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Akinjo OO, Gant TW, Marczylo EL. Perturbation of microRNA signalling by doxorubicin in spermatogonial, Leydig and Sertoli cell lines in vitro. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:760-770. [PMID: 30310654 PMCID: PMC6115902 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00314e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that in addition to its widely recognised cardiotoxicity, the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) is able to induce transcriptional, microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation changes in the mouse testis. These changes perturb pathways involved in stress/cell death and survival and testicular function and lead to germ cell loss and reproductive organ damage. Here, we further investigated the differential miRNA expression induced by DOX in mouse spermatogonial (GC1), Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cell lines in vitro. We began by performing cell cycle analysis of the three mouse testicular cell lines to evaluate their sensitivity to DOX and thus select suitable doses for miRNA profiling. In keeping with our in vivo data, the spermatogonial cell line was the most sensitive, and the Sertoli cell line the most resistant to DOX-induced cell cycle arrest. We then further demonstrated that each cell line has a distinct miRNA profile, which is perturbed upon treatment with DOX. Pathway analysis identified changes in the miRNA-mediated regulation of specialised signalling at germ-Sertoli and Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions following treatment with DOX. Amongst the most significant disease categories associated with DOX-induced miRNA expression were organismal injury and abnormalities, and reproductive system disease. This suggests that miRNAs play significant roles in both normal testicular function and DOX-induced testicular toxicity. Comparison of our in vitro and in vivo data highlights that in vitro cell models can provide valuable mechanistic information, which may also help facilitate the development of biomarkers of testicular toxicity and high-throughput in vitro screening methods to identify potential testicular toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwajoba O Akinjo
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
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Abstract
The 1CH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products, adopted at the Second ICH Conference in Orlando, FL, U.S.A., emphasized the need for research into the suitability of various methods for the detection of effects on fertility in males. The current project was undertaken to compare the efficiency of methods by evaluating reports in the open literature. The results of the examination of 117 substances or substance classes support the view that histopathology and organ weight analysis provide the best general-purpose means of detecting substances with the potential to affect male fertility. Examinations at up to 4 weeks of treatment appear to be as effective as examinations conducted at later times. Mating with females for detection of effects unrelated to interference with sperm production appears to provide an optimal combination because adding other methodologies does not materially improve the detection rate. As to the timing of the mating trial, a 2-week premating period is as efficient as mating at 4 weeks and apparently more efficient than mating after prolonged premating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Ulbrich
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
| | - Anthony K. Palmer
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
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Akinjo OO, Gant TW, Marczylo EL. Perturbation of epigenetic processes by doxorubicin in the mouse testis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1229-1243. [PMID: 30090428 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes play a major role in normal mammalian development, particularly during gametogenesis and early embryogenesis. Thus, perturbation of epigenetic processes in the testis by xenobiotics could have a major impact on testicular function and fertility, and potentially affect the development and health of subsequent generations. There has been substantial research into the epigenetic toxicity of environmental exposures over the last decade. However, few studies have focussed on pharmaceutical drugs, which due to the nature of their use are typically found at much higher concentrations within exposed individuals than environmental chemicals. Here, we investigated genome-wide changes in testicular mRNA transcription, microRNA expression and DNA methylation to assess the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to the testicular toxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) as a representative, widely used and well-characterised anti-cancer drug. We demonstrated that DOX is able to induce transcriptional, microRNA and DNA methylation changes, which perturb pathways involved in stress/cell death and survival and testicular function and lead to germ cell loss and reproductive organ damage. This identified potential novel mechanisms of DOX-induced testicular toxicity for further focussed investigations. Such work is required to fully assess the role of epigenetics in toxicity, determine whether single and/or multigenerational epigenetic toxicity is a real public health concern, and begin to develop and incorporate relevant epigenetic endpoints into regulatory toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwajoba O Akinjo
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department , CRCE , PHE , Chilton , Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ , UK .
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Follicle-stimulating hormone enhances recovery from low-dose doxorubicin-induced spermatogenic disorders in mice. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:917-23. [PMID: 25877372 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the effects of FSH for promoting spermatogenesis in mice with low-dose doxorubicin-induced spermatogenesis impairment. METHODS Eight-wk-old male imprinting control region mice were divided into three groups. Groups D and F received 0.5 mg/kg of doxorubicin twice weekly for 5 weeks. Group C received saline instead of doxorubicin. After inducing spermatogenesis impairment, group D was treated daily with saline for 4 weeks. Group F was given 1 IU of recombinant human FSH daily for 4 weeks. Spermatogenesis recovery was evaluated based on the testis weight, sperm count, histological assessment, and mating. The percentage of sperm with unfragmented deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was analyzed by single-cell pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the serum FSH levels were measured. RESULTS The elevation of serum FSH advanced slowly. The testis weight, sperm count, percentage of seminiferous tubules with spermatogenesis, percentage of sperm with unfragmented DNA and pregnancy rate were significantly increased by the administration of FSH. CONCLUSION Our study findings indicated that the immediate administration of exogenous FSH can promote the recovery from impaired spermatogenesis induced by low-dose doxorubicin before endogenous FSH increases to the maximum level.
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Truman JP, García-Barros M, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Evolving concepts in cancer therapy through targeting sphingolipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:1174-88. [PMID: 24384461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods of cancer treatment are limited in their efficacy due to both inherent and acquired factors. Many different studies have shown that the generation of ceramide in response to cytotoxic therapy is generally an important step leading to cell death. Cancer cells employ different methods to both limit ceramide generation and to remove ceramide in order to become resistant to treatment. Furthermore, sphingosine kinase activity, which phosphorylates sphingosine the product of ceramide hydrolysis, has been linked to multidrug resistance, and can act as a strong survival factor. This review will examine several of the most frequently used cancer therapies and their effect on both ceramide generation and the mechanisms employed to remove it. The development and use of inhibitors of sphingosine kinase will be focused upon as an example of how targeting sphingolipid metabolism may provide an effective means to improve treatment response rates and reduce associated treatment toxicity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philip Truman
- Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, T15, 023, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Mónica García-Barros
- Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, T15, 023, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA; Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, L4, 178, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, L4, 178, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Dorostghoal M, Erfani Majd N, Nooraei P. Maternal caffeine consumption has irreversible effects on reproductive parameters and fertility in male offspring rats. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2012; 39:144-52. [PMID: 23346524 PMCID: PMC3548072 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2012.39.4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns are growing about the decrease in male reproductive health. Caffeine is one of the popular nutrients that has been implicated as a risk factor for infertility. In the present study, we examined whether in utero and lactational exposure to caffeine affects the reproductive function of the offspring of rats. METHODS Pregnant rats received caffeine via drinking water during gestation (26 and 45 mg/kg) and lactation (25 and 35 mg/kg). Body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, sperm parameters, fertility rate, number of implantations, and testosterone level of the offspring were assessed from birth to adulthood. RESULTS Significant dose-related decreases were observed in the body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium height of the offspring. Sperm density had declined significantly in offspring of the low-dose and high-dose groups, by 8.81% and 19.97%, respectively, by postnatal day 150. The number of viable fetuses had decreased significantly in females mated with male offspring of the high-dose group at postnatal days 60, 90, 120, and 150. There were also significant reductions in testosterone levels of high-dose group offspring from birth to postnatal day 150. CONCLUSION It is concluded that maternal caffeine consumption impairs gonadal development and has long-term adverse effects on the reproductive efficiency of male offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dorostghoal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Sakr SA, El-shenawy SM, Al-Shabka AM. Aqueous Fenugreek Seed Extract Ameliorates Adriamycin-Induced Cytotoxicity and Testicular Alterations in Albino Rats. Reprod Sci 2011; 19:70-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111413301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saber A. Sakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin el-Kom, Egypt
| | - Salama M. El-shenawy
- Laboratory Department, Teaching Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin el-Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Shabka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin el-Kom, Egypt
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Abstract
The epididymis is an excellent target for the development of a male contraceptive. This is because the process of sperm maturation occurs in this organ; spermatozoa become motile and are able to recognise and fertilise an egg once they have traversed the epididymal duct. However, a number of attempts to interfere in sperm maturation and epididymal function or both have not been successful. The use of transgenic animals has proved useful in identifying a few epididymal targets but has yet to open the doors for drug development. Continuous focus on identifying additional epididymal targets and sperm-specific and epididymal-specific drugs is key to bringing a male contraceptive acting on the epididymis to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Zakhidov ST, Kulibin AY, Marshak TL, Malolina EA, Zelenina IA. Estimation of the frequencies of induced mutations in spermatogenic cells of senescence-accelerated prone mice of the SAMP1 strain. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zanetti SR, Maldonado EN, Aveldaño MI. Doxorubicin Affects Testicular Lipids with Long-Chain (C18-C22) and Very Long-Chain (C24-C32) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6973-80. [PMID: 17638909 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Doxorubicin disrupts spermatogenesis by causing apoptosis of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of this agent on adult rat testicular lipids and their fatty acids. A single dose (7.5 mg/kg) and a multidose regime (3 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks) were evaluated. Both treatments resulted in the gradual loss of spermatogenic cells and determined a marked reduction in testicular size and weight 9 weeks after their start. Germ cell loss was accompanied by a decrease in phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin. Concomitantly, glycerophospholipids lost selectively their major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 22:5n-6, and sphingomyelin lost its major very long-chain PUFA (VLCPUFA), 28:4n-6 and 30:5n-6. The molecular species from which the lost polyenes originated were thus a trait of germ cells. A transient peak of 16:0-ceramide was observed 48 h after the single dose. In both doxorubicin regimes, sphingomyelin and ceramide with reduced amounts of VLCPUFA after about 4 weeks and with no VLCPUFA after 9 weeks resulted. By contrast, triglycerides and especially cholesterol esters (CE) tended to accumulate in the testes undergoing germ cell death, probably in the surviving Sertoli cells, their fatty acid patterns suggesting that initially, these lipids retained part of the PUFA coming from, or no longer used for, the synthesis of germ cell glycerophospholipids. As the latter decreased, CE accumulated massively 9 weeks after starting doxorubicin treatment, 20:4n-6 becoming their major PUFA. Part of these CEs may derive from surviving steroidogenic cells. [Cancer Res 2007;67(14):6973–80]
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta R Zanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, La Carrindanga km. 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Ji M, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Effect of protopanaxatriol saponin on spermatogenic stem cell survival in busulfan-treated male mice. Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6:99-108. [PMID: 29699269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a medicinal herb widely used in Asian countries. Many of its pharmacological actions are attributed to ginsenosides (saponin). However, the pharmacological effects or functions of ginsenosides on mammalian spermatogenesis are unclear. Methods: In the present study study, we investigated the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of protopanaxatriol saponin (PT) on testicular organ weight and morphology, testicular germ cells, proliferation, differentiation and spermatogenesis after induction of toxicity by a chemotherapeutic agent, busulfan, in male mice. Results: Intraperitoneally (IP) busulfan treatment markedly decreased the organ weight of testis, caput and cauda epididymis. After the treatment, the testes had collapsed seminiferous tubules with incomplete spermatogenesis. However, a single dose of busulfan treatment followed by PT injection showed milder damage on seminiferous tubules than busulfan alone. Conclusion: These results suggest that PT is effective in recovery of the male reproductive organ, and induced an increase in the number and viability of germ cells overcoming busulfan toxicity. PT might have applications in the recovery of male infertility arising from azoospermia and oligospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Ji
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Masayasu Yamada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
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Selmanoğlu G. Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of patulin in growing male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:2019-24. [PMID: 16905234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssachlamys species. Patulin can be produced on different food products including fruits, grains, cheese, cured meats, but in natural situations patulin is exclusively found in apple and apple products. Patulin, at dose of 0.1mg/kg bw/day, was administered by gavage to the growing male rats aged 5-6 week for 60 or 90 days. At the end of the experiment, sperm counts and morphology were investigated. Also, effects of patulin on the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate tissues were examined histopathologically and morphologically. While sperm counts increased in patulin-treated rats for 60 days, sperm counts in patulin-treated rats for 90 days decreased compared to the corresponding control group. Patulin affected sperm morphology of growing male rats. Tail abnormalities like bent and/or coiled tails, and sticking of sperm tails were observed. A significant change was not determined in absolute and relative weights of the seminal vesicle and prostate of patulin-treated rats. While absolute cauda epididymal weights increased in rats treated with patulin for 60 days, absolute and relative cauda epididymal weights reduced in rats treated with patulin for 90 days. In histologic examination, some histopathological changes were observed in the epididymis and prostate tissues of rats in patulin treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güldeniz Selmanoğlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06800 Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bahadur G, Ozturk O, Muneer A, Wafa R, Ashraf A, Jaman N, Patel S, Oyede AW, Ralph DJ. Semen quality before and after gonadotoxic treatment. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:774-81. [PMID: 15689346 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyse the semen quality of patients before and after gonadotoxic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated semen quality in 314 patients over a 26 year period. The diagnostic categories were leukaemia (n = 13); lymphoma (n = 128); testicular cancer (n = 102); benign conditions (n = 13); and other malignant neoplasms (n = 58). The degree of azoospermia or oligozoospermia for each disease category was recorded. We then analysed the recovery in semen quality over time for each disease category. RESULTS The mean patient age was 27.9 years (range 13-65 years). A total of 1115 post-treatment semen samples were analysed from 314 patients. There was a significant reduction in the post-treatment sperm concentration, sperm motility and semen volume compared with pre-treatment levels (P < 0.05) in the entire cohort. However, the sperm movement and motility grade remained unaffected. Patients with testicular carcinoma had the lowest pre-treatment sperm concentrations but also the lowest incidence of azoospermia after cancer treatment. Patients with lymphoma and leukaemia had the highest incidence of post-treatment azoospermia and oligospermia. Patients having the largest reductions in their sperm concentration after treatment required the longest recovery period for spermatogenesis. The diagnostic category was the only significant predictor of post-treatment azoospermia. CONCLUSION Gonadotoxic treatment results in a significant reduction in sperm quality. The type of cancer or disease, and the pre-treatment sperm concentrations were found to be the most significant factors governing post-treatment semen quality and recovery of spermatogenesis. All categories of patients displayed varying degrees of azoospermia and oligozoospermia, and recovery of gonadal function from these states was not significant. This highlights the importance of ensuring sperm banking before treatment, including for patients with benign conditions. Several factors and associations are discussed further in order to give an insight into the pre- and post-gonadotoxic treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bahadur
- Fertility and Reproductive Medicine Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College Hospitals Trust, Rosenheim Building, 25 Grafton Way, London WC1E 6DB, UK.
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Abstract
With the background that the foodborne mycotoxin aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) could be toxic to the male reproductive mechanism in man as well as wild and domestic animals, the present study was aimed at finding the effect of AFB(1) on sperm. The Swiss albino mouse was the test animal. AFB(1,) suspended in corn oil and ethanol (95:5, v/v), was administered intraperitoneally to 90-day-old mice at a daily dose of 50 microg/kg body weight for 7, 15, 35 and 45 days. The analysis consisted of fertility testing and counts, motility and abnormalities of the cauda epididymidal sperm, adopting light- as well as electron-microscopy. The fertility of the treated mice was reduced drastically. Sperm concentration in the epididymis and sperm motility decreased whereas sperm abnormalities increased. In particular, sperm abnormalities like two axonemes in a common cytoplasm, sticking together of heads/tails, etc., were noted. A higher percentage of cauda epididymidal spermatozoa than in the control mice retained the cytoplasmic droplet (CD) and such retention was dependent on the duration of the treatment. Spermatozoa retaining the CD were inhibited in motility. Sperm CD of AFB(1)-treated mice contained electron-dense spherical inclusions, which are hypothesized as lipid inclusions produced from the lamellae through the spherical vesicles of the CD. The results indicate disruption of the spermatogenic as well as androgenic compartments of the testis by AFB(1). The results also reflect an alteration of epididymal function towards the post-testicular sperm maturation process by AFB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Agnes
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidhasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
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15
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Kim JC, Kim KH, Chung MK. Testicular cytotoxicity of DA-125, a new anthracycline anticancer agent, in rats. Reprod Toxicol 1999; 13:391-7. [PMID: 10560588 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(99)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess the testicular cytotoxicity induced by DA-125, a new anthracycline anticancer agent, 50 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups, with 10 rats in each group, and were given different single intravenous doses of DA-125 at dose levels of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight. On Day 56 after treatment, all male rats were killed and necropsied. Parameters of testicular cytotoxicity included genital organ weights, testicular sperm head counts, epididymal sperm motility and morphology, repopulation index, epididymal index, and histopathologic examinations. At 25 and 50 mg/kg, the weights of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles were reduced dose-dependently, but prostate weight was not different among the groups. At 50 mg/kg, the number of testicular sperm heads was decreased. However, the motility and morphology of epididymal sperm were comparable to the control values. On histopathologic examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, loss or decrease of germ cells, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and/or vacuolization of Sertoli cells in the testis were observed at 25 and 50 mg/kg. In addition, decreased sperm content and increased degenerative germ cells in the ductus epididymis were also found. Some recovery of spermatogenesis was observed at 25 mg/kg, whereas a decline in the repopulation index was observed at 50 mg/kg, indicating that the surviving stem cells had become unable to produce differentiated germ cells to enter the spermatogenic pathway. There was no evidences of testicular cytotoxicity at 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg. These results indicate that administration of a single dose of DA-12.5 (25 to 50 mg/kg) results in testicular damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kim
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yusung, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Pitman JL, Lin TP, Kleeman JE, Erickson GF, MacLeod CL. Normal reproductive and macrophage function in Pem homeobox gene-deficient mice. Dev Biol 1998; 202:196-214. [PMID: 9769172 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between germ cells and the supporting somatic cells guides many of the differentiative processes of gametogenesis. The expression pattern of the Pem homeobox gene suggests that it may mediate specific inductive events in murine reproductive tissues. During gestation, Pem is expressed in migrating and early postmigratory primordial germ cells, as well as in all embryo-derived extraembryonic membranes. Pem expression ceases in the germline after Embryonic Day 14 in both sexes and then reappears postnatally in the supporting cells of the gonad. In mature mice, Pem is produced by testicular Sertoli cells during stages VI-VIII of spermatogenesis and transiently by ovarian granulosa cells lining periovulatory follicles. Despite this tightly regulated reproductive expression pattern, mice with a targeted mutation in Pem have normal fecundity, with no detectable alteration in extraembryonic testicular or ovarian development or function. We also show that Pem is expressed throughout embryonic and adult development in a subset of a tissue-specific class of macrophages, Kupffer cells, as well as in a localized fraction of cells in macrophage cell lines. Although the number of Pem-positive Kupffer cells increases in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide, loss of Pem does not detectably interfere with the cells' ability to induce iNOS expression, demonstrating this Kupffer cell function does not require Pem. No differences were observed between Pem-knockout mice in 129, C57BL6/J, or mixed genetic backgrounds. Together, these data show that Pem is dispensable for embryonic and postnatal development, gonadal function, and Kupffer cell activation, perhaps due to compensatory expression of a similar homeobox gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pitman
- Cancer Center, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0684, USA
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Abstract
The evidence for mammalian germ cell mutagenicity induced by anticancer drugs is summarized. Primary attention is paid to the three major mouse germ cell mutagenicity tests- the dominant lethal, heritable translocation, and morphological specific locus tests- from which most germ cell mutagenicity data historically have been obtained. Of the 21 anticancer drugs reviewed, 16 have been tested in one or more of these three tests; with all 16 tested in the most common germ cell test, the male dominant lethal test, and 9 of the 16 also tested in the female dominant lethal test. The patterns of germ cell stage specificity for most of the anticancer drugs are similar, and generally resemble the patterns seen with other types of chemicals; however, some of the patterns are unique. For example, 2 of the 8 chemicals shown to induce dominant lethal mutations in female oocytes, do not induce dominant lethal mutations in male germ cells (adriamycin and platinol). Ten of the 16 chemicals tested in the dominant lethal test were positive in post-meiotic stages (spermatids through mature sperm), and seven also induced reciprocal translocations and/or specific locus mutations in post-meiotic stages. This propensity to induce mutations in post-meiotic stages has been observed with most mutagens. However, 5 of the anticancer drugs also induced dominant lethal mutations in spermatocytes (meiotic prophase cells) and one of them, 6-mercaptopurine, uniquely induced dominant lethal mutations exclusively in preleptotene spermatocytes. Finally, three of the anticancer drugs (melphalan, mitomycin C, procarbazine) are members of a very select group of chemicals shown to induce specific locus mutations in spermatogonial stem cells of mice. The implications for human risk are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Witt
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, TN 37831-0117, USA.
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Anderson RD, Berger NA. International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of topoisomerase-interactive agents. Mutat Res 1994; 309:109-42. [PMID: 7519727 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that interact with DNA topoisomerases I and II hold great promise for the treatment of cancer, however, like many other anti-cancer agents, they are a double-edged sword and may themselves cause mutation and cancer. In vitro studies show that clinically effective agents, such as etoposide, doxorubicin and others, stabilize a ternary complex where topoisomerase II is covalently linked to DNA. This complex represents an intermediate in the topoisomerase-II catalyzed DNA supercoil relaxation reaction. Camptothecin and its analogues stabilize a similar ternary complex, in vitro, consisting of topoisomerase I covalently linked to DNA at single-strand breaks. Short-term tests of genotoxicity confirm that topoisomerase-interactive agents are mutagenic and suggest common mechanisms by which they induce mutation and selectively kill tumor cells. These agents induce sister-chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations and mutations in specific mammalian genes. Their propensity to induce small colonies in the L5178/TK+/(-)-3.7.2C assay implies that topoisomerase-interactive agents induce large DNA rearrangements and deletions. These may result from topoisomerase-subunit exchange at drug-stabilized ternary complexes or from attempts by the cell to bypass the replication block caused by stabilized ternary complexes. Studies in bacterial mutation assays suggest that topoisomerase-interactive agents may also induce mutations, albeit at a lower rate, through simple DNA intercalation or via generation of oxygen free radicals. Second malignancies observed in patients previously treated with topoisomerase II interactive agents suggest these may be an important clinical consequence of their capacity to induce mutation. In particular, a unique form of acute myelogenous leukemia is observed at strikingly high frequencies after treatment with relatively high doses of the epipodophyllotoxins etoposide and teniposide. This form of AML has been reported after the uses of other classes of topoisomerase-interactive agents as well. Cancer induction is therefore a toxic consequence predicted by short-term tests of genotoxicity and should be weighed against the potential therapeutic benefits of topoisomerase-interactive agents.
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Lähdetie J, Keiski A, Suutari A, Toppari J. Etoposide (VP-16) is a potent inducer of micronuclei in male rat meiosis: spermatid micronucleus test and DNA flow cytometry after etoposide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1994; 24:192-202. [PMID: 7957123 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850240308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of etoposide (VP-16), a topoisomerase II inhibitor, on male rat spermatogenic cells were studied by analysing induction of micronuclei during meiosis. Micronuclei (MN) were scored in early spermatids after different time intervals corresponding to exposure of different stages of meiotic prophase. Etoposide had a strong effect on diplotene-diakinesis I cells harvested 1 day after exposure, and a significant effect also on late pachytene cells harvested 3 days after exposure. The effect at 18 days corresponding to exposure of preleptotene stage of meiosis (S-phase) was weaker but also statistically significant. Adriamycin was used as a positive control in this study. The results indicate a different mechanism of action of etoposide compared with adriamycin and other chemicals studied previously with the spermatid micronucleus test. DNA flow cytometry was carried out to assess cytotoxic damage at the same time intervals (1, 3, and 18 days after treatment) at stages I and VII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle allowing a study of cytotoxicity to different spermatogenic cell stages. Damage of differentiating spermatogonia was observed by a decrease in the cell numbers of the 2C peak 1 and 3 days after treatment and by a reduction of the number of 4C cells (primary spermatocytes) 18 d after etoposide treatment. Adriamycin also killed differentiating spermatogonia. Since the cell population which showed a high induction of MN by etoposide was not reduced in number, the genotoxic effect is remarkable. We conclude that etoposide is a potent inducer of genotoxicity and patients treated with this agent during cancer chemotherapy are at a risk of genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lähdetie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Finland
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21
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Meistrich ML, Chawla SP, Da Cunha MF, Johnson SL, Plager C, Papadopoulos NE, Lipshultz LI, Benjamin RS. Recovery of sperm production after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Cancer 1989; 63:2115-23. [PMID: 2720562 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890601)63:11<2115::aid-cncr2820631108>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Because treatment with surgery and combination chemotherapy produces a high cure rate in young men with osteosarcoma, their subsequent reproductive function is an important concern. Semen analyses of osteosarcoma patients, therefore, were performed before, during, and after treatment with the PADIC regimen consisting of cisplatin, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and dacarbazine or, in some cases, the PADIC regimen plus additional drugs. Results showed that semen volume was not affected and that sperm motility was reduced only during treatment. Although nearly all patients were rendered azoospermic during treatment, sperm production resumed in 30 of 32 patients examined at least 2 years after treatment. Analysis with correction for censored data indicates that, in 78% of treated men, sperm counts will return to more than 10 million/ml. The percentage of men whose sperm counts recovered to normal was lower for those receiving cisplatin dosages greater than or equal to 600 mg/m2; no trends were observed with Adriamycin and dacarbazine dosages. The inclusion of additional drugs such as methotrexate, bleomycin, dactinomycin, or cyclophosphamide (less than 4 g/m2) did not significantly affect the recovery of spermatogenesis. We conclude that the risk of long-term infertility from treatment with the PADIC regimen is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiotherapy, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 77030
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22
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Generoso WM, Cain KT, Hughes LA, Foxworth LB. A restudy of the efficacy of adriamycin in inducing dominant lethals in mouse spermatogonia stems cells. Mutat Res 1989; 226:61-4. [PMID: 2716770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(89)90094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W M Generoso
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-8077
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Quantification and classification of human sperm morphology by computer-assisted image analysis**Work performed under the auspices of the Office of Health and Environmental Research, United States Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract Number W-7405-ENG-48; partial funding from grant BRSG S07 RR 05917 awarded by the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health; also supported in part by the University of California Program for Analytical Cytology. Fertil Steril 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ward JA, Bardin CW, Knight M, Robinson J, Gunsalus G, Morris ID. Delayed effects of doxorubicin on spermatogenesis and endocrine function in rats. Reprod Toxicol 1988; 2:117-26. [PMID: 2980405 DOI: 10.1016/0890-6238(88)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin was administered to adult male Wistar rats (1 mg/kg body weight, three times per week, for one, two, three, or four weeks) in order to examine testicular and reproductive endocrine toxicity 56 days after treatment. Doxorubicin treatment produced persistent dose-related reductions in testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle weights, but did not alter ventral prostate weight. Testis and serum testosterone levels were not significantly affected by treatment, but serum LH was increased after treatment, and binding of iodinated hCG to testicular LH receptors was reduced. Serum FSH was elevated by the two lower total administered doses, but was not different from controls after treatment with the two higher total doses. There was clear histologic evidence of dose-dependent damage to the seminiferous tubules, which was reflected by decreased testicular and epididymal sperm content and by reductions in the stem-cell survival index. These results indicate that doxorubicin produces significant and persistent damage to the endocrine and spermatogenic compartments of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Medical School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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25
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Goldstein LS. Dominant lethal mutations induced in mouse spermatogonia by mechlorethamine, procarbazine and vincristine administered in 2-drug and 3-drug combinations. Mutat Res 1987; 191:171-6. [PMID: 3627154 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(87)90149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Male mice were treated with mechlorethamine (2.0 mg/kg), procarbazine (100 mg/kg) and vincristine (0.67 mg/kg) alone, or in 2-drug and 3-drug combinations. 5 weeks later and continuing for 5-8 weeks, embryos fertilized by spermatozoa that were derived from drug-treated spermatogonia were evaluated for drug-induced dominant lethal mutations. Significant mutagenesis was detected for mechlorethamine alone, for 2-drug combinations including mechlorethamine and for 3-drug combinations. Combinations where mechlorethamine was given first were mutagenic whereas combinations where mechlorethamine was not given first were not. Some combinations were more cytotoxic to the germinal epithelium than others. The data suggest that mutagenesis by this combination of drugs which is used extensively in treating Hodgkin's disease is due primarily to the mechlorethamine and that the frequency of mutation-induction may be a function of the order of administration.
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Bucci LR, Meistrich ML. Effects of busulfan on murine spermatogenesis: cytotoxicity, sterility, sperm abnormalities, and dominant lethal mutations. Mutat Res 1987; 176:259-68. [PMID: 3807936 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(87)90057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkylating agent busulfan (Myleran) adversely affects spermatogenesis in mammals. We treated male mice with single doses of busulfan in order to quantitate its cytotoxic action on spermatogonial cells for comparison with effects of other chemotherapeutic agents, to determine its long-term effects on fertility, and to assess its possible mutagenic action. Both stem cell and differentiating spermatogonia were killed and, at doses above 13 mg/kg, stem cell killing was more complete than that of differentiating spermatogonia. Azoospermia at 56 days after treatment, which is a result of stem cell killing, was achieved at doses of over 30 mg/kg; this dose is below the LD50 for animal survival, which was over 40 mg/kg. Busulfan is the only antineoplastic agent studied thus far that produces such extensive damage to stem, as opposed to differentiating, spermatogonia. The duration of sterility following busulfan treatment depended on the level of stem cell killing and varied according to quantitative predictions based on stem cell killing by other cytotoxic agents. The return of fertility after a sterile period did not occur unless testicular sperm count reached 15% of control levels. Dominant lethal mutations, measured for assessment of possible genetic damage, were not increased, suggesting that stem cells surviving treatment did not propagate a significant number of chromosomal aberrations. Sperm head abnormalities remained significantly increased at 44 weeks after busulfan treatment, however, the genetic implications of this observation are not clear. Thus, we conclude that single doses of busulfan can permanently sterilize mice at nonlethal doses and cause long-term morphological damage to sperm produced by surviving stem spermatogonia.
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Toppari J, Lähdetie J, Härkönen P, Eerola E, Parvinen M. Mutagen effects on rat seminiferous tubules in vitro: induction of meiotic micronuclei by adriamycin. Mutat Res 1986; 171:149-56. [PMID: 3748064 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(86)90048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutagen effect on male germ cells can be analyzed by micronucleus induction during meiotic divisions. These can be followed in vitro by culturing seminiferous tubular segments from stages of the epithelial cycle that contain late pachytene and diakinetic primary spermatocytes. We studied the formation of micronuclei in this test system using adriamycin as a model mutagen. Micronuclei were induced in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 1-10 ng/ml that were far below the dose that caused morphologically or biochemically detectable cytotoxic effects. The meiotic micronucleus induction in vitro is a potentially sensitive test system of male germ cell mutagenesis.
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Hacker-Klom UB, Meistrich ML, Göhde W. Effect of doxorubicin and 4'-epi-doxorubicin on mouse spermatogenesis. Mutat Res 1986; 160:39-46. [PMID: 3456485 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(96)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric and histological analysis, measurements of testicular weight and sperm head counts were performed to analyze the effects of doxorubicin (DX) and 4'-epi-doxorubicin (4'-epi-DX), two closely related antineoplastic agents, on mouse spermatogenesis. The DNA distribution patterns obtained by flow cytometry indicate the frequency of different germ cell types: elongated and round spermatids, primary spermatocytes with a 4 c DNA content, and S-phase spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Following the injection of different doses of DX, characteristic changes of the frequencies of those germ cell types are observed with time, indicating selective inactivation of spermatogonia followed by sequential depletion of spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids, and then recovery of these cell types. Similar changes were observed with 4'-epi-DX; the dose-response curves indicated that 4'-epi-DX might be slightly, although not significantly, less effective than DX. The mutagenic potential of DX and 4'-epi-DX is reflected by an increase of the coefficient of variation in the DNA histogram as a measure of aneuploidy, and an increase of diploid spermatids. Flow cytometric analysis of spermatogenesis offers a sensitive in vivo system to monitor mutagenic agents.
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