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Zeman T, Balcar VJ, Cahová K, Janoutová J, Janout V, Lochman J, Šerý O. Polymorphism rs11867353 of Tyrosine Kinase Non-Receptor 1 (TNK1) Gene Is a Novel Genetic Marker for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:996-1005. [PMID: 33070267 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare variants of non-receptor tyrosine kinase 1 gene (TNK1) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, none of the associations have proven to be of practical importance in predicting the risk of AD either because the evidence is not conclusive, or the risk alleles occur at very low frequency. In the present study, we are evaluating the associations between rs11867353 polymorphism of TNK1 gene and both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a group of 1656 persons. While the association with AD was found to be highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001 for the risk genotype CC), no statistically significant association with MCI could be established. Possible explanation of the apparent discrepancy could be rapid progression of MCI to AD in persons with the CC genotype. Additional findings of the study are statistically significant associations of rs11867353 polymorphism with body mass index, body weight, and body height. The patients with AD and CC genotype had significantly lower values of body mass index and body weight compared with patients with other genotypes. The main outcome of the study is the finding of a previously never described association between the rs11867353 polymorphism of the TNK1 gene and AD. The rs11867353 polymorphism has a potential to become a significant genetic marker when predicting the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir J Balcar
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kamila Cahová
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kaja S, Duncan RS, Longoria S, Hilgenberg JD, Payne AJ, Desai NM, Parikh RA, Burroughs SL, Gregg EV, Goad DL, Koulen P. Novel mechanism of increased Ca2+ release following oxidative stress in neuronal cells involves type 2 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Neuroscience 2010; 175:281-91. [PMID: 21075175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of Ca(2+) signaling following oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism of many chronic neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, glaucomatous and diabetic retinopathies. However, the underlying mechanisms of disturbed intracellular Ca(2+) signaling remain largely unknown. We here describe a novel mechanism for increased intracellular Ca(2+) release following oxidative stress in a neuronal cell line. Using an experimental approach that included quantitative polymerase chain reaction, quantitative immunoblotting, microfluorimetry and the optical imaging of intracellular Ca(2+) release, we show that sub-lethal tert-butyl hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress result in a selective up-regulation of type-2 inositol-1,4,5,-trisphophate receptors. This oxidative stress mediated change was detected both at the transcriptional and translational level and functionally resulted in increased Ca(2+) release into the nucleoplasm from the membranes of the nuclear envelope at a given receptor-specific stimulus. Our data describe a novel source of Ca(2+) dysregulation induced by oxidative stress with potential relevance for differential subcellular Ca(2+) signaling specifically within the nucleus and the development of novel neuroprotective strategies in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaja
- Department of Ophthalmology and BasicMedical Science, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Control of intracellular calcium signaling as a neuroprotective strategy. Molecules 2010; 15:1168-95. [PMID: 20335972 PMCID: PMC2847496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic degenerative diseases of the nervous system reduce the viability and function of neurons through changes in intracellular calcium signaling. In particular, pathological increases in the intracellular calcium concentration promote such pathogenesis. Disease involvement of numerous regulators of intracellular calcium signaling located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles has been documented. Diverse groups of chemical compounds targeting ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, pumps and enzymes have been identified as potential neuroprotectants. The present review summarizes the discovery, mechanisms and biological activity of neuroprotective molecules targeting proteins that control intracellular calcium signaling to preserve or restore structure and function of the nervous system. Disease relevance, clinical applications and new technologies for the identification of such molecules are being discussed.
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Grupe A, Abraham R, Li Y, Rowland C, Hollingworth P, Morgan A, Jehu L, Segurado R, Stone D, Schadt E, Karnoub M, Nowotny P, Tacey K, Catanese J, Sninsky J, Brayne C, Rubinsztein D, Gill M, Lawlor B, Lovestone S, Holmans P, O'Donovan M, Morris JC, Thal L, Goate A, Owen MJ, Williams J. Evidence for novel susceptibility genes for late-onset Alzheimer's disease from a genome-wide association study of putative functional variants. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:865-73. [PMID: 17317784 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sets out to identify novel susceptibility genes for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in a powerful set of samples from the UK and USA (1808 LOAD cases and 2062 controls). Allele frequencies of 17 343 gene-based putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with LOAD in a discovery case-control sample from the UK. A tiered strategy was used to follow-up significant variants from the discovery sample in four independent sample sets. Here, we report the identification of several candidate SNPs that show significant association with LOAD. Three of the identified markers are located on chromosome 19 (meta-analysis: full sample P = 6.94E - 81 to 0.0001), close to the APOE gene and exhibit linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the APOEepsilon4 and epsilon2/3 variants (0.09 < D'<1). Two of the three SNPs can be regarded as study-wide significant (expected number of false positives reaching the observed significance level less than 0.05 per study). Sixteen additional SNPs show evidence for association with LOAD [P = 0.0010-0.00006; odds ratio (OR) = 1.07-1.45], several of which map to known linkage regions, biological candidate genes and novel genes. Four SNPs not in LD with APOE show a false positive rate of less than 2 per study, one of which shows study-wide suggestive evidence taking account of 17 343 tests. This is a missense mutation in the galanin-like peptide precursor gene (P = 0.00005, OR = 1.2, false positive rate = 0.87).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grupe
- Celera Diagnostics, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA
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5
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Ruiz de Azúa I, del Olmo E, Pazos A, Sallés J. Transmembrane signaling through phospholipase C-beta in the developing human prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:13-26. [PMID: 16615043 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate changes in muscarinic receptor-stimulated phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) activity during brain development, we examined the functional coupling of each of the three major protein components of the phosphoinositide system (M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptor subtypes; Gq/11 proteins; PLC-beta1-4 isoforms) in membrane preparations from post-mortem human prefrontal cerebral cortex collected at several stages of prenatal and postnatal development. In human prenatal brain membranes, PLC was found to be present and could be activated by calcium, but the ability of guanosine-5'-o-3 thiotriphosphate (GTPgammaS) or carbachol (in the presence of GTPgammaS) to modulate prenatal PLC-beta was significantly weaker than that associated with postnatal PLC-beta. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of Galphaq/11 did not change significantly during development. In contrast, dramatically higher levels of expression of PLC-beta1-4 isoforms and of M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors were detected in the child vs. the fetal brain, a finding that might underlie the observed increased activity of PLC. Thus, inositol phosphate production may be more efficiently regulated by altering the amount of effectors (PLC-beta1-4) and receptors (M1,3,5 subtypes) than by altering the level of Galphaq/11 subunits. These results demonstrate that different PLC isoforms are expressed in the prefrontal cortex of the developing human brain in an age-specific manner, suggesting specific roles not only in synaptic transmission but also in the differentiation and maturation of neurons in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Ruiz de Azúa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Gallagher M, Colantuoni C, Eichenbaum H, Haberman RP, Rapp PR, Tanila H, Wilson IA. Individual differences in neurocognitive aging of the medial temporal lobe. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:221-33. [PMID: 22253491 PMCID: PMC3259151 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of outcomes in the cognitive effects of aging is routinely observed in studies of the elderly. Individual differences in neurocognitive aging are also a characteristic of other species, such as rodents and non-human primates. In particular, investigations at behavioral, brain systems, cellular and molecular levels of analysis have provided much information on the basis for individual differences in neurocognitive aging among healthy outbred rats. These findings are likely to be relevant to an understanding of the effects of aging on the brain, apart from neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which do not naturally occur in rodents. Here we review and integrate those findings in a model supporting the concept that certain features of cognitive decline are caused by distributed alterations in the medial temporal lobe, which alter the information processing functions of the hippocampal formation. An additional emerging concept from this research is that preserved abilities at older ages may depend on adaptive changes in the hippocampal system that distinguish successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, 103 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Rebecca P. Haberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, New York, NY USA
| | - Heikki Tanila
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iain A. Wilson
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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Zhang HY, Watson ML, Gallagher M, Nicolle MM. Muscarinic receptor-mediated GTP-Eu binding in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is correlated with spatial memory impairment in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:619-26. [PMID: 16600436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of young and aged Long-Evans rats characterized for spatial learning ability in the Morris water maze. In a highly sensitive time-resolved fluorometry GTP-Eu binding assay, muscarinic-mediated GTP-Eu binding was severely blunted in hippocampus (-32%) and prefrontal cortex (-34%) as a consequence of aging. Furthermore, the magnitude of decreased muscarinic-mediated GTP-Eu binding was significantly correlated with the severity of spatial learning impairment in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of aged rats and was specifically decreased in the subset of aged rats that were spatial learning impaired when compared to the aged unimpaired and the young rats. Western blot data indicated a preservation of the membrane-bound M1 receptor and the Galphaq/11 protein in both brain regions. These data demonstrate that muscarinic signaling is severely impaired as a consequence of normal aging in a manner that is closely associated with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhang
- Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Department of Internal Medicine/Gerontology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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Lumbreras M, Baamonde C, Martínez-Cué C, Lubec G, Cairns N, Sallés J, Dierssen M, Flórez J. Brain G protein-dependent signaling pathways in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Amino Acids 2006; 31:449-56. [PMID: 16583316 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Premature aging and neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are commonly observed in Down syndrome (DS). Based on previous findings in a DS mouse model, the function of signaling pathways associated with adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC) was assessed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of age-matched adults with DS, AD, and controls. Basal production of cAMP was reduced in DS but not in AD cortex, and in both, DS and AD cerebellum. Responses to GTPgammaS, noradrenaline, SKF 38393 and forskolin were more depressed in DS than in AD cortex and cerebellum. Although no differences in PLC activity among control, DS and AD cortex were observed under basal and GTPgammaS- or Ca-stimulated conditions, the response of DS cortex to serotonergic and cholinergic stimulation was depressed, and that of AD was only impaired at cholinergic stimulation. No differences were documented in cerebellum. Our results demonstrate that PLC and AC were severely disturbed in the aged DS and AD brains, but the alterations in DS were more severe, and differed to some extent from those observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lumbreras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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9
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López de Jesús M, Zalduegui A, Ruiz de Azúa I, Callado LF, Meana JJ, Sallés J. Levels of G-protein alpha q/11 subunits and of phospholipase C-beta(1-4), -gamma, and -delta1 isoforms in postmortem human brain caudate and cortical membranes: potential functional implications. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:72-9. [PMID: 16481068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The levels of expression of G-protein alpha(q/11) (Galpha(q/11)) subunits and PLC-beta(1-4), -gamma, and -delta(1) isoforms were quantified by Western blot analysis in order to establish their contribution to the patterns of PLC functioning reported here. Quantitative measurements of the levels of Galpha(q/11) subunits in each region were obtained by comparison with known amounts of Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Galpha(q) subunits. Quantitative analysis indicated that Galpha(q/11) subunits are abundant polypeptides in human brain, with values ranging from about 1200 ng/mg in cerebral cortex to close to 900 ng/mg of membrane protein in caudate. In cerebral cortical membranes, the PLC-beta(1) isoform was more abundant than in caudate membranes. The highest levels of PLC-beta(2) expression were detected in caudate membranes. PLC-beta(3) was little expressed, and there were no significant differences in the relative values between both brain regions. Finally, the levels of the PLC-beta(4) isoform were significantly lower in caudate than in cortical membranes. It is concluded that although most of these data represent relative, not absolute, measures of protein levels within these regions, they contribute nonetheless to the significant differences observed in signaling capacities through the PLC system in both human brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider López de Jesús
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Spain
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10
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Garro MA, López de Jesús M, Ruíz de Azúa I, Callado LF, Meana JJ, Sallés J. Regulation of phospholipase Cbeta activity by muscarinic acetylcholine and 5-HT(2) receptors in crude and synaptosomal membranes from human cerebral cortex. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40:686-95. [PMID: 11311896 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of phospholipase Cbeta by receptor agonists and G proteins has been characterized in crude cerebral membrane preparations, but little is known about their presynaptic localizations and little information is currently available for human brain tissue. The characteristics of phosphoplipase C transmembrane signaling were studied in crude and synaptosomal plasma membranes from postmortem human prefrontal cortex by measuring the hydrolysis of exogenous [(3)H]phosphatidylinositol4,5bisphosphate(PIP(2)) and the immunoreactive levels of phospholipase C (PLC) and G(alphaq/11) proteins. Regulation of PLC activity by Ca(2+) and the 5-HT(2) receptor agonist 5-methyltryptamine, but not by guanosine 5'-O-[3-thiotriphosphate] and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol were different between crude and synaptosomal membranes. KCl (20 mM) stimulation was absent in both preparations. Levels of G(alphaq/11)-protein subunits differed between preparations. The functional inhibition carried out with pirenzepine in crude membranes in order to reverse the carbachol-induced PLC stimulation indicates the existence of a component (53%) of the response that is activated by the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype, and another component (47%) probably mediated by the M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype. In synaptosomal plasma membranes an increased inhibition of carbachol-induced PLC activation through M(1) was found. The PLC activation by 5-methyltryptamine (ketanserin-sensitive in crude membranes) was absent in synaptosomal plasma membranes suggesting the lack of activity mediated by 5-HT(2)-serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garro
- Nursing Department II, University of the Basque Country, P Dr. J. Beguiristain, 105, 20018 San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
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Felder CC, Bymaster FP, Ward J, DeLapp N. Therapeutic opportunities for muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4333-53. [PMID: 11087557 DOI: 10.1021/jm990607u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Felder
- Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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12
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Zambrzycka A, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Aggregated beta amyloid peptide 1-40 decreases Ca2+- and cholinergic receptor-mediated phosphoinositide degradation by alteration of membrane and cytosolic phospholipase C in brain cortex. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:189-96. [PMID: 10786701 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007511217525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of full-length amyloid beta protein, A(beta) (1-40), on phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) were investigated in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) and cytosol prepared from the cerebral cortex of adult rats. Moreover, the role of A(beta) (1-40) on the activation of lipid peroxidation was evaluated. The activity of phospholipase C (PLC) acting on phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was determined using exogenous labeled substrates. The subcellular fractions were the source of enzyme(s). The radioactivity of lipid messengers derived from degradation of [14C- arachidonoyl] PI was also determined. The stable aggregated form of beta-amyloid peptide (1-40) at 25 microM concentration exerted reproducible effects. The aggregated form of A(beta) (1-40) inhibited Ca(2+)-regulated PI and PIP2 degradation by SPM and cytosolic enzymes. Aggregated A(beta) also decreased significantly the level of diacylglycerol, the product of PLC. This additionally supports the inhibitory effect of A(beta) on membrane-bound and cytosolic PLC. Moreover, A(beta) (1-40) significantly decreased the basal activity of the PIP2-PLC in SPM and the enzyme activity regulated through cholinergic receptors. However, in spite of the lower enzyme activity, the percentage distribution of inositol (1,4,5) P3 radioactivity (IP3) in the total pool of inositol metabolites was not significantly changed. The aggregated neurotoxic fragment, A(beta) (25-35), mimicked the effect of full-length A(beta) (1-40). A(beta) (1-40) enhanced the level of malondialdehyde indicating an activation of free radical stimulated membrane lipid peroxidation that may be involved in alteration of phospholipase(s) activity. Our results indicated that aggregated A(beta) (1-40) alters Ca(2+)-dependent phosphoinositide degradation affecting synaptic plasma membrane and cytosolic phospholipase(s) activity. Moreover, this peptide significantly decreased the phosphoinositide-dependent signal transduction mediated by cholinergic receptors. The effect of aggregated A(beta) (1-40) is more pronounced than that of the neurotoxic fragment A(beta) (25-35). Our study suggests that the deposition of aggregated A(beta) may alter phosphoinositide signaling in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zambrzycka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Medical Research Centre, Department of Cellular Signaling, Warsaw
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13
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Strosznajder JB, Zambrzycka A, Kacprzak MD, Strosznajder RP. Amyloid beta peptide 25-35 modulates hydrolysis of phosphoinositides by membrane phospholipase(s) C of adult brain cortex. J Mol Neurosci 1999; 12:101-9. [PMID: 10527454 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a key enzyme in signal transduction. A subset of muscarinic cholinergic receptors are linked to G-proteins that activate phospholipase C. Cholinergic pathways are important in learning and memory, and deficits in cholinergic transmission have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is also associated with increased beta-amyloid plaques. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of the amyloid beta (A beta) synthetic peptide homologous to residue 25-35 of A beta in nonaggregated and aggregated forms on the degradation of inositol phospholipids. Synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) and the cytosolic fraction from rat brain cortex served as a source of enzymes. The studies were carried out with radioactive inositol phospholipids in the presence of endogenous and 2 mM CaCl2. The enzyme(s) activity was evaluated by determination of the product formation of [3H]inositol-1-phosphate (IP1) or [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Results show that the PI-PLC activity was significantly higher in cytosol compared to SPM, and this enzyme was stimulated by 2 mM CaCl2, but not by GTPgammaS or carbachol, a cholinergic receptor agonist. Activity of the SPM-bound PIP2-PLC was similar to that in cytosol and was not activated by 2 mM CaCl2. The SPM PIP2-PLC was significantly stimulated by GTPgammaS together with the cholinergic agonist, carbachol. Fresh-water-soluble A beta 25-35 activated PI-PLC in SPM markedly by two- to threefold, but this effect was absent in the presence of 2 mM CaCl2. Moreover, A beta 25-35 had no effect on basal PIP2-PLC activity and cytosolic PI-PLC and PIP2-PLC. The aggregated form of A beta 25-35 significantly inhibited PIP2-PLC only in the presence of endogenous CaCl2. It also inhibited the carbachol and GTP(gamma)S-stimulated PIP2-PLC. Our findings show that depending on the aggregation state and Ca2+ concentration, A beta modulates phosphoinositide degradation differently and exclusively in brain synaptic plasma membranes. Our data suggested that aggregated A beta peptide may be responsible for the significant impairment of phosphoinositide signaling found in brain membranes during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
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Kurumatani T, Fastbom J, Bonkale WL, Bogdanovic N, Winblad B, Ohm TG, Cowburn RF. Loss of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor sites and decreased PKC levels correlate with staging of Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary pathology. Brain Res 1998; 796:209-21. [PMID: 9689471 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4) and protein kinase C (PKC) play important roles in the phosphoinositide hydrolysis signal transducing pathway. Several studies have shown severe deficits in both IP3 receptor levels and PKC levels and activity in Alzheimer's disease brain, although the relationship of these changes to disease pathology is poorly understood. In the present study, we determined the autoradiographic localization of [3H]IP3 and [3H]IP4 binding to their calcium mobilizing receptor sites and [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding to PKC in sections of entorhinal cortex/hippocampal formation and cerebellum from 24 cases that had been staged for Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes and amyloid deposition according to Braak and Braak [Acta Neuropathol. Berl., 82 (1991) 239-259]. Results indicated that [3H]IP3 binding showed a trend towards a decline with staging for neurofibrillary changes in the entorhinal region (0.05 < P < 0.10, ANOVA) and subiculum (0.05 < P < 0.10). In the former region, [3H]IP3 binding showed a significant decline with staging for amyloid deposition (P < 0.05). [3H]IP3 binding in the CA1 region showed statistically significant declines with respect to both neurofibrillary changes and amyloid staging (P < 0.05). [3H]IP3 binding levels in the other hippocampal subregions were too low to quantify accurately. The binding of [3H]IP4 showed no significant changes with either neurofibrillary changes or amyloid staging in any of the regions investigated. In contrast, [3H]PDBu binding showed significant declines with neurofibrillary staging in the entorhinal region (P < 0.01), subiculum (P < 0.001), CA1 (P < 0.001), CA2 (P < 0.001), CA3 (P < 0.001) and CA4 (P < 0.0001) regions and the dentate gyrus (P < 0.0001). Of these regions, only the subiculum showed a significant decline of [3H]PDBu binding with amyloid staging. There were no significant neurofibrillary or amyloid stage-related changes in either [3H]IP3, [3H]IP4 or [3H]PDBu binding in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. These findings suggest that reduced IP3 receptor and PKC levels in the entorhinal cortex/hippocampal formation reflect and may be important for the progression of Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary pathology. The data also suggests that hippocampal IP3 receptor loss is related to the extent of amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kurumatani
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Fowler CJ, Tiger G. The sulphydryl oxidizing reagent diamide affects phosphoinositide-mediated signal transduction: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Signal 1998; 10:399-406. [PMID: 9720762 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(97)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In fura-2-labelled human platelets, the thiol oxidising agent diamide decreases the intracellular calcium response to thrombin and serotonin without affecting the basal calcium levels. The effect of diamide on the thrombin response could be prevented by pre-treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) and reduced when DTT was added 60 s after diamide. The effects of diamide and hydrogen peroxide on the thrombin response were additive. Hydrogen peroxide also produced a calcium response per se, but this response was not affected by diamide. Hydrogen peroxide increased rat brain phosphoinositide hydrolysis and reduced the response to carbachol and noradrenaline, whereas diamide was without effect. The binding of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate to human platelet membranes was inhibited by diamide but not by hydrogen peroxide. Thus diamide affects the phosphoinositide signal transduction pathway in a qualitatively different manner from that found with hydrogen peroxide. It is suggested that oxidative stress may contribute to the disturbances in the phosphoinositide transduction pathway that are found in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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16
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Benzi G, Moretti A. Is there a rationale for the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease? Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 346:1-13. [PMID: 9617746 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, the cholinergic hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease has proven to be a strong stimulus to pharmacological strategies aimed at correcting the cognitive deficit by manipulating cholinergic neurotransmission. Among these strategies, the one based on acetylcholinesterase inhibition is currently the most extensively developed for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The inhibitors' mechanisms of action are complex, including changes in the release of acetylcholine, and modulation of acetylcholine receptors. Various clinical trials of various inhibitors have shown that, on the whole, their effects were modest and, in the case of some drugs, were associated with frequent adverse reactions. Among the conceivable reasons for the limited efficacy of these drugs, those related to the pharmacological target deserve particular attention. This review, therefore, focuses on the complex nature of the acetylcholine system, the alterations of acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic receptor signal transduction in Alzheimer's disease, and the involvement of other neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benzi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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17
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Fowler CJ. The role of the phosphoinositide signalling system in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a hypothesis. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1997; 25:373-80. [PMID: 9495564 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great advances have been made in recent years in our knowledge of the genetic mutations found in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their pathological consequences. The pathogenesis of sporadic AD, on the other hand, is less clear, although a central role of oxidative stress is indicated. In the AD brain, severe dysfunctions in the phosphoinositide signalling pathway have been reported. In view of the fact that (a) oxidative stress can adversely affect phosphoinositide breakdown and hence diacylglycerol-mediated activation of protein kinase C and (b) protein kinase C activation reduces the production of beta-amyloid peptide from amyloid precursor protein, it is possible that this represents a pathogenic pathway whereby oxidative stress can lead to amyloid deposition and the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Umeå, Sweden.
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18
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Kim D, Jun KS, Lee SB, Kang NG, Min DS, Kim YH, Ryu SH, Suh PG, Shin HS. Phospholipase C isozymes selectively couple to specific neurotransmitter receptors. Nature 1997; 389:290-3. [PMID: 9305844 DOI: 10.1038/38508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A variety of extracellular signals are transduced across the cell membrane by the enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) coupled with guanine-nucleotide-binding G proteins. There are four isoenzymes of PLC-beta, beta1-beta4, but their functions in vivo are not known. Here we investigate the role of PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta4 in the brain by generating null mutations in mice: we found that PLCbeta1-/- mice developed epilepsy and PLCbeta4-/- mice showed ataxia. We determined the molecular basis of these phenotypes and show that PLC-beta1 is involved in signal transduction in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by coupling predominantly to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, whereas PLC-beta4 works through the metabotropic glutamate receptor in the cerebellum, illustrating how PLC-beta isoenzymes are used to generate different functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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19
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Kelly JF, Roth GS. Chapter 9 Changes in Neurotransmitter Signal Transduction Pathways in the Aging Brain. THE AGING BRAIN 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(08)60059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Jope RS, Song L, Powers RE. Cholinergic activation of phosphoinositide signaling is impaired in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18:111-20. [PMID: 8983039 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(96)00205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The function of the phosphoinositide signal transduction system was compared in membranes from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control postmortem brain. [3H]Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis was concentration-dependently stimulated by GTP[S] and this was 40% lower than controls in AD prefrontal cortical membranes. Carbachol induced a response greater than that of GTP[S] alone, and this response was impaired in AD by 45%. Differential analysis of the receptor-coupled and G-protein contributions to the responses indicated that the G-protein deficit in AD had a predominant influence on the lowered responses to cholinergic agonists. Similar deficits were observed in AD in the responses to five additional cholinergic agonists, including acetylcholine with three different acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Deficits in stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were regionally selective and these deficits did not correlate directly with reductions in choline acetyltransferase activity in AD tissues. These data demonstrate that in AD there is a brain region-selective, large impairment of cholinergic agonist-induced signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide system, which we speculate may impact on amyloid precursor protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0017, USA
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21
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Bonkale WL, Fastbom J, Wiehager B, Ravid R, Winblad B, Cowburn RF. Impaired G-protein-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in Alzheimer's disease brain is not accompanied by reduced cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase A activity. Brain Res 1996; 737:155-61. [PMID: 8930361 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease postmortem brain. In the present study, we determined whether disrupted adenylyl cyclase is accompanied by altered cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in Alzheimer's disease superior temporal cortex and cerebellum. GTP gamma S-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly lower in Alzheimer's disease superior temporal cortex, but not cerebellum, compared to values from a series of matched control cases. Neither basal or forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were significantly different between the Alzheimer's disease and control brain regions. No significant differences were seen in either particulate or soluble fraction cAMP-dependent protein kinase activities between the Alzheimer's disease and control brain regions. It is concluded that disrupted adenylyl cyclase signalling in Alzheimer's disease brain occurs specifically at the level of Gs-protein-enzyme interactions and is not accompanied by an altered cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bonkale
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, NOVUM, KFC, Huddinge, Sweden
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22
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Mark RJ, Blanc EM, Mattson MP. Amyloid beta-peptide and oxidative cellular injury in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 1996; 12:211-24. [PMID: 8884749 DOI: 10.1007/bf02755589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily learning and memory functions. There is significant neuronal loss and impairment of metabolic functioning in the temporal lobe, an area believed to be crucial for learning and memory tasks. Aggregated deposits of amyloid beta-peptide may have a causative role in the development and progression of AD. We review the cellular actions of A beta and how they can contribute to the cytotoxicity observed in AD. A beta causes plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, impairment of ion-motive ATPases, glutamate uptake, uncoupling of a G-protein linked receptor, and generation of reactive oxygen species. These effects contribute to the loss of intracellular calcium homeostasis reported in cultured neurons. Many cell types other than neurons show alterations in the Alzheimer's brain. The effects of A beta on these cell types is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mark
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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23
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Carfagna N, Cavanus S, Damiani D, Salmoiraghi P, Fariello R, Post C. Modulation of phosphoinositide turnover by chronic nicergoline in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1996; 209:189-92. [PMID: 8736642 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Basal and agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) turnover and inositol 1,4,5 -trisphospate (InsP3) content in rat brain were investigated after chronic nicergoline (SERMION) treatment. Oral administration of nicergoline (5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 7 weeks) enhanced the basal turnover of PI in the cerebral cortex compared to controls. This effect was paralleled by a significant rise of cortical InsP3 levels. No significant changes of noradrenaline- or carbachol-induced accumulation of [3H]-inositol-I-phophate ([3H]-InsP1) were found in cortices from nicergoline-treated rats. On the contrary, in the striatum nicergoline significantly potentiated the responsiveness of noradrenaline- and carbachol-stimulated PI turnover, leaving unchanged the basal production of [3H]-InsP1 and InsP3 levels. The results suggest that the interaction of nicergoline with PI transducing pathway might have relevance to the mechanisms of action of nicergoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carfagna
- CNS Biology, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Brining SK, Jones CR, Chang MC. Effects of chronic beta-amyloid treatment on fatty acid incorporation into rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 1996; 17:301-9. [PMID: 8744412 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(95)02071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of chronic A beta administration on radio-labeled plasma fatty acid incorporation in rat brain. A beta was chronically infused intraventricularly via an osmotic minipump, for 1 week, at a concentration of 460 microM. After the infusion, fatty acid incorporation was quantified using an in vivo method developed in this laboratory. Three radiolabeled fatty acids were separately infused IV in awake animals. Biochemical analyses of fatty acid incorporation and histology for A beta showed no differences between control (vehicle infusion only) and experimental groups. However, in vitro tests on the cytotoxicity of A beta showed that it caused significant cell death relative to controls (PC-12 cells). The lack of effect of infused A beta on radiolabeled fatty acid incorporation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Brining
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892-1582, USA
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25
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Narang N, Joseph JA, Ayyagari PV, Gerber M, Crews FT. Age-related loss of cholinergic-muscarinic coupling to PLC: comparison with changes in brain regional PLC subtypes mRNA distribution. Brain Res 1996; 708:143-52. [PMID: 8720870 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) coupled to phosphoinositide (PtdIns) hydrolysis occurs through one of the two pathways. One of the major pathways for the neurotransmitter signaling involves phosphoinositide (PtdIns) specific and G-protein dependent PLC-beta, which stimulates the formation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4). Another pathway through the stimulation of calcium influx can directly activate all of the PLC isozymes. At least three isozymes of PLC have been characterized in the brain; PLC-A (alpha), PLC-I (beta) and PLC-II (gamma), which are shown to be localized differentially in brain regions. Muscarinic-cholinergic signals are mediated in large part through the hydrolysis of PtdIns by PLC. To investigate changes in muscarinic coupling to PLC during aging, we examined carbachol stimulated and calcium stimulated PtdIns hydrolysis in cerebral cortical membranes in young, middle aged and old rats. In order to determine whether PtdIns hydrolysis changes correspond to PLC isozyme expression in these animals, we examined three subtypes of PLC mRNA expression in brain sections of young and old rats using in situ hybridization technique. Our study indicated decreased carbachol-induced PLC activity in the cerebral cortex and, in contrast, increased PLC-beta mRNA in the frontal cortex and superficial cortical layer of aged rats. PLC-alpha mRNA was decreased in hippocampal regions of older rats. These studies suggest that during aging there is an uncoupling of muscarinic stimulated PtdIns hydrolysis, which is accompanied by an increased PLC-beta mRNA and decreased PLC-alpha mRNA that may represent compensatory changes in PLC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narang
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
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26
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Crews FT. Amyloid beta protein disruption of cholinergic and growth factor phospholipase C signals could underlie cognitive and neurodegerative aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15 Suppl 2:S95-6. [PMID: 7700473 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(94)90181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F T Crews
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0267
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