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Li Y, Wei M, Yu B, Liu L, Xue Q. Impact of simulating real microplastics on toluene removal from contaminated soil using thermally enhanced air injection. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119895. [PMID: 35961571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the impacts of various real microplastics (MPs), i.e., polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with different sizes (1000-2000 and 100-200 μm) and different dosages (0.5 and 5% on a dry weight basis), on the toluene removal during the thermally enhanced air injection treatment. First, microscopic tests were carried out to determine the MPs' microstructure and behavior. The PE was mainly a small block, and PET appeared filamentous and sheeted with a larger slenderness ratio. Second, the interactions between MPs and toluene-contaminated soils were revealed by batch adsorption equilibrium experiments and low-field magnetic resonance. The morphological differences and dosage of the MPs impacted soils' total porosity (variation range: 39.2-42.7%) and proportion of the main pores (2-200 μm). Third, the toluene removal during the air injection consisted of compaction, rapid growth, rapid reduction, and tailing stages, and the MPs were regarded as an emerging solid state to affect these removal stages. The final cumulative toluene concentrations of soil-PET mixtures were influenced by total porosity, and those of soil-PE mixtures were controlled by total porosity (influence weight: 0.67) and adsorption capacity (influence weight: 0.33); meanwhile, a self-built comprehensive coefficient of MPs can reflect the relationship between them and cumulative concentrations (correlation coefficient: 0.783).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Jiangsu Institute of Zoneco Co., Ltd., Yixing, 214200, China.
| | - Bowei Yu
- Specialist Laboratory, Alliance Geotechnical Pty Ltd, 2147, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Han M, Zuo Z, Ma Y, Solan GA, Hu X, Liang T, Sun WH. Bis(imino)-6,7-dihydro-5 H-quinoline-cobalt complexes as highly active catalysts for the formation of vinyl-terminated PE waxes; steps towards inhibiting deactivation pathways through targeted ligand design. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39869-39878. [PMID: 35494135 PMCID: PMC9044648 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07279j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of five related bis(imino)-6,7-dihydro-5H-quinoline-cobalt(ii) complexes, [2-(ArN = CPh)-8-(NAr)-C9H8N]CoCl2 (Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3Co1, 2,6-Et2C6H3Co2, 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3Co3, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2Co4, 2,6-Et2-4-MeC6H2Co5), have been synthesized in reasonable yield by the template reaction of cobalt(ii) chloride hexahydrate, 2-benzoyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-quinolin-8-one and the corresponding aniline. The molecular structures of Co1 and Co4 highlight both the differences in the two imino-carbon environments (phenyl-capped chain vs. cyclic) and also the steric properties exerted by the bulky N imine-aryl groups. On pre-treatment with either modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) or methylaluminoxane (MAO), all complexes proved productive catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene. In particular, Co1/MAO was the most active reaching a very high level of 1.62 × 107 g PE per mol (Co) per h over a 30 minute run time. Owing to the presence of the imino-phenyl substituent, Co1-Co5 were able to exhibit good thermal stability by displaying appreciable catalytic activity at temperatures between 50 and 80 °C, generating polyethylenes with narrow dispersities (M w/M n range: 1.66-3.28). In particular, the least sterically bulky precatalysts, Co1 and Co4 formed polyethylene waxes (M w range: 1.94-5.69 kg per mol) with high levels of vinyl unsaturation as confirmed by high temperature 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and by IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Gregory A Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Xinquan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
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3
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Han M, Oleynik II, Liu M, Ma Y, Oleynik IV, Solan GA, Liang T, Sun W. Ring size enlargement in an
ortho
‐cycloalkyl‐substituted bis(imino)pyridine‐cobalt ethylene polymerization catalyst and its impact on performance and polymer properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ivan I. Oleynik
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Irina V. Oleynik
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester University Road Leicester UK
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
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Han M, Oleynik II, Ma Y, Oleynik IV, Solan GA, Liang T, Sun W. α,α'‐Bis (imino)‐2,3:5,6‐bis (pentamethylene)pyridines appended with benzhydryl and cycloalkyl substituents: Probing their effectiveness as tunable
N,N,N‐
supports for cobalt ethylene polymerization catalysts. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences and International School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ivan I. Oleynik
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Irina V. Oleynik
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences and International School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
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Zuo Z, Han M, Ma Y, Solan GA, Hu X, Liang T, Sun W. Fluorinated bis(arylimino)‐6,7‐dihydro‐5
H
‐quinoline‐cobalt polymerization catalysts: Electronic versus steric modulation in the formation of vinyl‐terminated linear PE waxes. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences and International School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences and International School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Xinquan Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester UK
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences and International School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
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6
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Erosion of the molecular network in the amorphous layers of polyethylene upon high- strain deformation. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kurtz SM, Rimnac CM, Bartel DL. Predictive model for tensile true stress-strain behavior of chemically and mechanically degraded ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2000; 43:241-8. [PMID: 9730061 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199823)43:3<241::aid-jbm4>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gamma radiation sterilization of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components in air generates long-lived free radicals that oxidize slowly over time during shelf storage and after implantation. To investigate the combined effects of chemical and mechanical degradation on the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE, sterilized tensile specimens were immersed in 0.5% hydrogen peroxide solution at 37 degrees C for up to 9 months and concurrently subjected to cyclic stress levels of 0 (control), 0 to 5, and 0 to 10 MPa. After chemical and mechanical preconditioning, specimen density was measured using the density gradient column technique. The true stress-strain behavior was measured up to 0.12 true strain and characterized using a multilinear material model, the parameters of which were found to vary linearly with density and cyclic stress history. The mechanical behavior of as-irradiated and degraded UHMWPE was accurately predicted by an analytical composite beam model of the tensile specimens. The results of this study support the hypothesis that chemical and mechanical degradation affect the true stress-strain behavior of UHMWPE. In the future, the material model data presented in this study will enable more accurate prediction of the stresses and strains in UHMWPE components following gamma sterilization in air and subsequent in vivo degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kurtz
- Failure Analysis Associates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA.
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Shen FW, Yu YJ, McKellop H. Potential errors in FTIR measurement of oxidation in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene implants. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2000; 48:203-10. [PMID: 10398021 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(1999)48:3<203::aid-jbm1>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Potential sources of error in the use of FTIR to measure the level of oxidation in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cups were evaluated using cups from a hip simulator wear study with and without artificial aging, as well as cups retrieved from clinically failed hip prostheses. Oxidation was measured as a function of depth below the bearing surface using transmission FTIR on microtomed sections of the cups. To account for the variation of the thickness of the microtomed sections, oxidation was plotted as the ratio of the absorbance of the carbonyl groups to the absorbance of a reference band at 2022 cm-1. Overnight soaking in hexane reduced the apparent levels of oxidation, presumably due to the extraction of absorbed contaminants. In cups with low to moderate levels of oxidation, the reference absorption was relatively independent of the level of oxidation and was linearly proportional to the thickness of the specimens, providing reproducible oxidation ratios. However, the scatter in the reference absorption and in the apparent oxidation ratio increased with increasing levels of oxidation and was greatest for the thickest (400 microm) microtomed sections. The profiles of the oxidation ratios for a given specimen that were plotted by the present study method could be numerically adjusted to coincide with the ratios plotted using the methods of two previous investigators, providing conversion factors that are useful for comparing results among the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Shen
- J. Vernon Luck Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
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10
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McLaughlin W, Silverman J, Al-Sheikhly M, Chappas W, Zhan-Jun L, Miller A, Batsberg-Pedersen W. High-density polyethylene dosimetry by transvinylene FTIR analysis. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Rimnac CM, Burstein AH, Carr JM, Klein RW, Wright TM, Betts F. Chemical and mechanical degradation of UHMWPE: Report of the development of anin vitro test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jab.770050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Kurth M, Eyerer P, Ascherl R, Dittel K, Holz U. An evaluation of retrieved UHMWPE hip joint cups. J Biomater Appl 1988; 3:33-51. [PMID: 3199313 DOI: 10.1177/088532828800300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study it is demonstrated that the combined chemical and mechanical influences of the implant situation cause property changes of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) hip joint cups. Nearly 250 loosened hip cups, retrieved 3 weeks to 14 years after implantation, were investigated. The clinical long-term behavior of various shaped polyethylene hip sockets are statistically analyzed. The main damage features were defined and described. Density measurements show a density increase with implantation time and a dependence of these changes from implant position and loading conditions. The rate of extractable constituents also increases with course of time. An increased in vivo conditioned oxidation of the UHMWPE can be demonstrated by infrared (IR) spectrometry. The density increase can be explained by post-crystallization, which is the result of oxidative chain scission. This leads to a reduction of the average molecular weight of the PE and to an increased extractability of constituents. Since these changes have been recognized as the reasons for aging and failing of UHMWPE, the methods of material characterization used in this study for retrieved implants will help to develop suitable in vitro testing and simulating methods. Characteristic damage features of hip cups allow direct relationships with construction characteristics and their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurth
- Institute of Polymer Testing and Polymer Research, University of Stuttgart, Germany F.R
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Eyerer P, Kurth M, McKellup HA, Mittlmeier T. Characterization of UHMWPE hip cups run on joint simulators. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1987; 21:275-91. [PMID: 3558444 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820210302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The density and crystallinity of UHMWPE-hip cups were investigated as a function of thickness from the inner stressed surface to the unstressed outer surface. The effects of mechanical strain and chemical reactions during simulation tests, and damage of the material due to pretreatments and storage, resulted in changes of the structure, as indicated by variations in the crystallinity. Independent of either the batch of UHMWPE supplied or the manufacturer and the type of simulator used, the individual sample-sets showed a similar characteristic curve of density versus wall thickness. Infrared spectroscopic evaluations indicated the presence of oxidative degradation, and answers the question as to which areas of the polymers are changed by aging and which compounds are newly formed. The characteristic carbonyl groups were also determined. The concentration trend of carbonyl groups versus wall thickness obtained agrees surprisingly well with the locally determined density and crystallinity trend. As these compounds are formed by reactions which produce stable oxidative degradation products and also crosslinking, we have determined the degree of cross-linking. The determination of the soluble constituents after extraction showed lower degree of crosslinking on the surface than in the middle of the material. Hence it follows that on the surfaces oxidative chain scission is prevailing, whereas in the interior mainly crosslinking is developed. These results indicate that the samples used for the simulation tests had distinct differences in characteristics. Generally the results show that wear tests in joint simulators lead to property changes in UHMWPE which differ considerably from test results previously obtained on retrieved hip cups.
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Zámorský Z, Muras J. Influence of repeated processing on the change in properties of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(86)90020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Fordyce P, Devries KL, Fanconi BM. Chain scission and mechanical degradation of polystyrene. POLYM ENG SCI 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760240606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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