- 1.35, IL-6 from 38.5 +/- 4.5 to 15.1 +/- 0.12, IL-1 from 16.78 +/- 0.73 to 12.19 +/- 1.54, and TNFalpha from 45.05 +/- 3.14 to 29.85 +/- 4.3 (pg/50 microg myocardial tissue). It is concluded that OG inhibits the hypersensitivity of the hyperthyroid myocardium to undergo reperfusion damage due to its inhibitory action on the permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano # 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F. 014080, México
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Zazueta C, Franco M, Correa F, García N, Santamaría J, Martínez-Abundis E, Chávez E. Hypothyroidism provides resistance to kidney mitochondria against the injury induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion. Life Sci 2007; 80:1252-8. [PMID: 17303178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Massive Ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria, plus the stimulating effect of an inducing agent, i.e., oxidative stress, induces the so-called permeability transition, which is characterized by the opening of a nonspecific pore. This work was aimed at studying the influence of thyroid hormone on the opening of such a nonspecific pore in kidney mitochondria, as induced by an oxidative stress. To meet this objective, membrane permeability transition was examined in mitochondria isolated from kidney of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, after a period of ischemia/reperfusion. It was found that mitochondria from hypothyroid rats were able to retain accumulated Ca(2+) to sustain a transmembrane potential after Ca(2+) addition, as well as to maintain matrix NAD(+) and membrane cytochrome c content. The protective effect of hypothyroidism was clearly opposed to that occurring in ischemic reperfused mitochondria from euthyroid rats. Our findings demonstrate that these mitochondria were unable to preserve selective membrane permeability, except when cyclosporin A was added. It is proposed that the protection is conferred by the low content of cardiolipin found in the inner membrane. This phospholipid is required to switch adenine nucleotide translocase from specific carrier to a non-specific pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, DF 014080, México
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14
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de J García-Rivas G, Carvajal K, Correa F, Zazueta C. Ru360, a specific mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, improves cardiac post-ischaemic functional recovery in rats in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:829-37. [PMID: 17031386 PMCID: PMC2014682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), an energy-dissipating channel activated by calcium, contributes to reperfusion damage by depolarizing the mitochondrial inner membrane potential. As mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload is a main inductor of mPTP opening, we examined the effect of Ru(360), a selective inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uptake system against myocardial damage induced by reperfusion in a rat model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Myocardial reperfusion injury was induced by a 5-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by a 5-min reperfusion in anaesthetized open-chest rats. We measured reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and functions indicative of unimpaired mitochondrial integrity to evaluate the effect of Ru(360) treatment. KEY RESULTS Reperfusion elicited a high incidence of arrhythmias, haemodynamic dysfunction and loss of mitochondrial integrity. A bolus intravenous injection of Ru(360) (15-50 nmol kg(-1)), given 30-min before ischaemia, significantly improved the above mentioned variables in the ischaemic/reperfused myocardium. Calcium uptake in isolated mitochondria from Ru(360)-treated ventricles was partially diminished, suggesting an interaction of this compound with the calcium uniporter. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We showed that Ru(360) treatment abolishes the incidence of arrhythmias and haemodynamic dysfunction elicited by reperfusion in a whole rat model. Ru(360) administration partially inhibits calcium uptake, preventing mitochondria from depolarization by the opening of the mPTP. We conclude that myocardial damage could be a consequence of failure of the mitochondrial network to maintain the membrane potential at reperfusion. Hence, it is plausible that Ru(360) could be used in reperfusion therapy to prevent the occurrence of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de J García-Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez' México DF, México
| | - K Carvajal
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez' México DF, México
| | - F Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez' México DF, México
| | - C Zazueta
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez' México DF, México
- Author for correspondence:
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15
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García N, Correa F, Chávez E. On the role of the respiratory complex I on membrane permeability transition. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2005; 37:17-23. [PMID: 15906145 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-005-4119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work we studied permeability transition by incubating mitochondria in the presence of 50 muM Ca(2+) and malate/glutamate as substrates. This condition, besides inducing the release of pyridine nucleotides, promotes the generation of reactive oxygen-derived species by the complex I of the respiratory chain. The latter leads to the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Ca(2+) release, mitochondrial swelling and collapse of the transmembrane electric potential, were analyzed to assess this process. We propose that the mechanism for pore opening, in addition to the oxidative stress, involves the uncoupling effect of fatty acids providing activation of phospholipase A2, lipid peroxidation, and the oxidation of membrane thiols. This proposal emerges from the data indicating the protective effect of bovine serum albumin and N-ethylmaleimide. The key role of reactive oxygen species was implied based on the fact that the scavenger alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone inhibited pore opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, México, D.F., México 014080
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16
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Parra E, Cruz D, García G, Zazueta C, Correa F, García N, Chávez E. Myocardial protective effect of octylguanidine against the damage induced by ischemia reperfusion in rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 269:19-26. [PMID: 15786713 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-2989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that the hydrophobic cation octylguanidine protects against myocardial damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The protective effect of the amine was analyzed after 5 min of coronary occlusion followed by 5 min reperfusion in rat hearts. ECG tracings from rats treated with an i.v., injection of 5 mg/kg of octylguanidine showed a total absence of post-reperfusion arrhythmias, conversely to what was observed in untreated rats. The histological images showed that myocardium fibers from treated rats were in good shape and retained their striae, also there was absence of edema. Furthermore, the accumulation of 201Tl in hearts from these rats indicated that the tissue did not suffer disruption or impairment in membrane functions. The above correlated with the fact that mitochondria isolated from the ventricular free wall from treated rats preserved their ability to synthesize ATP. We propose that the protective effect of octylguanidine might be due to its documented inhibitory action on the opening of mitochondrial non-specific pores, a mechanism which is associated in heart injury as induced by reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías Parra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México
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17
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Abbott KC, Reynolds JC, Taylor AJ, Agodoa LY. Hospitalized atrial fibrillation after renal transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:471-6. [PMID: 12694071 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Renal transplant recipients have a high incidence of hypertension, a known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as factors that could increase their risk of AF. However, the incidence of, risk factors for, and mortality associated with AF after renal transplantation have not been reported. We present a historical cohort study of 39 628 renal transplant recipients in the United States Renal Data System between 1 July 1994 and 30 June 1998. DATA SOURCE USRDS files through May 2000. Associations with hospitalizations for a primary diagnosis of AF (ICD-9 codes 427.31) after renal transplant were assessed by Cox Regression analysis. Tacrolimus was not approved for use by the FDA during the time-frame of the study. The incidence of AF after renal transplantation was 5.8 episodes/1000 person-years. In Cox Regression analysis, recipients who were older age, experienced graft loss, rejection, had higher body mass index, renal failure due to hypertension, and cyclosporine use (vs. tacrolimus use) were associated with increased risk of hospitalized AF. Atrial fibrillation was not uncommon after renal transplantation, and was associated with increased risk of mortality, primarily from cardiovascular disease. The strongest risk factors for AF after renal transplantation were older age, allograft rejection, graft loss and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Abbott
- Nephrology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA.
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18
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Chávez E, Zazueta C, Correa F, García N, Avilés C, Robles SG, Rodríguez CD. Modulation by substrates of the protective effect of cyclosporin A on mitochondrial damage. Life Sci 2002; 70:2413-20. [PMID: 12150205 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of substrates on the role of cyclosporin A, to promote the closure of the permeability transition pore, was studied. It was found that in succinate-oxidizing mitochondria, cyclosporin inhibited pore opening as induced by carboxyatractyloside. The opposite occurred when mitochondrial respiration was supported by malate-glutamate, i.e., cyclosporin A was unable to block pore opening promoted by carboxyatractyloside. We propose that the failure of cyclosporin A to induce pore closure could be due to a low NADH matrix content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Ignacio Chávez, México, DF, Mexico.
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19
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Bobadilla I, Franco M, Cruz D, Zamora J, Robles SG, Chávez E. Hypothyroidism provides resistance to reperfusion injury following myocardium ischemia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33:499-506. [PMID: 11331205 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that reperfusion injury may be mediated, in part, by mitochondrial Ca2+ overload that promotes non-selective permeability of the inner membrane. In this regard it is known that mitochondria from hypothyroid rats are resistant to membrane damage as induced by Ca2+. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of hearts from hypothyroid rats, to the damage by reperfusion, after an ischemic period of 5 min. The results were compared with those from control and hyperthyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was established by surgical removal of the thyroid gland; in turn hyperthyroidism was induced after a daily injection of 2 mg/kg of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine for 4 days. ECG tracings from hypothyroid rats showed a total absence of post-reperfusion arrhythmias conversely to what was observed in control and hyperthyroid rats. The release of creatine kinase and aspartate amino transferase to the plasma in hypothyroid rats was found to be lower than that found in hyperthyroid and euthyroid rats. The histological studies showed that myocardial fibers from hypothyroid rats were in good condition and retained their striae and a remarkable near absence of edema was clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bobadilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano #1, 014080, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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20
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Téllez JF, Carvajal K, Cruz D, Cárabez A, Chávez E. Effect of perezone on arrhythmias and markers of cell injury during reperfusion in the anesthetized rat. Life Sci 1999; 65:1615-23. [PMID: 10573179 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the in vivo rat heart model with transient (5 min) regional ischemia, as induced by left coronary artery ligation, we have demonstrated that perezone reduces dramatically the incidence of reperfusion-induced-arrhythmias. Administered 5 minutes before coronary occlusion, at a dose of 3.1 mg/kg, this drug effectively protects against the high incidence of arrhythmias and the fall of blood pressure. In addition, it inhibits the release of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine-kinase enzymes to the plasma. We propose that the protective effect of perezone might be related to its well documented action of promoting the release of intramitochondrial Ca2+, thus, maintaining ATP production during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Téllez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, DF, México
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Martinez-García M, Mendoza D, Drucker-Colín R. Effects of Short-Term and Subchronical Application of Fullerene C60Compound on Guinea Pig Isolated Myocyte Electrical Activity and Rat Chromaffin Cell Differentiation and Proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10641229809350242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Chávez E, Téllez F, Pichardo J, Milán R, Cuéllar A, Carbajal K, Cruz D. On the protection by ketorolac of reperfusion-induced heart damage. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1996; 115:95-100. [PMID: 8983173 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(96)00058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, ketorolac, protects against myocardial damage induced by reperfusion. This effect was analyzed after 5 min of coronary occlusion in rat hearts. The results indicate that ketorolac, at a dose of 1 mg/kg, effectively protects the heart against reperfusion arrhythmias. Furthermore, it protects from the release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase to the plasma. We propose that the protective effect of the drug might be due to its chelating action on calcium ions, thus preventing the overload of such cation in myocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chávez
- Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional De Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpam, México
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23
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Saris NE, Eriksson KO. Mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemia-reperfusion. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1995; 107:171-6. [PMID: 8599272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemia-reperfusion is shortly reviewed. During ischaemia the ATP level and pH drops, phospholipids are degraded, membrane permeabilities increased and the cytosolic levels of Na+ and Ca2+ raised. During the following reperfusion the Ca2+ levels may further increase while pH is raised. The oxidative phosphorylation is resumed and the ATP used for membrane repair and ion pumping. The mitochondrial Ca2+ handling is important in removing Ca2+ from the cytosol since the mitochondria are able to take up substantial amounts of Ca2+. However, if a certain threshold is exceeded, mitochondria undergo a so-called permeability transition (MPT), release their Ca2+, undergo swelling and become uncoupled. MPT has been shown to be due to the opening of large pore allowing passage of substances with a M(R) < 1500. Data are presented showing by electron microscopy swelling of mitochondria in cells in perfused liver before other gross morphological changes have taken place. There are a number of factors lowering the threshold for Ca2+ in inducing the MPT: inorganic phosphate, pro-oxidants that oxidize membrane SH-groups, oxidation of NAD(P)H and GSH, while a protective effect is exerted by Mg2+, ADP (and ATP), some antioxidants, carnitine, decrease in pH, and cyclosporin A that binds to cyclophilin. The potential benefit of these in minimizing reperfusion-induced tissue damage is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Saris
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Uribe A, Chávez E, Jiménez M, Zazueta C, Moreno-Sánchez R. Characterization of Ca2+ transport in Euglena gracilis mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1186:107-16. [PMID: 7516710 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to establish the characteristics of the Ca2+ fluxes in isolated mitochondria of the protist Euglena gracilis. Uptake of Ca2+ and Sr2+ was supported by succinate and lactate oxidation. Ca2+ influx was slightly inhibited by 5 microM Ruthenium red and completely blocked by La3+ with a half-maximal inhibition attained at 50 microM. The addition of inorganic phosphate induced a 3-fold stimulation of Ca2+ uptake. Ca2+ uptake was inhibited by Mg2+ only in the absence of phosphate. Ca2+ efflux was induced by Na+, Li+ and K+ through a diltiazem-insensitive reaction. Ca2+ release, collapse of membrane potential and swelling were induced by Hg2+ and Cd2+ but not by carboxyatractyloside; cyclosporin A did not prevent the Ca2+ release induced by the heavy metal ions. Ca2+ uptake was achieved in the presence of 3 microM antimycin or 0.1 mM cyanide; this finding indicates that the alternative respiratory chain present in Euglena mitochondria can support this energy-dependent reaction. The data obtained suggest similar pathways, but different regulatory mechanisms, for Ca2+ transport between protist and mammalian mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México D.F., Mexico
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25
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Mitochondrial Injury by Ischemia and Reperfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152517-0.50011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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