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Hamouda RA, Salman AS, Alharbi AA, Alhasani RH, Elshamy MM. Assessment of the Antigenotoxic Effects of Alginate and ZnO/Alginate-Nanocomposites Extracted from Brown Alga Fucus vesiculosus in Mice. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213839. [PMID: 34771394 PMCID: PMC8587912 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC) is an alkylating chemotherapy drug that could induce DNA damage and genetic alteration. It has been used as a model mutagen for in vivo and in vitro studies. The current study aimed to evaluate the protective role of Zinc oxide alginate–nanocomposites (ZnO-Alg/NCMs) against MMC–induced genotoxicity in mice. Animals were treated as follows: the control group, the groups treated with Algin (400 mg/kg b.w), the groups treated with ZnO-Alg/NCMs (400 mg/kg b.w), the group treated with MMC, and the groups treated with MMC plus Algin or ZnO-Alg/NCMs. Pre-treatment with Algin and ZnO-Alg/NCMs was repeated for one or seven days. Zinc oxide alginate-nanocomposites (ZnO-Alg/NCMs) were synthesized with the aim of incorporating the intrinsic properties of their constituents as an antigenotoxic substance. In this study, alginate was extracted from the brown marine alga Fucus vesiculosus, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using water extract of the same alga, and loaded in alginate to synthesize ZnO-Alg/NCMs. ZnO-NPs and ZnO-Alg/NCMs were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, and Zeta potential. The obtained results confirmed that by TEM and SEM, ZnO-NPs are rod shaped which modified, when loaded in alginate matrix, into spherical shape. The physical stability of ZnO-Alg/NCMs was reported to be higher than ZnO-NPs due to the presence of more negative charges on ZnO-Alg/NCMs. The EDX analysis indicated that the amount of zinc was higher in ZnO-NPs than ZnO-Alg/NCMs. The in vivo results showed that treatment with MMC induced genotoxic disturbances. The combined treatment with Algin and ZnO-Alg/NCMs succeeded in inducing significant protection against MMC. It could be concluded that ZnO-Algin/NCMs is a promising candidate to protect against MMC–induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa A. Hamouda
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (A.A.A.)
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Asmaa S. Salman
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (A.A.A.)
- Genetic and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Asrar A. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Reem Hasaballah Alhasani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha M. Elshamy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
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Pacchierotti F, Masumura K, Eastmond DA, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Lynch A, Schuler M, Tweats D, Marchetti F. Chemically induced aneuploidy in germ cells. Part II of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 848:403023. [PMID: 31708072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As part of the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing held in Tokyo, Japan in November 2017, a workgroup of experts reviewed and assessed the risk of aneugens for human health. The present manuscript is one of three manuscripts from the workgroup and reports on the unanimous consensus reached on the evidence for aneugens affecting germ cells, their mechanisms of action and role in hereditary diseases. There are 24 chemicals with strong or sufficient evidence for germ cell aneugenicity providing robust support for the ability of chemicals to induce germ cell aneuploidy. Interference with microtubule dynamics or inhibition of topoisomerase II function are clear characteristics of germ cell aneugens. Although there are mechanisms of chromosome segregation that are unique to germ cells, there is currently no evidence for germ cell-specific aneugens. However, the available data are heavily skewed toward chemicals that are aneugenic in somatic cells. Development of high-throughput screening assays in suitable animal models for exploring additional targets for aneuploidy induction, such as meiosis-specific proteins, and to prioritize chemicals for the potential to be germ cell aneugens is encouraged. Evidence in animal models support that: oocytes are more sensitive than spermatocytes and somatic cells to aneugens; exposure to aneugens leads to aneuploid conceptuses; and, the frequencies of aneuploidy are similar in germ cells and zygotes. Although aneuploidy in germ cells is a significant cause of infertility and pregnancy loss in humans, there is currently limited evidence that aneugens induce hereditary diseases in human populations because the great majority of aneuploid conceptuses die in utero. Overall, the present work underscores the importance of protecting the human population from exposure to chemicals that can induce aneuploidy in germ cells that, in contrast to carcinogenicity, is directly linked to an adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - David A Eastmond
- Department of Molecular, Cell and System Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Parent-Massin D, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Tobback P, Altieri A, Rincon AM, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium glutamate (E 623), ammonium glutamate (E 624) and magnesium glutamate (E 625) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04910. [PMID: 32625571 PMCID: PMC7009848 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. Glutamate is absorbed in the intestine and it is presystemically metabolised in the gut wall. No adverse effects were observed in the available short-term, subchronic, chronic, reproductive and developmental studies. The only effect observed was increased kidney weight and increased spleen weight; however, the increase in organ weight was not accompanied by adverse histopathological findings and, therefore, the increase in organ weight was not considered as an adverse effect. The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. From a neurodevelopmental toxicity study, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg body weight (bw) per day could be identified. The Panel assessed the suitability of human data to be used for the derivation of a health-based guidance value. Although effects on humans were identified human data were not suitable due to the lack of dose-response data from which a dose without effect could be identified. Based on the NOAEL of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg bw per day from the neurodevelopmental toxicity study and applying the default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid, for glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625). The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups.
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 99 Revision 1 (FGE.99Rev1): Consideration of furanone derivatives evaluated by the JECFA (63rd, 65th and 69th meetings). EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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5
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 220 Revision 3 (FGE.220Rev3): Consideration of genotoxic potential for α,β‐unsaturated 3(2H)‐Furanones from subgroup 4.4 of FGE.19. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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6
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 220, Revision 2 (FGE.220Rev1): α,β‐Unsaturated ketones and precursors from chemical subgroup 4.4 of FGE.19: 3(2H)‐Furanones. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pacchierotti F, Stocchi V. Analysis of chromosome aberrations in somatic and germ cells of the mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1044:147-163. [PMID: 23896875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-529-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome aberration tests are used to evaluate the clastogenicity of chemical and physical agents, that is, the capacity of these agents to cause breaks in chromosomes and produce microscopically visible fragments or structural rearrangements. Aberrations are scored in metaphase chromosomes of dividing cells. In the mouse, bone marrow progenitors of erythrocytes and leukocytes provide abundant metaphases to study the effects on somatic cells, whereas the response of male germ cells to clastogenic agents can be visualized on metaphases of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The techniques to prepare the slides for analyses are well standardized and internationally harmonized protocols for tests in bone marrow and spermatogonia provide the guidance necessary to obtain meaningful results. It is advisable to adhere as much as possible to these recommendations. Not all tests are suitable to score the same kind of aberrations. Here an overview of the application domains of these tests is provided with warnings on the scoring criteria and statistical analysis.
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 99 (FGE.99): Consideration of furanone derivatives evaluated by the JECFA (63rd, 65th and 69th meetings). EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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9
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 220, Revision 1 (FGE.220Rev1): alpha, beta‐Unsaturated ketones and precursors from chemical subgroup 4.4 of FGE.19: 3(2H)‐Furanones. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 220: alpha, beta‐Unsaturated ketones and precursors from chemical subgroup 4.4 of FGE.19: 3(2H)‐Furanones. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Adler ID, Carere A, Pacchierotti F. Gender differences in germ-cell mutagenesis and genetic risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:22-36. [PMID: 17156773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Current international classification systems for chemical mutagens are hazard-based rather than aimed at assessing risks quantitatively. In the past, germ-cell tests have been mainly performed with a limited number of somatic cell mutagens, and rarely under conditions aimed at comparing gender-specific differences in susceptibility to mutagen exposures. There are profound differences in the genetic constitution, and in hormonal, structural, and functional aspects of differentiation and control of gametogenesis between the sexes. A critical review of the literature suggests that these differences may have a profound impact on the relative susceptibility, stage of highest sensitivity and the relative risk for the genesis of gene mutation, as well as structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in male and female germ cells. Transmission of germ-cell mutations to the offspring may also encounter gender-specific influences. Gender differences in susceptibility to chemically derived alterations in imprinting patterns may pose a threat for the health of the offspring and may also be transmitted to future generations. Recent reports on different genetic effects from high acute and from chronic low-dose exposures challenge the validity of conclusions drawn from standard methods of mutagenicity testing. In conclusion, research is urgently needed to identify genetic hazards for a larger range of chemical compounds, including those suspected to disturb proper chromosome segregation. Alterations in epigenetic programming and their health consequences will have to be investigated. More attention should be paid to gender-specific genetic effects. Finally, the database for germ-cell mutagens should be enlarged using molecular methodologies, and genetic epidemiology studies should be performed with these techniques to verify human genetic risk.
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Pacchierotti F, Adler ID, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Mailhes JB. Gender effects on the incidence of aneuploidy in mammalian germ cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:46-69. [PMID: 17292877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy occurs in 0.3% of newborns, 4% of stillbirths, and more than 35% of all human spontaneous abortions. Human gametogenesis is uniquely and gender-specific susceptible to errors in chromosome segregation. Overall, between 1% and 4% of sperm and as many as 20% of human oocytes have been estimated by molecular cytogenetic analysis to be aneuploid. Maternal age remains the paramount aetiological factor associated with human aneuploidy. The majority of extra chromosomes in trisomic offspring appears to be of maternal origin resulting from nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. Differences in the recombination patterns between male and female meiosis may partly account for the striking gender- and chromosome-specific differences in the genesis of human aneuploidy, especially in aged oocytes. Nondisjunction of entire chromosomes during meiosis I as well as premature separation of sister chromatids or homologues prior to meiotic anaphase can contribute to aneuploidy. During meiosis, checkpoints at meiotic prophase and the spindle checkpoint at M-phase can induce meiotic arrest and/or cell death in case of disturbances in pairing/recombination or spindle attachment of chromosomes. It has been suggested that gender differences in aneuploidy may result from more permissive checkpoints in females than males. Furthermore, age-related loss of chromosome cohesion in oocytes as a cause of aneuploidy may be female-specific. Comparative data about the susceptibility of human male and female germ cells to aneuploidy-causing chemicals is lacking. Increases of aneuploidy frequency in sperm have been shown after exposure to therapeutic drugs, occupational agents and lifestyle factors. Conversely, data on oocyte aneuploidy caused by exogenous agents is limited because of the small numbers of oocytes available for analysis combined with potential maternal age effects. The vast majority of animal studies on aneuploidy induction in germ cells represent cause and effect data. Specific studies designed to evaluate possible gender differences in induction of germ cell aneuploidy have not been found. However, the comparison of rodent data available from different laboratories suggests that oocytes are more sensitive than male germ cells when exposed to chemicals that effect the meiotic spindle. Only recently, in vitro experiments, analyses of transgenic animals and knockdown of expression of meiotic genes have started to address the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosome missegregation in mammalian germ cells whereby striking differences between genders could be shown. Such information is needed to clarify the extent and the mechanisms of gender effects, including possible differential susceptibility to environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pacchierotti
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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13
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Harrington-Brock K, Doerr CL, Moore MM. Mutagenicity of three disinfection by-products: di- and trichloroacetic acid and chloral hydrate in L5178Y/TK +/- (-)3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells. Mutat Res 1998; 413:265-76. [PMID: 9651541 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of water, required to make it safe for human consumption, leads to the presence of halogenated organic compounds. Three of these carcinogenic 'disinfection by-products', dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and chloral hydrate (CH) have been widely evaluated for their potential toxicity. The mechanism(s) by which they exert their activity and the steps in the etiology of the cancers that they induce are important pieces of information that are required to develop valid biologically-based quantitative models for risk assessment. Determining whether these chemicals induce tumors by genotoxic or nongenotoxic mechanisms (or a combination of both) is key to this evaluation. We evaluated these three chemicals for their potential to induce micronuclei and aberrations as well as mutations in L5178Y/TK +/- (-)3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells. TCA was mutagenic (only with S9 activation) and is one of the least potent mutagens that we have evaluated. Likewise, CH was a very weak mutagen. DCA was weakly mutagenic, with a potency (no. of induced mutants/microgram of chemical) similar to (but less than) ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), a classic mutagen. When our information is combined with that from other studies, it seems reasonable to postulate that mutational events are involved in the etiology of the observed mouse liver tumors induced by DCA at drinking water doses of 0.5 to 3.5 g/l, and perhaps chloral hydrate at a drinking water dose of 1 g/l. The weight-of-evidence for TCA suggest that it is less likely to be a mutagenic carcinogen. However, given the fact that DCA is a weak mutagen in the present and all of the published studies, it seems unlikely that it would be mutagenic (or possibly carcinogenic) at the levels seen in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harrington-Brock
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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14
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Aneuploid epididynamal sperm detected in chromosomally normal and Robertsonian translocation-bearing mice using a new three-chromosome FISH method. Chromosoma 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02528768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Nutley EV, Tcheong AC, Allen JW, Collins BW, Ma M, Lowe XR, Bishop JB, Moore DH, Wyrobek AJ. Micronuclei induced in round spermatids of mice after stem-cell treatment with chloral hydrate: evaluations with centromeric DNA probes and kinetochore antibodies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1996; 28:80-89. [PMID: 8844988 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1996)28:2<80::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal effects of chloral hydrate (CH) on germ cells of male mice were investigated using two methods to detect and characterize spermatid micronuclei (SMN); (a) anti-kinetochore immunofluorescence (SMN-CREST) and (b) multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes for centromeric DNA and repetitive sequences on chromosome X (SMN-FISH). B6C3F1 mice received single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 82.7, 165.4, or 413.5 mg/kg and round spermatids were sampled at three time intervals representing cells treated in late meiosis, early meiosis, or as spermatogonial stem cells. No increases in the frequencies of SMN were detected for cells treated during meiosis using either SMN-CREST or SMN-FISH methods. After spermatogonial stem-cell treatment, however, elevated frequencies of SMN were detected by both methods. With SMN-FISH, dose trends were observed both in the frequencies of spermatids containing micronuclei and in the frequency of spermatids carrying centromeric label. These findings corroborate the recent report by Allen and colleagues [Allen JW et al.(1994): Mutat. Res. 323:81-88] that CH treatment of spermatogenic stem cells induced SMN. Furthermore, our findings suggest that chromosomal malsegregation or loss may occur in spermatids long after CH treatment of stem cells. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action of the CH effect on stem cells and to determine whether similar effects are induced in human males treated with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Nutley
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fahrig
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Wyrobek A, Lowe X, Pinkel D, Bishop J. Aneuploidy in late-step spermatids of mice detected by two-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 40:259-66. [PMID: 7766420 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multicolor procedure employing fluorescence in situ hybridization is described for detecting chromosomal domains and germinal aneuploidy in late-step spermatids in mice using DNA probes specific for repetitive sequences near the centromeres of chromosomes 8 and X. These probes were nick-translated with biotin- or digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides, and were detected with FITC or rhodamine. Probe and hybridization specificities were confirmed using metaphase chromosomes from spleen and bone marrow cells as well as from primary and secondary spermatocytes. Late-step spermatids, identified in testicular preparations by their hooked shape, yielded compact fluorescence domains in approximately 50% and > 99% of cells when hybridized with probes for chromosomes X and 8, respectively. In a survey of > 80,000 late-step spermatids from 8 healthy young adult C57BL/6 or B6C3F1 mice, approximately 3/10,000 spermatids had fluorescence phenotypes indicative of X-X or 8-8 hyperhaploidy. These frequencies are consistent with published frequencies of aneuploidy in meiotic metaphase II and first cleavage metaphases of the mouse, providing preliminary validation of sperm hybridization for the detection of aneuploidy. No significant animal or strain differences were observed. In addition, the hyperhaploidy frequencies for murine spermatids were indistinguishable for those for sperm from healthy men obtained by a similar hybridization procedure. These procedures for detecting aneuploid male gametes are examples of "bridging biomarkers" between human and animal studies. They have promising applications for investigations of the genetic, reproductive, and toxicological factors leading to abnormal reproductive outcomes of paternal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wyrobek
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550, USA
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18
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Salmon AG, Kizer KW, Zeise L, Jackson RJ, Smith MT. Potential carcinogenicity of chloral hydrate--a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1995; 33:115-21. [PMID: 7897749 DOI: 10.3109/15563659509000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloral hydrate is commonly used to sedate children for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The drug has been extensively used for many years, but there are remarkably few data on its long-term health effects. Concern in this regard is raised by recent studies showing chloral hydrate to be genotoxic, causing chromosome changes and other effects in vivo and in vitro. In addition, chloral hydrate is a reactive metabolite of trichloroethylene, a known carcinogen, and is structurally similar to other carcinogenic intermediates. Two carcinogenicity studies performed using the oral route of administration in mice indicate that the drug is potentially carcinogenic--in one case after a single dose lower than the typical dose used for sedation. Practitioners should be aware of chloral hydrate's genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Discretion in its use seems appropriate until further studies clarify its long term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Salmon
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley
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Allen JW, Collins BW, Evansky PA. Spermatid micronucleus analyses of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate effects in mice. Mutat Res 1994; 323:81-8. [PMID: 7508572 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mice were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) or by i.p. injection to the TCE metabolite, chloral hydrate (CH). Early spermatids were analyzed for micronucleus (MN) frequency and the presence or absence of kinetochore(s) using fluorochrome-labeled anti-kinetochore antibodies. It was determined that 5 consecutive days of exposure to 5, 50 or 500 ppm TCE during preleptotene through early pachytene stages of meiotic cell development do not result in increased frequencies of spermatid MN. CH at 41, 83 or 165 mg/kg was positive for spermatid MN induction when treatments corresponded to spermatogonial stem cell or preleptotene spermatocyte stages of development; negative results were obtained after treatments of leptotene-zygotene or diakinesis-metaphase stages. The significantly increased levels of MN observed were invariably of the kinetochore-negative type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Allen
- Genetic Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Tease C. Radiation- and chemically-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse oocytes: a comparison with effects in males. Mutat Res 1992; 296:135-42. [PMID: 1279400 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(92)90037-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Data from studies on radiation- and chemically-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse oocytes have been summarized. An attempt has been made to assess the relative sensitivity to mutagenic agents of female and male germ cells through comparison of observations from mutation studies of female and male mice. No unequivocal evidence of a mutagenic effect limited to a single sex could be found in the cytogenetic data, although differences in relative germ cell sensitivity could be inferred for ionizing radiation and some chemicals. However, the pattern of inter-sex variations was not consistent: for example, irradiation of dictyate oocytes yielded a lower rate of heritable chromosome translocations than the same dose to spermatogonia; in contrast, some chemicals, such as mitomycin C, yielded a larger incidence of chromosome anomalies after treatment of dictyate oocytes than spermatogonia. Overall, the limitations in quality and quantity of cytogenetic data, and the uncertainties associated with comparing information obtained in disparate assays, place severe constraints on the use of observations on induced chromosome aberrations to assess the relative sensitivities of female and male germ cells to environmental mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tease
- M.R.C. Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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21
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Crebelli R, Zijno A, Conti L, Crochi B, Leopardi P, Marcon F, Renzi L, Carere A. Further in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays with thiram and ziram fungicides: Bacterial reversion assays and mouse micronucleus test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 12:97-112. [PMID: 1363004 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The fungicides thiram and ziram have been assayed in a battery of nine bacterial strains of different genetic specificity. The results obtained suggest the induction of excisable DNA lesion(s), and indicate similar mutability of strains with AT or GC base pairs at target sites. This mutagenic profile is clearly distinct from that of oxidative mutagens, and it does not support the proposed role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of dithiocarbamates mutagenicity in bacteria. Furthermore, the bone marrow micronucleus test has been carried out in B6C3F1 mice with intraperitoneal administration of high grade thiram (12.5-50 mg/kg) and ziram samples (2.5-10 mg/kg in males, and 5-20 mg/kg in females). Thiram produced a significant increase of micronucleated PCEs in male mice sampled 48 h after treatment with 25, 37.5, and 50 mg/kg. No significant increase was detected in treated females. Ziram, tested in a lower range of doses because of its higher toxicity, resulted negative in both sexes. Both the acute toxicity and the ratio polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocytes indicated some sex specificity in the toxic effects induced by these dithiocarbamates in the B6C3F1 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crebelli
- Instituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
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22
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Mukherjee A, Chakrabarti J, Chakrabarti A, Banerjee T, Sarma A. Effect of 'Pan Masala' on the germ cells of male mice. Cancer Lett 1991; 58:161-5. [PMID: 1855192 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(91)90095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses of meiotic metaphase I germ cells and abnormalities of head morphology of caudal sperms were conducted in male mice following oral feeding of Pan Masala. The substance was ground to a fine powder, dispersed in polysorbate solution and administered via gavage to the animals at 84, 420 and 840 mg/kg body weight at the rate of 10 ml/kg body weight. Polysorbate and cyclophosphamide served as the vehicle control and positive control respectively. The two higher doses, 420 and 840 mg, gave a significant increase in the frequency of X-Y univalents and breaks over those of the vehicle control. Frequency of sperm head abnormalities were significantly high for all the doses tested. The results indicate that Pan Masala is a potent clastogen, reaches the testes and affects the germinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukherjee
- Centre for Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, University of Calcutta, India
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