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Golonka RM, San Yeoh B, Li Y, Saha P, Abokor AA, Cheng X, Xiao X, Chandrashekar DS, Varambally S, Gonzalez DJ, Ross AC, Vijay-Kumar M. Fermentable fibers induce rapid macro- and micronutrient depletion in Toll-like receptor 5-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G955-G965. [PMID: 32200644 PMCID: PMC7276927 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional fermentable fibers are considered essential for a healthy diet. Recently, we demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiotic mice fed an inulin-containing diet (ICD) developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within 6 mo. In particular, a subset of Toll-like receptor 5-deficient (T5KO) mice prone to HCC exhibited rapid onset of hyperbilirubinemia (HB) and cholemia; these symptoms provide rationale that ICD induces cholestasis. Our objective in the present study was to determine whether inulin-fed T5KO-HB mice exhibit other known consequences of cholestasis, including essential fatty acid and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Here, we measured hepatic fatty acids and serum vitamin A and D levels from wild-type (WT), T5KO low bilirubin (LB) and T5KO-HB mice fed ICD for 4 wk. Additionally, hepatic RNAseq and proteomics were performed to ascertain other metabolic alterations. Compared with WT and T5KO-LB, T5KO-HB mice exhibited steatorrhea, i.e., ~50% increase in fecal lipids. This could contribute to the significant reduction of linoleate in hepatic neutral lipids in T5KO-HB mice. Additionally, serum vitamins A and D were ~50% reduced in T5KO-HB mice, which was associated with metabolic compromises. Overall, our study highlights that fermentable fiber-induced cholestasis is further characterized by depletion of macro-and micronutrients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feeding a dietary, fermentable fiber diet to a subset of Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice induces early onset hyperbilirubinemia and cholemia that later manifests to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study highlights that fermentable fiber-induced cholestasis is characterized with modest macro- and micronutrient deficiencies that may further contribute to hepatic biliary disease. Compared with chemical induction, immunization, surgery, or genetic manipulation, these findings provide a novel approach to study the cholestatic subtype of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Golonka
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Yaqi Li
- 2Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Piu Saha
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ahmed A. Abokor
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xi Cheng
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xia Xiao
- 3Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,5Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,6Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- 7Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- 2Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio,8Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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Kong HK, Gan CF, Xiong M, Kwok KWH, Lui GCS, Li P, Chan HM, Lo SCL. Chronic Methylmercury Exposure Induces Production of Prostaglandins: Evidence From A Population Study and A Rat Dosing Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7782-7791. [PMID: 31244059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental neurotoxicant affecting millions worldwide who consume contaminated fishes and other food commodities. Exposure to MeHg has been shown to associate positively with some chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism is poorly characterized. MeHg had been shown to affect prostaglandin (PG) regulations in in vitro studies, but neither in vivo nor human studies investigating the effects of MeHg on PG regulations has been reported. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the association between MeHg exposure and serum PG concentrations in a cross-sectional study among human adults followed by a validation investigation on the cause-effect relationship using a rat model. First, a total of 121 women were recruited from two cities: Wanshan and Leishan in Guizhou, China. Statistical analysis of the human data showed a positive association between blood total mercury (THg) levels and serum concentrations of PGF2α, 15-deoxy-PGJ2, and PGE2 after adjusting for site effects. In the animal study, adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 40 μg MeHg/kg body weight/day for 12 weeks. Serum 15-deoxy-PGJ2 and 2,3 d-6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were found to increase significantly after 6 and 10 weeks of MeHg dosing, respectively, while serum PGF2α concentration increased significantly after 12 weeks of MeHg dosing. Combined results of our human and rat studies have shown that chronic MeHg exposure induced dysregulation of PG metabolism. As PGs are a set of mediators with very diverse functions, its abnormal production may serve as the missing mechanistic link between chronic MeHg exposure and various kinds of associated clinical conditions including neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Kin Kong
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Fang Gan
- School of Public Health & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Min Xiong
- School of Public Health & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Kevin Wing-Hin Kwok
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
| | - Gilbert Chiu-Sing Lui
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550081 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
- Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Samuel Chun-Lap Lo
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
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Mulder J, Karpen SJ, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F. Nuclear receptors: mediators and modifiers of inflammation-induced cholestasis. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2009; 14:2599-630. [PMID: 19273222 PMCID: PMC4085779 DOI: 10.2741/3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced cholestasis (IIC) is a frequently occurring phenomenon. A central role in its pathogenesis is played by nuclear receptors (NRs). These ligand-activated transcription factors not only regulate basal expression of hepatobiliary transport systems, but also mediate adaptive responses to inflammation and possess anti-inflammatory characteristics. The latter two functions may be exploited in the search for new treatments for IIC as well as for cholestasis in general. Current knowledge of the pathogenesis of IIC and the dual role NRs in this process are reviewed. Special interest is given to the use of NRs as potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Dikopoulos N, Schmid RM, Bachem M, Buttenschoen K, Adler G, Chiang JYL, Weidenbach H. Bile synthesis in rat models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:222-30. [PMID: 17359490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders are found in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the present work was to study interactions between gut and liver in experimental rat models of colitis and small bowel inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced either by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or dextran sodium sulphate. Small-bowel inflammation was induced by indomethacin. Bile acid secretion, bile acid pool, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase were studied. Cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase protein expression was analysed in the microsomal liver fraction. As portal mediators released form the inflamed gut we measured lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in portal serum. The hepatic inflammatory response was evaluated by binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1 and alpha-2-macroglobulin. RESULTS Increased bile acid secretion, total bile acid content in gut and liver (bile acid pool size), and hepatic cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase protein and mRNA levels were found in the two colitis models associated with only a minor hepatic acute phase and cytokine response. In contrast, during indomethacin-induced small-bowel inflammation bile acid secretion, pool size, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase decreased in parallel to a strong hepatic cytokine and acute phase response. CONCLUSIONS Colitis without portal cytokine release and acute phase reaction shows an induction of bile acid secretion, pool size, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase. In contrast, intestinal inflammation after indomethacin treatment is associated with an acute phase response and a repression of bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dikopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Woodward DF, Phelps RL, Krauss AHP, Weber A, Short B, Chen J, Liang Y, Wheeler LA. Bimatoprost: A Novel Antiglaucoma Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 22:103-20. [PMID: 15179448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2004.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of glaucoma therapy is to preserve vision by reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Following recent National Eye Institute sponsored studies, it is becoming increasingly apparent that every mmHg of extra IOP lowering counts. Bimatoprost is the newest and most effective addition to the physician's armamentarium of ocular hypotensive drugs. Direct clinical comparisons have demonstrated that it is more efficacious than the prostaglandin (PG) FP receptor agonist prodrugs, latanoprost and travoprost, as well as a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, timolol, alone or in fixed combination with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, dorzolamide. Moreover, patients that are refractory to latanoprost therapy may be successfully treated with bimatoprost. Such evidence provides support, at the clinical level, for the contention that bimatoprost is pharmacologically distinct from PG FP receptor agonist prodrugs. Bimatoprost is a structural analog of PGF2alpha-ethanolamide (prostamide F2alpha), which is formed from the endocannabinoid anandamide by a biosynthetic pathway involving cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Their pharmacology is remarkably similar, such that bimatoprost may be regarded as a prostamide mimetic. The target receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides appears unique and unrelated to PG- and endocannabinoid-sensitive receptors. Extensive ocular distribution/metabolism studies in non-human primates demonstrate that bimatoprost is not a prodrug, it remains essentially intact. Its profound ocular hypotensive effects may, therefore, be attributed to its prostamide-mimetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Birney Y, Redmond EM, Sitzmann JV, Cahill PA. Eicosanoids in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2003; 72:3-18. [PMID: 14626493 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-8823(03)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the knowledge of the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and cirrhosis has increased dramatically. In portal hypertension, almost all the known vasoactive systems/substances are activated or increased and the most recent studies have stressed the importance of the endothelial factors, in particular, prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are formed following the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase (Cox) pathway. An important consideration in portal hypertension and cirrhosis in the periphery is the altered hemodynamic profile and its contributory role in controlling endothelial release of these vasoactive substances. Prostaglandins are released from the endothelium in response to both humoral and mechanical stimuli and can profoundly affect both intrahepatic and peripheral vascular resistance. Within the liver, intrahepatic resistance is altered due to a diminution in sinusoidal responsiveness to vasodilators and an increase in prostanoid vasoconstrictor responsiveness. This review will examine the contributory role of both hormonal and/or hemodynamic force-induced changes in prostaglandin production and signaling in cirrhosis and portal hypertension and the consequence of these changes on the structural and functional response of both the vasculature and the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Birney
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Weidenbach H, Leiz S, Nussler AK, Dikopoulos N, Bachem M, Buttenschoen K, Reinshagen M, Beger HG, Adler G, Schmid RM. Disturbed bile secretion and cytochrome P450 function during the acute state of experimental colitis in rats. J Hepatol 2000; 32:708-17. [PMID: 10845656 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A variety of hepatobiliary abnormalities has been described in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to these liver alterations are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate parameters of liver function in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB)-induced rat colitis model. METHODS Glucose output, bile acid secretion, bile acid uptake, and the cytochrome P-450 metabolic capacity during TNB-colitis were studied in the perfused liver model. Furthermore, hepatic bile acid- and glycogen content was measured. To evaluate the inflammatory response in the colon and liver, NF-kappaB/Rel was quantified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. As an NF-kappaB/Rel regulated gene the inducible NO-synthase (NOS2) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. As possible mediators released from the inflamed colon into the portal vein, endotoxin and the stable metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (6-keto-prostaglandin-F1alpha) were determined. RESULTS Glucose output, bile acid secretion, bile acid uptake, and cytochrome P-450 metabolic capacity decreased on the first and second day of TNB-colitis. Hepatic bile acid content increased at day 14 of colitis. Glycogen content was reduced, most likely due to an inadequate chow intake of these animals. A low level of portal endotoxin was detectable during the first 2 days of colitis. In addition, 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1alpha was clearly increased in portal blood. NF-kappaB/Rel binding activity and inducible NOS2 were strongly positive in the colon during colitis. Although low levels of portal endotoxin were measured during the first 2 days of colitis, no significant NF-kappaB/Rel activity and NOS2 induction were detected in the liver. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that during the acute state of the TNB-colitis, bile acid secretion and cytochrome P-450 function are disturbed in the absence of distinct inflammatory changes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weidenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany.
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Intestinal absorption of essential fatty acids under physiological and essential fatty acid-deficient conditions. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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