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Boullata JI, Mirtallo JM, Sacks GS, Salman G, Gura K, Canada T, Maguire A. Parenteral nutrition compatibility and stability: A comprehensive review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 46:273-299. [PMID: 34788478 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several guidance documents support best practices across the stages of the parenteral nutrition (PN)-use process to optimize patient safety. The critical step of PN order verification and review by the pharmacist requires a contextual assessment of the compatibility and stability implications of the ordered PN prescription. This article will provide working definitions, describe PN component characteristics, and present a wide-ranging representation of compatibility and stability concerns that need to be considered prior to preparing a PN admixture. This paper has been approved by the ASPEN Board of Directors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Boullata
- Pharmacy Specialist in Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition Support Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jay M Mirtallo
- Clinical Practice Specialist, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH
| | - Gordon S Sacks
- Senior Director, Medical Affairs for PN Market Unit, Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC, Lake Zurich, IL
| | - Genene Salman
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Fullerton, CA
| | - Kathleen Gura
- Manager, Pharmacy Clinical research Program/Clinical Specialist GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Todd Canada
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Manager & Nutrition Support Team Coordinator, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Angela Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacist, BJC HomeCare Infusions, Overland, MO
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- Pharmacy Specialist in Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition Support Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Tomczak S, Gostyńska A, Nadolna M, Reisner K, Orlando M, Jelińska A, Stawny M. Stability and Compatibility Aspects of Drugs: The Case of Selected Cephalosporins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:549. [PMID: 34065083 PMCID: PMC8151819 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous drug incompatibilities are a common cause of medical errors, contributing to ineffective therapy and even life-threatening events. The co-administration of drugs must always be supported by studies confirming compatibility and thus guarantee the therapy's safety. Particular attention should be paid to the possible incompatibilities or degradation of intravenous cephalosporins in different infusion regimens since the administration of drugs with inadequate quality may cause treatment failure. Therefore, an appropriate stability test should be performed. The study aimed to present various aspects of the stability and compatibility of five cephalosporins: cefepime (CFE), cefuroxime (CFU), ceftriaxone (CFX), ceftazidime (CFZ), and cefazoline (CFL). The degradation studies in parenteral infusion fluids and PN admixtures were conducted for CFE and CFU. The interactions between CFX or CFZ and PN admixtures, as well as the compatibility of CFL with five commercial parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures, were investigated. The content of CFX and CFZ in PN admixture after 24 h was >90%. CFL administered simultaneously with PN admixture by the same infusion set using Y-site was compatible only with Nutriflex Lipid Special. CFE and CFU were stable in all tested infusion fluids for a minimum of 48 h and decomposed in PN admixtures during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Tomczak
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Gostyńska
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Malwina Nadolna
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Karolina Reisner
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Marta Orlando
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Anna Jelińska
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Maciej Stawny
- Department and Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (S.T.); (A.G.); (M.N.); (K.R.); (A.J.)
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Stability and assessment of amino acids in parenteral nutrition solutions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:125-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Foinard A, Perez M, Barthélémy C, Lannoy D, Flamein F, Storme L, Addad A, Bout MA, Décaudin B, Odou P. In Vitro Assessment of Interaction Between Amino Acids and Copper in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:827-34. [PMID: 25712958 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115571967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repeated blackening of in-line filters has been observed during the infusion of parenteral nutrition 2-in-1 mixtures (binary parenteral nutrition [BPN]) delivered in a neonatal intensive care unit. This study aimed to examine the elemental content of precipitates isolated from infused BPN bags and determine the main physicochemical interactions occurring in these bags. MATERIALS AND METHODS The infusion of BPN mixtures was simulated in vitro following hospital practices. Filter membranes were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Amino acid (AA) profiles were obtained from BPN mixtures to determine the concentrations of each AA. RESULTS Analyzed filter membranes revealed conglomerates of particles on filter surfaces. An EDS analysis generated spectra from isolated particles, identifying copper and sulfur as the major chemical elements. AA mean concentrations were relatively close to the expected value for each AA, except cysteine. Cysteine concentrations were very significantly lower than the expected values. CONCLUSION A specific interaction was identified between 1 AA (cysteine) and a trace element (copper) in our BPN mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Foinard
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Perez
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christine Barthélémy
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Damien Lannoy
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Institute of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florence Flamein
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France Department of Perinatal Environment and Health, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Ahmed Addad
- Department of "Unité Matériaux et Transformations," University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie-Adélaïde Bout
- Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology, Center of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Décaudin
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Institute of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Odou
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Institute of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
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Btaiche IF, Carver PL, Welch KB. Dosing and monitoring of trace elements in long-term home parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35:736-47. [PMID: 21825087 DOI: 10.1177/0148607111413902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace elements (TEs) dosing and monitoring in home parenteral nutrition (PN) patients vary with their underlying conditions. METHODS This retrospective observational study evaluated parenteral TE dosing, serum TE concentrations and monitoring, and dose-concentration relationships between TE doses and serum TE concentrations in 26 adult and adolescent home PN patients. RESULTS There was a total of 40,493 PN days. Average parenteral zinc doses of 9.1 mg/d and 7.6 mg/d resulted in the majority of serum zinc concentrations (90%) within normal range in patients with and without short bowel syndrome (SBS), respectively. Selenium at about 70 mcg/d resulted in about 60% of serum selenium concentrations within normal range, with 38% of values below normal in patients with and without SBS alike. Copper at 1 mg/d resulted in 22.5% of serum copper concentrations above the normal range. The majority of serum manganese (94.6%) and chromium (96%) concentrations were elevated. Serum TE concentrations were infrequently monitored. Significant relationships existed between doses and serum concentrations for zinc (P < .0001), manganese (P = .012), and chromium (P < .0001) but not for selenium or copper. CONCLUSIONS TE doses in home PN should be individualized and adjusted based on regular monitoring of TE status. In long-term home PN patients, higher zinc and selenium doses may be necessary to maintain their normal serum concentrations. Lower copper doses and restrictions of manganese and chromium supplementation may be needed to avoid their accumulation. Relationships between TE doses and serum TE concentrations vary for each TE and underlying clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad F Btaiche
- Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, USA.
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do Nascimento PC, da Marques MS, Bohrer D, de Carvalho LM, Carvalho CW. Chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry for the assessment of heavy metal distribution among amino acids used in parenteral nutrition formulations-studies with cadmium and lead. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 141:76-85. [PMID: 20499205 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of Cd (II) and Pb (II) among amino acids in parenteral nutrition formulations was investigated by coupling ion-chromatography (HPLC/IC) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The methodology was based on ion-exchange separation and fluorimetric amino acid detection after post-column derivatization. Cd (II) and Pb (II) were assayed in 500-µL fractions of the column effluent. The distribution of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr) were analyzed by monitoring changes in the concentration of free amino acids by HPLC/IC. The results indicated that Cd (II) and Pb (II) were distributed according to the following trend: Gly-Cd > Gly-Pb > Ala-Cd > Ala-Pb > His-Cd ∼ His-Pb > Thr-Cd > Thr-Pb > Phe-Cd ∼ Phe-Pb ∼ Asp-Cd ∼ Asp-Pb ∼ Met-Cd ∼ Met-Pb ∼ Glu-Cd ∼ Glu-Pb > Ser-Cd ∼ Ser-Pb. The effects of amino acid concentration and stability constants of amino acid-metal complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97111-970, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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do Nascimento PC, Marques MDS, Hilgemann M, de Carvalho LM, Bohrer D, Pomblum SG, Schirmer S. Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in Amino Acid Parenteral Nutrition Solutions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Sample Digestion by UV Irradiation. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600611558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bohrer D, do Nascimento PC, Becker E, de Carvalho LM, Dessuy M. Arsenic Species in Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1941-2444.2005.tb04838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bohrer
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa-Maria Brazil
| | | | - Emilene Becker
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa-Maria Brazil
| | | | - Morgana Dessuy
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa-Maria Brazil
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Gellis C, Sautou-Miranda V, Jarrige JF, Grand-Boyer A, Bleyzac N, Chopineau J. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate in pediatric parenteral nutrition: influence of vehicle injection. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:515-25. [PMID: 15297087 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs can be administered in parenteral nutrient mixtures, but no work on the delivery of corticoids by such means is reported. We studied the influence of pediatric parenteral nutrient mixtures on the kinetic parameters of the corticoid methylprednisolone injected in an intravenous bolus in rabbits as its sodium succinate ester. Four groups of six male New Zealand rabbits were used. After extraction, the plasma drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The distribution volume of the ester and the clearance rates of the two entities (ester and methylprednisolone) were lowered in the presence of a lipid emulsion. The description of these pharmacokinetic parameters provides a basis for a preclinical study of 24h administration of methylprednisolone in a parenteral nutrient mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gellis
- Clinical and Biotecnological Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand cédex, France
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Wuilloud GM, Wuilloud RG, de Wuilloud JCA, Olsina RA, Martinez LD. On-line preconcentration and determination of chromium in parenteral solutions by flow injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:117-24. [PMID: 12560055 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An on-line chromium preconcentration and determination system implemented with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) associated to flow injection (FI) was studied. For the retention of chromium, 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR) and Amberlite XAD-16 were used, at pH 5.0. The Cr-TAR complex was removed from the micro-column with ethanol. An enrichment factor of 50 was obtained for the preconcentration of 50 ml of sample solution. The detection limit value for the preconcentration of 50 ml of aqueous solution of Cr was 20 ng l(-1). The precision for ten replicate determinations at the 5 microg l(-1) Cr levels was 2.9% relative standard deviation (RSD), calculated from the peak heights obtained. The calibration graph using the preconcentration system for chromium was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 at levels near the detection limits up to at least 100 microg l(-1). The method was successfully applied to the determination of chromium in parenteral solution samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M Wuilloud
- Area de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, PO Box 375, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Abstract
Parenteral nutrition admixtures are complex pharmaceutical entities. The more closely they are examined, the more physico-chemical interactions emerge that could potentially affect stability. The move towards large scale hospital or commercial preparation, with a requirement for extended shelf life, and the increasing use of admixtures as vehicles for drugs and pharmaconutrients have created new formulation challenges for pharmaceutical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hardy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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