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Caron J, Gonzalez G, Pandey PK, Wang S, Prather K, Ahmad S, Xiang L, Chen Y. Single pulse protoacoustic range verification using a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae. [PMID: 36634371 PMCID: PMC10567060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Proton therapy as the next generation radiation-based cancer therapy offers dominant advantages over conventional radiation therapy due to the utilization of the Bragg peak; however, range uncertainty in beam delivery substantially mitigates the advantages of proton therapy. This work reports using protoacoustic measurements to determine the location of proton Bragg peak deposition within a water phantom in real time during beam delivery.Approach.In protoacoustics, proton beams have a definitive range, depositing a majority of the dose at the Bragg peak; this dose is then converted to heat. The resulting thermoelastic expansion generates a 3D acoustic wave, which can be detected by acoustic detectors to localize the Bragg peak.Main results.Protoacoustic measurements were performed with a synchrocyclotron proton machine over the exhaustive energy range from 45.5 to 227.15 MeV in clinic. It was found that the amplitude of the acoustic waves is proportional to proton dose deposition, and therefore encodes dosimetric information. With the guidance of protoacoustics, each individual proton beam (7 pC/pulse) can be directly visualized with sub-millimeter (<0.7 mm) resolution using single beam pulse for the first time.Significance.The ability to localize the Bragg peak in real-time and obtain acoustic signals proportional to dose within tumors could enable precision proton therapy and hope to progress towardsin vivomeasurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Kiana Prather
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
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Mast TD, Johnstone DA, Dumoulin CL, Lamba MA, Patch SK. Reconstruction of thermoacoustic emission sources induced by proton irradiation using numerical time reversal. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acabfc. [PMID: 36595327 PMCID: PMC9976196 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acabfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Mapping of dose delivery in proton beam therapy can potentially be performed by analyzing thermoacoustic emissions measured by ultrasound arrays. Here, a method is derived and demonstrated for spatial mapping of thermoacoustic sources using numerical time reversal, simulating re-transmission of measured emissions into the medium.Approach.Spatial distributions of thermoacoustic emission sources are shown to be approximated by the analytic-signal form of the time-reversed acoustic field, evaluated at the time of the initial proton pulse. Given calibration of the array sensitivity and knowledge of tissue properties, this approach approximately reconstructs the acoustic source amplitude, equal to the product of the time derivative of the radiation dose rate, mass density, and Grüneisen parameter. This approach was implemented using two models for acoustic fields of the array elements, one modeling elements as line sources and the other as rectangular radiators. Thermoacoustic source reconstructions employed previously reported measurements of emissions from proton energy deposition in tissue-mimicking phantoms. For a phantom incorporating a bone layer, reconstructions accounted for the higher sound speed in bone. Dependence of reconstruction quality on array aperture size and signal-to-noise ratio was consistent with previous acoustic simulation studies.Main results.Thermoacoustic source distributions were successfully reconstructed from acoustic emissions measured by a linear ultrasound array. Spatial resolution of reconstructions was significantly improved in the azimuthal (array) direction by incorporation of array element diffraction. Source localization agreed well with Monte Carlo simulations of energy deposition, and was improved by incorporating effects of inhomogeneous sound speed.Significance.The presented numerical time reversal approach reconstructs thermoacoustic sources from proton beam radiation, based on straightforward processing of acoustic emissions measured by ultrasound arrays. This approach may be useful for ranging and dosimetry of clinical proton beams, if acoustic emissions of sufficient amplitude and bandwidth can be generated by therapeutic proton sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Douglas Mast
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - David A Johnstone
- Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Charles L Dumoulin
- Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Michael A Lamba
- Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Sarah K Patch
- Acoustic Range Estimates, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Kim SH, Jeong JH, Ku Y, Jung J, Kim CH. Performance prediction of gamma electron vertex imaging (GEVI) system for interfractional range shift detection in spot scanning proton therapy. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yao S, Hu Z, Xie Q, Yang Y, Peng H. Further investigation of 3D dose verification in proton therapy utilizing acoustic signal, wavelet decomposition and machine learning. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34768245 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Online dose verification in proton therapy is a critical task for quality assurance. We further studied the feasibility of using a wavelet-based machine learning framework to accomplishing that goal in three dimensions, built upon our previous work in 1D. The wavelet decomposition was utilized to extract features of acoustic signals and a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) was used. The 3D dose distributions of mono-energetic proton beams (multiple beam energies) inside a 3D CT phantom, were generated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The 3D propagation of acoustic signal was modeled using the k-Wave toolbox. Three different beamlets (i.e. acoustic pathways) were tested, one with its own model. The performance was quantitatively evaluated in terms of mean relative error (MRE) of dose distribution and positioning error of Bragg peak (ΔBP), for two signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Due to the lack of experimental data for the time being, two SNR conditions were modeled (SNR = 1 and 5). The model is found to yield good accuracy and noise immunity for all three beamlets. The results exhibit an MRE below 0.6% (without noise) and 1.2% (SNR = 5), andΔBPbelow 1.2 mm (without noise) and 1.3 mm (SNR = 5). For the worst-case scenario (SNR = 1), the MRE andΔBPare below 2.3% and 1.9 mm, respectively. It is encouraging to find out that our model is able to identify the correlation between acoustic waveforms and dose distributions in 3D heterogeneous tissues, as in the 1D case. The work lays a good foundation for us to advance the study and fully validate the feasibility with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhuan Yao
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongsheng Hu
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xie
- ProtonSmart Ltd, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Medical Physics, Wuhan University, 430072, People's Republic of China.,ProtonSmart Ltd, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Nakamura Y, Takayanagi T, Uesaka T, Unlu MB, Kuriyama Y, Ishi Y, Uesugi T, Kobayashi M, Kudo N, Tanaka S, Umegaki K, Tomioka S, Matsuura T. Technical Note: Range verification of pulsed proton beams from fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator by means of time-of-flight measurement of ionoacoustic waves. Med Phys 2021; 48:5490-5500. [PMID: 34173991 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionoacoustics is one of the promising approaches to verify the beam range in proton therapy. However, the weakness of the wave signal remains a main hindrance to its application in clinics. Here we studied the potential use of a fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator (FFA), one of the accelerator candidates for future proton therapy. For such end, magnitude of the pressure wave and range accuracy achieved by the short-pulsed beam of FFA were assessed, using both simulation and experimental procedure. METHODS A 100 MeV proton beam from the FFA was applied on a water phantom, through the acrylic wall. The beam range measured by the Bragg peak (BP)-ionization chamber (BPC) was 77.6 mm, while the maximum dose at BP was estimated to be 0.35 Gy/pulse. A hydrophone was placed 20 mm downstream of the BP, and signals were amplified and stored by a digital oscilloscope, averaged, and low-pass filtered. Time-of-flight (TOF) and two relative TOF values were analyzed in order to determine the beam range. Furthermore, an acoustic wave transport simulation was conducted to estimate the amplitude of the pressure waves. RESULTS The range calculated when using two relative TOF was 78.16 ± 0.01 and 78.14 ± 0.01 mm, respectively, both values being coherent with the range measured by the BPC (the difference was 0.5-0.6 mm). In contrast, utilizing the direct TOF resulted in a range error of 1.8 mm. Fivefold and 50-fold averaging were required to suppress the range variation to below 1 mm for TOF and relative TOF measures, respectively. The simulation suggested the magnitude of pressure wave at the detector exceeded 7 Pascal. CONCLUSION A submillimeter range accuracy was attained with a pulsed beam of about 21 ns from an FFA, at a clinical energy using relative TOF. To precisely quantify the range with a single TOF measurement, subsequent improvement in the measuring system is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taisuke Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Hitachi Ltd, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uesaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Yasutoshi Kuriyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Planetary Exploration Research Institute, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kudo
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sodai Tanaka
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kikuo Umegaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tomioka
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsuura
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Analog Filters Design for Improving Precision in Proton Sound Detectors. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes how to improve the precision of ionoacoustic proton range verification by optimizing the analog signal processing stages with particular emphasis on analog filters. The ionoacoustic technique allows one to spatially detect the proton beam penetration depth/range in a water absorber, with interesting possible applications in real-time beam monitoring during hadron therapy treatments. The state of the art uses nonoptimized detectors that have low signal quality and thus require a higher total dose, which is not compatible with clinical applications. For these reasons, a comprehensive analysis of acoustic signal bandwidth, signal-to-noise-ratio and noise power/bandwidth will be presented. The correlation between these signal-quality parameters with maximum achievable proton range measurement precision will be discussed. In particular, the use of an optimized analog filter allows one to decrease the dose required to achieve a given precision by as much as 98.4% compared to a nonoptimized filter approach.
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Freijo C, Herraiz JL, Sanchez-Parcerisa D, Udias JM. Dictionary-based protoacoustic dose map imaging for proton range verification. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100240. [PMID: 33520652 PMCID: PMC7820918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy has the potential to provide state-of-the-art dose conformality in the tumor area, reducing possible adverse effects on surrounding organs at risk. However, uncertainties in the exact location of the proton Bragg peak inside the patient prevent this technique from achieving full clinical potential. In this context, in vivo verification of the range of protons in patients is key to reduce uncertainty margins. Protoacoustic range verification employs acoustic pressure waves generated by protons due to the radio-induced thermoacoustic effect to reconstruct the dose deposited in a patient during proton therapy. In this paper, we propose to use the a priori knowledge of the shape of the proton dose distribution to create a dictionary with the expected ultrasonic signals at predetermined detector locations. Using this dictionary, the reconstruction of deposited dose is performed by matching pre-calculated dictionary acoustic signals with data acquired online during treatment. The dictionary method was evaluated on a single-field proton plan for a prostate cancer patient. Dose calculation was performed with the open-source treatment planning system matRad, while acoustic wave propagation was carried out with k-Wave. We studied the ability of the proposed dictionary method to detect range variations caused by anatomical changes in tissue density, and alterations of lateral and longitudinal beam position. Our results show that the dictionary-based protoacoustic method was able to identify the changes in range originated by all the alterations introduced, with an average accuracy of 1.4 mm. This procedure could be used for in vivo verification, comparing the measured signals with the precalculated dictionary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Freijo
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Joaquin L. Herraiz
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Parcerisa
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sedecal, Molecular Imaging, 28119, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Udias
- Nuclear Physics Group, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Takayanagi T, Uesaka T, Nakamura Y, Unlu MB, Kuriyama Y, Uesugi T, Ishi Y, Kudo N, Kobayashi M, Umegaki K, Tomioka S, Matsuura T. On-line range verification for proton beam therapy using spherical ionoacoustic waves with resonant frequency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20385. [PMID: 33230208 PMCID: PMC7683547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional X-ray therapy, proton beam therapy (PBT) can confine radiation doses to tumours because of the presence of the Bragg peak. However, the precision of the treatment is currently limited by the uncertainty in the beam range. Recently, a unique range verification methodology has been proposed based on simulation studies that exploit spherical ionoacoustic waves with resonant frequency (SPIREs). SPIREs are emitted from spherical gold markers in tumours initially introduced for accurate patient positioning when the proton beam is injected. These waves have a remarkable property: their amplitude is linearly correlated with the residual beam range at the marker position. Here, we present proof-of-principle experiments using short-pulsed proton beams at the clinical dose to demonstrate the feasibility of using SPIREs for beam-range verification with submillimetre accuracy. These results should substantially contribute to reducing the range uncertainty in future PBT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Hitachi Ltd, 1-1 7-chome, Omika-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, 319-1292, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uesaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mehmet Burcin Unlu
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Yasutoshi Kuriyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tomonori Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kudo
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14, West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan
| | - Kikuo Umegaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, North-15 West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tomioka
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsuura
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan. .,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, North-15 West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
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Yao S, Hu Z, Zhang X, Lou E, Liang Z, Wang Y, Peng H. Feasibility study of range verification based on proton-induced acoustic signals and recurrent neural network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:215017. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abaa5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Matarèse BFE, Lad J, Seymour C, Schofield PN, Mothersill C. Bio-acoustic signaling; exploring the potential of sound as a mediator of low-dose radiation and stress responses in the environment. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1083-1097. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1834162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. E. Matarèse
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jigar Lad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul N. Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Otero J, Felis I, Herrero A, Merchán JA, Ardid M. Bragg Peak Localization with Piezoelectric Sensors for Proton Therapy Treatment. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102987. [PMID: 32466140 PMCID: PMC7287827 DOI: 10.3390/s20102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A full chain simulation of the acoustic hadrontherapy monitoring for brain tumours is presented in this work. For the study, a proton beam of 100 MeV is considered. In the first stage, Geant4 is used to simulate the energy deposition and to study the behaviour of the Bragg peak. The energy deposition in the medium produces local heating that can be considered instantaneous with respect to the hydrodynamic time scale producing a sound pressure wave. The resulting thermoacoustic signal has been subsequently obtained by solving the thermoacoustic equation. The acoustic propagation has been simulated by FEM methods in the brain and the skull, where a set of piezoelectric sensors are placed. Last, the final received signals in the sensors have been processed in order to reconstruct the position of the thermal source and, thus, to determine the feasibility and accuracy of acoustic beam monitoring in hadrontherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Otero
- Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Gandia, 46730 València, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-197-521 (ext. 125)
| | - Ivan Felis
- Centro Tecnológico Naval y del Mar (CTN), Fuente Álamo, 30320 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Alicia Herrero
- Institut de Matemàtica Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 València, Spain;
| | - José A. Merchán
- Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), 150003 Tunja, Colombia;
| | - Miguel Ardid
- Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Gandia, 46730 València, Spain;
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van Dongen KWA, de Blécourt AJ, Lens E, Schaart DR, Vos FM. Reconstructing 3D proton dose distribution using ionoacoustics. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:225005. [PMID: 31600743 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab4cd5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In proton therapy high energy protons are used to irradiate a tumor. Ideally, the delivered proton dose distribution is measured during treatment to ensure patient safety and treatment effectiveness. Here we investigate if we can use the ionoacoustic wave field to monitor the actual proton dose distribution for the two most commonly used proton accelerators; the isochronous cyclotron and the synchrocyclotron. To this end we model the acoustic field generated by the protons when irradiating a heterogeneous cancerous breast with a 89 MeV proton beam. To differentiate between the systems, idealized temporal micro-structures of the beams have been implemented. Results show that by employing model-based inversion we are able to reconstruct the 3D dose distributions from the simulated noisy pressure fields. Good results are obtained for both systems; the absolute error in the position of the maximum amplitude of the dose distribution is 5.0 mm for the isochronous cyclotron and 5.2 mm for the synchrocyclotron. In conclusion, this numerical study suggests that the ionoacoustic wave field may be used to monitor the proton dose distribution during breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W A van Dongen
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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Yu Y, Li Z, Zhang D, Xing L, Peng H. Simulation studies of time reversal-based protoacoustic reconstruction for range and dose verification in proton therapy. Med Phys 2019; 46:3649-3662. [PMID: 31199511 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo range verification in proton therapy is a critical step to help minimize range and dose uncertainty. We propose to employ a time reversal (TR)-based approach using proton-induced acoustics (protoacoustics) to reconstruct pressure/dose distribution in heterogeneous tissues. METHODS The dose distribution of mono-energetic proton pencil beam in a CT-based patient phantom was calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. K-wave toolbox was used to investigate protoacoustic pressurization, propagation and reconstruction in 2D. To address the tissue heterogeneity effect, a number of physical parameters, including mass density (ρ), speed of sound (c), volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (αV ), isobaric specific heat capacity (Cp ) and attenuation power law prefactor (α0 ), were empirically converted from CT number. The performance was evaluated using two figures of merit: mean square error (MSE) of pressure profiles and Bragg peak localization error (ΔBP ). The impact of six parameters of the TR inversion was examined, including number of sensors, sampling duration, sampling timestep, spill time, noise level and number of iterations. RESULTS The quantitative accuracy of TR reconstruction and its dependency on the selected parameters is presented. Under optimum conditions, the positioning accuracy of the Bragg peak can be controlled below 1 mm. For instance, MSE is 0.0123 and ΔBP is 0.59 mm under the following conditions (32 sensors, sampling duration: 600 µs, sampling timestep: 40 ns, spill time: 1 µs, no noise). CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of TR-based protoacoustic reconstruction in 2D for proton range verification was first demonstrated. The approach is not only applicable to pencil beam, but also has potential to be extended to passive scattering systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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I-BEAT: Ultrasonic method for online measurement of the energy distribution of a single ion bunch. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6714. [PMID: 31040311 PMCID: PMC6491586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of a wave carries all information about the spatial and temporal structure of its source, given that the medium and its properties are known. Most modern imaging methods seek to utilize this nature of waves originating from Huygens' principle. We discuss the retrieval of the complete kinetic energy distribution from the acoustic trace that is recorded when a short ion bunch deposits its energy in water. This novel method, which we refer to as Ion-Bunch Energy Acoustic Tracing (I-BEAT), is a refinement of the ionoacoustic approach. With its capability of completely monitoring a single, focused proton bunch with prompt readout and high repetition rate, I-BEAT is a promising approach to meet future requirements of experiments and applications in the field of laser-based ion acceleration. We demonstrate its functionality at two laser-driven ion sources for quantitative online determination of the kinetic energy distribution in the focus of single proton bunches.
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Giza OM, Sánchez-Parcerisa D, Sánchez-Tembleque V, Herraiz JL, Camacho J, Avery S, Udías JM. Photoacoustic dose monitoring in clinical high-energy photon beams. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab04ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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A novel range-verification method using ionoacoustic wave generated from spherical gold markers for particle-beam therapy: a simulation study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4011. [PMID: 30850625 PMCID: PMC6408528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a novel alternative range-verification method for proton beam with acoustic waves generated from spherical metal markers. When proton beam is incident on metal markers, most of the resulting pressure waves are confined in the markers because of the large difference in acoustic impedance between the metal and tissue. However, acoustic waves with frequency equal to marker’s resonant frequency escape this confinement; the marker briefly acts as an acoustic transmitter. Herein, this phenomenon is exploited to measure the range of the proton beam. We test the proposed strategy in 3-D simulations, combining the dose calculations with modelling of acoustic-wave propagation. A spherical gold marker of 2.0 mm diameter was placed in water with a 60 MeV proton beam incident on it. We investigated the dependence of pressure waves on the width of beam pulse and marker position. At short beam pulse, specific high-frequency acoustic waves of 1.62 MHz originating from the marker were observed in wave simulations, whose amplitude correlated with the distance between the marker and Bragg peak. Results indicate that the Bragg peak position can be estimated by measuring the acoustic wave amplitudes from the marker, using a single detector properly designed for the resonance frequency.
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17
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Abstract
The historic development of acoustic neutrino detection is shortly reviewed from early ideas starting in the 1950s to current experiments. The article concludes with an assessment of the current status of the field and outlook to the future, as perceived by the author, and with an emphasis on activities in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Vallicelli EA, Riva M, Zannoni M, Baschirotto A, De Matteis M. Analog and Digital Signal Processing for Pressure Source Imaging at 190 MeV Proton Beam. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921604003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncological hadron therapy utilizes a beam of charged particles to destroy the tumor cells, exploiting the particular deposition curve that allow minimum damage to the surrounding healty tissues compared to traditional radiotherapy. Sulak and Hayakawa’s works have shown the applicability of this technique in clinical scenarios, but the lack of dedicated electronics for this type of experiments affects the spatial resolution that can be obtained with this technique [1]. This work presents an integrated analog front-end dedicated to ionoacoustic experiments that allows to estimate the position of the Bragg Peak with an average deviation of 1% with respect to the real position.
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19
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Patch SK, Santiago-Gonzalez D, Mustapha B. Thermoacoustic range verification in the presence of acoustic heterogeneity and soundspeed errors - Robustness relative to ultrasound image of underlying anatomy. Med Phys 2018; 46:318-327. [PMID: 30362132 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate robustness of thermooacoustic range verification to acoustic heterogeneity and discrepancies between assumed and true propagation speed, i.e., soundspeed errors. METHODS A beam sweeper was used to deliver 250 ns pulses that deposited 0.26 Gy of 16 MeV protons and 2.3 Gy of 60 MeV helium ions into water and oil targets, respectively. Thermoacoustic signals were detected by a 96-channel ultrasound array with a 1-4 MHz sensitivity band (-6 dB), bandpass filtered and backprojected to create thermoacoustic images in the plane of the ultrasound array. The same soundspeed and transducer array were used to estimate range and generate the ultrasound images onto which Bragg peak locations were overlaid. An air-gap phantom that displaced the Bragg peak by 6.5 mm demonstrated accuracy. Robustness to soundspeed errors was demonstrated in a waterbath as the assumed propagation speed scanner setting was altered by ± 5 % . Tissue-mimicking gelatin and a bone sample were introduced to demonstrate robustness to acoustic heterogeneity relative to ultrasound images of the underlying morphology. RESULTS Single ion pulse measurements sufficed during the helium run, but signal averaging was required for protons. Range and entry point into the target were estimated from data collected by transducers placed at least 6 cm distal to the Bragg peak. When ultrasound images depicted the air-target interface where the beam enters, estimates of the entry point agreed with ultrasound images and range estimates agreed with Monte Carlo simulations to within 300 μm, even when thermoacoustic emissions traveled through a strongly scattering bone sample. Estimated Bragg peak locations were translated 6.5 mm by the air-gap phantom and correctly identified scenarios when the beam stopped inside the bone. CONCLUSIONS Soundspeed errors dilate and acoustic heterogeneities deform ultrasound images. When thermoacoustic receivers are co-located with the ultrasound imaging array, the same transformations shift thermoacoustic range estimates. Therefore, thermoacoustic range verification is robust relative to ultrasound images of underlying anatomy. When the treatment target is visible in ultrasound, e.g., prostate, online thermoacoustic range estimates could verify that the treatment spot is inside the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Patch
- Department of Physics, UW-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | | | - Brahim Mustapha
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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20
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Riva M, Vallicelli EA, Baschirotto A, De Matteis M. Acoustic Analog Front End for Proton Range Detection in Hadron Therapy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:954-962. [PMID: 29994662 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2828703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical ions beams for cancer treatment provide maximum energy deposition (Bragg peak (BP)) at the end of their range and practically no dose behind. This enables a more efficient therapeutic option comparing with classical photon-based radiotherapy where maximum energy is deposited at the body interface. Obviously, minimum-error BP detection is, thus, a key aspect of this treatment. This paper investigates a promising detection technique, based on the so-called ionoacoustic effect. The BP energy deposition causes a small (millikelvin) heating of the surrounding volume that in turn induces a pressure variation. This generates a sound signal that can be detected by an acoustic sensor placed at a certain distance from the BP point. Thus, the sound time-of-flight measure aims, with sound speed, to detect the BP position with very high accuracy (<1 mm). This paper presents the results of a complete cross-domain model that starting from proton beam energy provides the induced pressure variation in water, emulates the propagation of sound waves in the medium, and finally, returns a voltage signal whose time evolution determines BP position with an average deviation from effective position of 1% accuracy.
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21
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Hickling S, Xiang L, Jones KC, Parodi K, Assmann W, Avery S, Hobson M, El Naqa I. Ionizing radiation‐induced acoustics for radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology applications. Med Phys 2018; 45:e707-e721. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hickling
- Department of Physics & Medical Physics Unit McGill University 1001 boul Decarie Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019USA
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL 60612USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Garching b. München 85748Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department of Medical Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Garching b. München 85748Germany
| | - Stephen Avery
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA19104USA
| | - Maritza Hobson
- Medical Physics Unit McGill University Health Centre Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
- Department of Oncology Department of Physics & Medical Physics Unit McGill University Montreal QC H4A 3J1Canada
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48103‐4943USA
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22
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Nie W, Jones KC, Petro S, Kassaee A, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Proton range verification in homogeneous materials through acoustic measurements. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:025036. [PMID: 29160776 PMCID: PMC5845813 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9c1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical proton beam quality assurance (QA) requires a simple and accurate method to measure the proton beam Bragg peak (BP) depth. Protoacoustics, the measurement of the pressure waves emitted by thermal expansion resulting from proton dose deposition, may be used to obtain the depth of the BP in a phantom by measuring the time-of-flight of the pressure wave. Rectangular and cylindrical phantoms of different materials (aluminum, lead, and polyethylene) were used for protoacoustic studies. Four different methods for analyzing the protoacoustic signals are compared. Data analysis shows that, for Methods 1 and 2, plastic phantoms have better accuracy than metallic ones because of the lower speed of sound. Method 3 does not require characterizing the speed of sound in the material, but it results in the largest error. Method 4 exhibits minimal error, less than 3 mm (with an uncertainty ⩽1.5 mm) for all the materials and geometries. Psuedospectral wave-equation simulations (k-Wave MATLAB toolbox) are used to understand the origin of acoustic reflections within the phantom. The presented simulations and experiments show that protoacoustic measurements may provide a low cost and simple QA procedure for proton beam range verification as long as the proper phantoms and calculation methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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23
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Jones KC, Nie W, Chu JCH, Turian JV, Kassaee A, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Acoustic-based proton range verification in heterogeneous tissue: simulation studies. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:025018. [PMID: 29176057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9d16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic-based proton range verification (protoacoustics) is a potential in vivo technique for determining the Bragg peak position. Previous measurements and simulations have been restricted to homogeneous water tanks. Here, a CT-based simulation method is proposed and applied to a liver and prostate case to model the effects of tissue heterogeneity on the protoacoustic amplitude and time-of-flight range verification accuracy. For the liver case, posterior irradiation with a single proton pencil beam was simulated for detectors placed on the skin. In the prostate case, a transrectal probe measured the protoacoustic pressure generated by irradiation with five separate anterior proton beams. After calculating the proton beam dose deposition, each CT voxel's material properties were mapped based on Hounsfield Unit values, and thermoacoustically-generated acoustic wave propagation was simulated with the k-Wave MATLAB toolbox. By comparing the simulation results for the original liver CT to homogenized variants, the effects of heterogeneity were assessed. For the liver case, 1.4 cGy of dose at the Bragg peak generated 50 mPa of pressure (13 cm distal), a 2× lower amplitude than simulated in a homogeneous water tank. Protoacoustic triangulation of the Bragg peak based on multiple detector measurements resulted in 0.4 mm accuracy for a δ-function proton pulse irradiation of the liver. For the prostate case, higher amplitudes are simulated (92-1004 mPa) for closer detectors (<8 cm). For four of the prostate beams, the protoacoustic range triangulation was accurate to ⩽1.6 mm (δ-function proton pulse). Based on the results, application of protoacoustic range verification to heterogeneous tissue will result in decreased signal amplitudes relative to homogeneous water tank measurements, but accurate range verification is still expected to be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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24
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Patch SK, Hoff DE, Webb TB, Sobotka LG, Zhao T. Two-stage ionoacoustic range verification leveraging Monte Carlo and acoustic simulations to stably account for tissue inhomogeneity and accelerator-specific time structure - A simulation study. Med Phys 2017; 45:783-793. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Patch
- Department of Physics; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Daniel E.M. Hoff
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Tyler B. Webb
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Lee G. Sobotka
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
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25
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Kipergil EA, Erkol H, Kaya S, Gulsen G, Unlu MB. An analysis of beam parameters on proton-acoustic waves through an analytic approach. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4694-4710. [PMID: 28252450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that acoustic waves are generated when a high-energy pulsed proton beam is deposited in a small volume within tissue. One possible application of proton-induced acoustics is to get real-time feedback for intra-treatment adjustments by monitoring such acoustic waves. A high spatial resolution in ultrasound imaging may reduce proton range uncertainty. Thus, it is crucial to understand the dependence of the acoustic waves on the proton beam characteristics. In this manuscript, firstly, an analytic solution for the proton-induced acoustic wave is presented to reveal the dependence of the signal on the beam parameters; then it is combined with an analytic approximation of the Bragg curve. The influence of the beam energy, pulse duration and beam diameter variation on the acoustic waveform are investigated. Further analysis is performed regarding the Fourier decomposition of the proton-acoustic signals. Our results show that the smaller spill time of the proton beam upsurges the amplitude of the acoustic wave for a constant number of protons, which is hence beneficial for dose monitoring. The increase in the energy of each individual proton in the beam leads to the spatial broadening of the Bragg curve, which also yields acoustic waves of greater amplitude. The pulse duration and the beam width of the proton beam do not affect the central frequency of the acoustic wave, but they change the amplitude of the spectral components.
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26
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Jones KC, Vander Stappen F, Bawiec CR, Janssens G, Lewin PA, Prieels D, Solberg TD, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Experimental observation of acoustic emissions generated by a pulsed proton beam from a hospital-based clinical cyclotron. Med Phys 2016; 42:7090-7. [PMID: 26632062 DOI: 10.1118/1.4935865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the acoustic signal generated by a pulsed proton spill from a hospital-based clinical cyclotron. METHODS An electronic function generator modulated the IBA C230 isochronous cyclotron to create a pulsed proton beam. The acoustic emissions generated by the proton beam were measured in water using a hydrophone. The acoustic measurements were repeated with increasing proton current and increasing distance between detector and beam. RESULTS The cyclotron generated proton spills with rise times of 18 μs and a maximum measured instantaneous proton current of 790 nA. Acoustic emissions generated by the proton energy deposition were measured to be on the order of mPa. The origin of the acoustic wave was identified as the proton beam based on the correlation between acoustic emission arrival time and distance between the hydrophone and proton beam. The acoustic frequency spectrum peaked at 10 kHz, and the acoustic pressure amplitude increased monotonically with increasing proton current. CONCLUSIONS The authors report the first observation of acoustic emissions generated by a proton beam from a hospital-based clinical cyclotron. When modulated by an electronic function generator, the cyclotron is capable of creating proton spills with fast rise times (18 μs) and high instantaneous currents (790 nA). Measurements of the proton-generated acoustic emissions in a clinical setting may provide a method for in vivo proton range verification and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Christopher R Bawiec
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Peter A Lewin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Damien Prieels
- Ion Beam Applications SA, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Timothy D Solberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stephen Avery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Jones KC, Vander Stappen F, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Acoustic time-of-flight for proton range verification in water. Med Phys 2016; 43:5213. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4961120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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28
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Kellnberger S, Assmann W, Lehrack S, Reinhardt S, Thirolf P, Queirós D, Sergiadis G, Dollinger G, Parodi K, Ntziachristos V. Ionoacoustic tomography of the proton Bragg peak in combination with ultrasound and optoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29305. [PMID: 27384505 PMCID: PMC4935843 DOI: 10.1038/srep29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ions provide a more advantageous dose distribution than photons for external beam radiotherapy, due to their so-called inverse depth dose deposition and, in particular a characteristic dose maximum at their end-of-range (Bragg peak). The favorable physical interaction properties enable selective treatment of tumors while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, but optimal clinical use requires accurate monitoring of Bragg peak positioning inside tissue. We introduce ionoacoustic tomography based on detection of ion induced ultrasound waves as a technique to provide feedback on the ion beam profile. We demonstrate for 20 MeV protons that ion range imaging is possible with submillimeter accuracy and can be combined with clinical ultrasound and optoacoustic tomography of similar precision. Our results indicate a simple and direct possibility to correlate, in-vivo and in real-time, the conventional ultrasound echo of the tumor region with ionoacoustic tomography. Combined with optoacoustic tomography it offers a well suited pre-clinical imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kellnberger
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sabine Reinhardt
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Thirolf
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Queirós
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George Sergiadis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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29
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Patch SK, Kireeff Covo M, Jackson A, Qadadha YM, Campbell KS, Albright RA, Bloemhard P, Donoghue AP, Siero CR, Gimpel TL, Small SM, Ninemire BF, Johnson MB, Phair L. Thermoacoustic range verification using a clinical ultrasound array provides perfectly co-registered overlay of the Bragg peak onto an ultrasound image. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5621-38. [PMID: 27385261 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/15/5621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential of particle therapy due to focused dose deposition in the Bragg peak has not yet been fully realized due to inaccuracies in range verification. The purpose of this work was to correlate the Bragg peak location with target structure, by overlaying the location of the Bragg peak onto a standard ultrasound image. Pulsed delivery of 50 MeV protons was accomplished by a fast chopper installed between the ion source and the cyclotron inflector. The chopper limited the train of bunches so that 2 Gy were delivered in [Formula: see text]. The ion pulse generated thermoacoustic pulses that were detected by a cardiac ultrasound array, which also produced a grayscale ultrasound image. A filtered backprojection algorithm focused the received signal to the Bragg peak location with perfect co-registration to the ultrasound images. Data was collected in a room temperature water bath and gelatin phantom with a cavity designed to mimic the intestine, in which gas pockets can displace the Bragg peak. Phantom experiments performed with the cavity both empty and filled with olive oil confirmed that displacement of the Bragg peak due to anatomical change could be detected. Thermoacoustic range measurements in the waterbath agreed with Monte Carlo simulation within 1.2 mm. In the phantom, thermoacoustic range estimates and first-order range estimates from CT images agreed to within 1.5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Patch
- Department of Physics, UW-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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30
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Ahmad M, Xiang L, Yousefi S, Xing L. Theoretical detection threshold of the proton-acoustic range verification technique. Med Phys 2016; 42:5735-44. [PMID: 26429247 DOI: 10.1118/1.4929939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Range verification in proton therapy using the proton-acoustic signal induced in the Bragg peak was investigated for typical clinical scenarios. The signal generation and detection processes were simulated in order to determine the signal-to-noise limits. METHODS An analytical model was used to calculate the dose distribution and local pressure rise (per proton) for beams of different energy (100 and 160 MeV) and spot widths (1, 5, and 10 mm) in a water phantom. In this method, the acoustic waves propagating from the Bragg peak were generated by the general 3D pressure wave equation implemented using a finite element method. Various beam pulse widths (0.1-10 μs) were simulated by convolving the acoustic waves with Gaussian kernels. A realistic PZT ultrasound transducer (5 cm diameter) was simulated with a Butterworth bandpass filter with consideration of random noise based on a model of thermal noise in the transducer. The signal-to-noise ratio on a per-proton basis was calculated, determining the minimum number of protons required to generate a detectable pulse. The maximum spatial resolution of the proton-acoustic imaging modality was also estimated from the signal spectrum. RESULTS The calculated noise in the transducer was 12-28 mPa, depending on the transducer central frequency (70-380 kHz). The minimum number of protons detectable by the technique was on the order of 3-30 × 10(6) per pulse, with 30-800 mGy dose per pulse at the Bragg peak. Wider pulses produced signal with lower acoustic frequencies, with 10 μs pulses producing signals with frequency less than 100 kHz. CONCLUSIONS The proton-acoustic process was simulated using a realistic model and the minimal detection limit was established for proton-acoustic range validation. These limits correspond to a best case scenario with a single large detector with no losses and detector thermal noise as the sensitivity limiting factor. Our study indicated practical proton-acoustic range verification may be feasible with approximately 5 × 10(6) protons/pulse and beam current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5847
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-1101
| | - Siavash Yousefi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5847
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5847
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O'Shea T, Bamber J, Fontanarosa D, van der Meer S, Verhaegen F, Harris E. Review of ultrasound image guidance in external beam radiotherapy part II: intra-fraction motion management and novel applications. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:R90-137. [PMID: 27002558 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/8/r90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has become an essential tool in modern radiotherapy (RT), being used to plan dose delivery prior to treatment and verify target position before and during treatment. Ultrasound (US) imaging is cost-effective in providing excellent contrast at high resolution for depicting soft tissue targets apart from those shielded by the lungs or cranium. As a result, it is increasingly used in RT setup verification for the measurement of inter-fraction motion, the subject of Part I of this review (Fontanarosa et al 2015 Phys. Med. Biol. 60 R77-114). The combination of rapid imaging and zero ionising radiation dose makes US highly suitable for estimating intra-fraction motion. The current paper (Part II of the review) covers this topic. The basic technology for US motion estimation, and its current clinical application to the prostate, is described here, along with recent developments in robust motion-estimation algorithms, and three dimensional (3D) imaging. Together, these are likely to drive an increase in the number of future clinical studies and the range of cancer sites in which US motion management is applied. Also reviewed are selections of existing and proposed novel applications of US imaging to RT. These are driven by exciting developments in structural, functional and molecular US imaging and analytical techniques such as backscatter tissue analysis, elastography, photoacoustography, contrast-specific imaging, dynamic contrast analysis, microvascular and super-resolution imaging, and targeted microbubbles. Such techniques show promise for predicting and measuring the outcome of RT, quantifying normal tissue toxicity, improving tumour definition and defining a biological target volume that describes radiation sensitive regions of the tumour. US offers easy, low cost and efficient integration of these techniques into the RT workflow. US contrast technology also has potential to be used actively to assist RT by manipulating the tumour cell environment and by improving the delivery of radiosensitising agents. Finally, US imaging offers various ways to measure dose in 3D. If technical problems can be overcome, these hold potential for wide-dissemination of cost-effective pre-treatment dose verification and in vivo dose monitoring methods. It is concluded that US imaging could eventually contribute to all aspects of the RT workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuathan O'Shea
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
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Jones KC, Seghal CM, Avery S. How proton pulse characteristics influence protoacoustic determination of proton-beam range: simulation studies. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:2213-42. [PMID: 26913839 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/6/2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The unique dose deposition of proton beams generates a distinctive thermoacoustic (protoacoustic) signal, which can be used to calculate the proton range. To identify the expected protoacoustic amplitude, frequency, and arrival time for different proton pulse characteristics encountered at hospital-based proton sources, the protoacoustic pressure emissions generated by 150 MeV, pencil-beam proton pulses were simulated in a homogeneous water medium. Proton pulses with Gaussian widths ranging up to 200 μs were considered. The protoacoustic amplitude, frequency, and time-of-flight (TOF) range accuracy were assessed. For TOF calculations, the acoustic pulse arrival time was determined based on multiple features of the wave. Based on the simulations, Gaussian proton pulses can be categorized as Dirac-delta-function-like (FWHM < 4 μs) and longer. For the δ-function-like irradiation, the protoacoustic spectrum peaks at 44.5 kHz and the systematic error in determining the Bragg peak range is <2.6 mm. For longer proton pulses, the spectrum shifts to lower frequencies, and the range calculation systematic error increases (⩽ 23 mm for FWHM of 56 μs). By mapping the protoacoustic peak arrival time to range with simulations, the residual error can be reduced. Using a proton pulse with FWHM = 2 μs results in a maximum signal-to-noise ratio per total dose. Simulations predict that a 300 nA, 150 MeV, FWHM = 4 μs Gaussian proton pulse (8.0 × 10(6) protons, 3.1 cGy dose at the Bragg peak) will generate a 146 mPa pressure wave at 5 cm beyond the Bragg peak. There is an angle dependent systematic error in the protoacoustic TOF range calculations. Placing detectors along the proton beam axis and beyond the Bragg peak minimizes this error. For clinical proton beams, protoacoustic detectors should be sensitive to <400 kHz (for -20 dB). Hospital-based synchrocyclotrons and cyclotrons are promising sources of proton pulses for generating clinically measurable protoacoustic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Buis E, Doppenberg E, Lahmann R, Toet P, de Vreugd J. Fiber optic hydrophones for acoustic neutrino detection. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611603002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Alsanea F, Moskvin V, Stantz KM. Feasibility of RACT for 3D dose measurement and range verification in a water phantom. Med Phys 2015; 42:937-46. [PMID: 25652506 DOI: 10.1118/1.4906241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to establish the feasibility of using radiation-induced acoustics to measure the range and Bragg peak dose from a pulsed proton beam. Simulation studies implementing a prototype scanner design based on computed tomographic methods were performed to investigate the sensitivity to proton range and integral dose. METHODS Derived from thermodynamic wave equation, the pressure signals generated from the dose deposited from a pulsed proton beam with a 1 cm lateral beam width and a range of 16, 20, and 27 cm in water using Monte Carlo methods were simulated. The resulting dosimetric images were reconstructed implementing a 3D filtered backprojection algorithm and the pressure signals acquired from a 71-transducer array with a cylindrical geometry (30 × 40 cm) rotated over 2π about its central axis. Dependencies on the detector bandwidth and proton beam pulse width were performed, after which, different noise levels were added to the detector signals (using 1 μs pulse width and a 0.5 MHz cutoff frequency/hydrophone) to investigate the statistical and systematic errors in the proton range (at 20 cm) and Bragg peak dose (of 1 cGy). RESULTS The reconstructed radioacoustic computed tomographic image intensity was shown to be linearly correlated to the dose within the Bragg peak. And, based on noise dependent studies, a detector sensitivity of 38 mPa was necessary to determine the proton range to within 1.0 mm (full-width at half-maximum) (systematic error < 150 μm) for a 1 cGy Bragg peak dose, where the integral dose within the Bragg peak was measured to within 2%. For existing hydrophone detector sensitivities, a Bragg peak dose of 1.6 cGy is possible. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that computed tomographic scanner based on ionizing radiation-induced acoustics can be used to verify dose distribution and proton range with centi-Gray sensitivity. Realizing this technology into the clinic has the potential to significantly impact beam commissioning, treatment verification during particle beam therapy and image guided techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed Alsanea
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2051
| | - Vadim Moskvin
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Drive, RT 041, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5289
| | - Keith M Stantz
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2051 and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5289
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Assmann W, Kellnberger S, Reinhardt S, Lehrack S, Edlich A, Thirolf PG, Moser M, Dollinger G, Omar M, Ntziachristos V, Parodi K. Ionoacoustic characterization of the proton Bragg peak with submillimeter accuracy. Med Phys 2015; 42:567-74. [PMID: 25652477 DOI: 10.1118/1.4905047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Range verification in ion beam therapy relies to date on nuclear imaging techniques which require complex and costly detector systems. A different approach is the detection of thermoacoustic signals that are generated due to localized energy loss of ion beams in tissue (ionoacoustics). Aim of this work was to study experimentally the achievable position resolution of ionoacoustics under idealized conditions using high frequency ultrasonic transducers and a specifically selected probing beam. METHODS A water phantom was irradiated by a pulsed 20 MeV proton beam with varying pulse intensity and length. The acoustic signal of single proton pulses was measured by different PZT-based ultrasound detectors (3.5 and 10 MHz central frequencies). The proton dose distribution in water was calculated by Geant4 and used as input for simulation of the generated acoustic wave by the matlab toolbox k-WAVE. RESULTS In measurements from this study, a clear signal of the Bragg peak was observed for an energy deposition as low as 10(12) eV. The signal amplitude showed a linear increase with particle number per pulse and thus, dose. Bragg peak position measurements were reproducible within ±30 μm and agreed with Geant4 simulations to better than 100 μm. The ionoacoustic signal pattern allowed for a detailed analysis of the Bragg peak and could be well reproduced by k-WAVE simulations. CONCLUSIONS The authors have studied the ionoacoustic signal of the Bragg peak in experiments using a 20 MeV proton beam with its correspondingly localized energy deposition, demonstrating submillimeter position resolution and providing a deep insight in the correlation between the acoustic signal and Bragg peak shape. These results, together with earlier experiments and new simulations (including the results in this study) at higher energies, suggest ionoacoustics as a technique for range verification in particle therapy at locations, where the tumor can be localized by ultrasound imaging. This acoustic range verification approach could offer the possibility of combining anatomical ultrasound and Bragg peak imaging, but further studies are required for translation of these findings to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - S Kellnberger
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - S Reinhardt
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - S Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - A Edlich
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - P G Thirolf
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - M Moser
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - M Omar
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - V Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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Jones KC, Witztum A, Sehgal CM, Avery S. Proton beam characterization by proton-induced acoustic emission: simulation studies. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:6549-63. [PMID: 25322212 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/21/6549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their Bragg peak, proton beams are capable of delivering a targeted dose of radiation to a narrow volume, but range uncertainties currently limit their accuracy. One promising beam characterization technique, protoacoustic range verification, measures the acoustic emission generated by the proton beam. We simulated the pressure waves generated by proton radiation passing through water. We observed that the proton-induced acoustic signal consists of two peaks, labeled α and γ, with two originating sources. The α acoustic peak is generated by the pre-Bragg peak heated region whereas the source of the γ acoustic peak is the proton Bragg peak. The arrival time of the α and γ peaks at a transducer reveals the distance from the beam propagation axis and Bragg peak center, respectively. The maximum pressure is not observed directly above the Bragg peak due to interference of the acoustic signals. Range verification based on the arrival times is shown to be more effective than determining the Bragg peak position based on pressure amplitudes. The temporal width of the α and γ peaks are linearly proportional to the beam diameter and Bragg peak width, respectively. The temporal separation between compression and rarefaction peaks is proportional to the spill time width. The pressure wave expected from a spread out Bragg peak dose is characterized. The simulations also show that acoustic monitoring can verify the proton beam dose distribution and range by characterizing the Bragg peak position to within ~1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Baret B, Van Elewyck V. High-energy neutrino astronomy: detection methods and first achievements. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2011; 74:046902. [PMID: 34996298 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/74/4/046902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, astronomy evolved from optical observation to the multi-wavelength study of celestial objects from radio waves up to x- and γ-rays, leading to a wealth of new discoveries and opening the way to high-energy astroparticle physics. In particular, the recent success of ground-based very-high-energy γ-ray telescopes has opened a new window on the most powerful and violent objects of the Universe, giving a new insight into the physical processes at work in such sources. In the context of high-energy astronomy, neutrinos constitute a unique probe since they escape from their sources, travel undisturbed on virtually cosmological distances and are produced in high-energy hadronic processes. In particular they would allow a direct detection and unambiguous identification of the sites of acceleration of high-energy baryonic cosmic rays, which remain unknown. This report discusses the physics potential of the domain and reviews the experimental techniques relevant for the detection of high-energy (⩾TeV) neutrinos. The results obtained by the first generation of such detectors are presented, along with the perspectives opened by new projects and prototypes being currently developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baret
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (UMR 7164) and Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A Domon et L Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - V Van Elewyck
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (UMR 7164) and Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A Domon et L Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Terunuma T, Sakae T, Hayakawa Y, Nohtomi A, Takada Y, Yasuoka K, Maruhashi A. Waveform simulation based on 3D dose distribution for acoustic wave generated by proton beam irradiation. Med Phys 2007; 34:3642-8. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2767985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
The various types of ionizing radiation can have widely differing radiation effects due to their variation in track structure. The effects of track structure on the radiation chemistry of water are particularly important because of the fundamental aspects and the wide range of practical applications. This review gives an overview of how the physics of energy-loss processes are responsible for the geometry of the particle track and thereby the final product yields. The radiation chemical effects are discussed in qualitative terms to show how the fundamental relationship between the physics and chemistry of particle tracks leads to the observed products. Special phenomena at very high rates of energy deposition are also covered. Finally, a discussion on the future research trends is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A LaVerne
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Hayakawa Y, Tada J, Arai N, Hosono K, Sato M, Wagai T, Tsuji H, Tsujii H. Acoustic pulse generated in a patient during treatment by pulsed proton radiation beam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/roi.2970030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mitsui K. Muon energy-loss distribution and its applications to muon energy determination. Int J Clin Exp Med 1992; 45:3051-3060. [PMID: 10014706 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.45.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ross CK, Klassen NV, Shortt KR, Smith GD. A direct comparison of water calorimetry and Fricke dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 1989; 34:23-42. [PMID: 2928376 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/34/1/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been devoted to measuring the absorbed dose to water using water calorimetry. Most of these efforts have been hampered by a lack of adequate knowledge of the heat defect of water. We argue that there is now sufficient information to establish with considerable confidence the heat defect of high-purity water containing various dissolved gases. For the present work we used water saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2 gases, for which the heat defect is calculated to be -2.1%. As a test of this assignment, we have compared the absorbed dose to water as measured using water calorimetry with that obtained from Fricke dosimetry. The water calorimeter consisted of a small sealed vessel containing 100 ml of stirred water saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2 gases. It was irradiated with 20 MV x-rays at a dose rate of about 0.4 Gy s-1. The same vessel was then filled with Fricke dosemeter solution, and irradiated under identical conditions. Our Fricke dosimetry is based on the Svensson and Brahme value of epsilon G (3.515 x 10(-3) 1 cm-1 J-1) and agrees to within 0.2% with the dose to water for 60Co gamma-rays obtained via graphite calorimetry. We find that for 20 MV x-rays, the dose to water determined by water calorimetry is 1.006 +/- 0.004 times the dose determined by Fricke dosimetry. Within 0.6(+/- 0.4)%, this result supports the calculated heat defect of -2.1% for water saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2 gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Ross
- Division of Physics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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Sieger GE, Lefevre HW. Time-resolved measurement of acoustic pulses generated by MeV protons stopping in aluminum. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1985; 31:3929-3936. [PMID: 9895976 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.31.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Observation of Acoustic Signals from a Phantom in an 18 MeV Electron Beam for Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2779-0_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Akerlof CW. Limits on the thermoacoustic detectability of electric and magnetic charges. Int J Clin Exp Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.26.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Askariyan G, Dolgoshein B, Kalinovsky A, Mokhov N. Acoustic detection of high energy particle showers in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(79)90244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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