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How neutron scattering techniques benefit investigating structures and dynamics of monoclonal antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130206. [PMID: 35872327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, great progresses have been made for the pharmaceutical industry of monoclonal antibody (mAb). More and more mAb products were approved for human therapeutics. This review describes the state of art of utilizing neutron scattering to investigate mAbs, in the aspects of structures, dynamics, physicochemical stability, functionality, etc. Firstly, brief histories of mAbs and neutron scattering, as well as some basic knowledges and principles of neutron scattering were introduced. Then specific examples were demonstrated. For the structure and structural evolution investigation of in dilute and concentrated mAbs solution, in situ small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was frequently utilized. Neutron reflectometry (NR) is powerful to probe the absorption behaviors of mAbs on various surfaces and interfaces. While for dynamic investigation, quasi-elastic scattering techniques such as neutron spin echo (NSE) demonstrate the capabilities. With this review, how to utilize and take advantages of neutron scattering on investigating structures and dynamics of mAbs were demonstrated and discussed.
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2
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SATO T, LI Y. Structural Studies of Polymer Nano-Assemblies in Solution by Scattering Techniques. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro SATO
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University
| | - Yan LI
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University
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3
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4
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Borzacchiello A, Russo L, Malle BM, Schwach-Abdellaoui K, Ambrosio L. Hyaluronic Acid Based Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine Applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:871218. [PMID: 26090451 PMCID: PMC4452290 DOI: 10.1155/2015/871218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels, obtained by cross-linking HA molecules with divinyl sulfone (DVS) based on a simple, reproducible, and safe process that does not employ any organic solvents, were developed. Owing to an innovative preparation method the resulting homogeneous hydrogels do not contain any detectable residual cross-linking agent and are easier to inject through a fine needle. HA hydrogels were characterized in terms of degradation and biological properties, viscoelasticity, injectability, and network structural parameters. They exhibit a rheological behaviour typical of strong gels and show improved viscoelastic properties by increasing HA concentration and decreasing HA/DVS weight ratio. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that processes such as sterilization and extrusion through clinical needles do not imply significant alteration of viscoelastic properties. Both SANS and rheological tests indicated that the cross-links appear to compact the network, resulting in a reduction of the mesh size by increasing the cross-linker amount. In vitro degradation tests of the HA hydrogels demonstrated that these new hydrogels show a good stability against enzymatic degradation, which increases by increasing HA concentration and decreasing HA/DVS weight ratio. Finally, the hydrogels show a good biocompatibility confirmed by in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J. F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Russo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J. F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Birgitte M. Malle
- Biopharma Commercial, Novozymes Biopharma DK A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | | | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J. F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Science and Materials Technology DCSMT-CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Walsh Z, Janeček ER, Hodgkinson JT, Sedlmair J, Koutsioubas A, Spring DR, Welch M, Hirschmugl CJ, Toprakcioglu C, Nitschke JR, Jones M, Scherman OA. Multifunctional supramolecular polymer networks as next-generation consolidants for archaeological wood conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17743-8. [PMID: 25385610 PMCID: PMC4273396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406037111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The preservation of our cultural heritage is of great importance to future generations. Despite this, significant problems have arisen with the conservation of waterlogged wooden artifacts. Three major issues facing conservators are structural instability on drying, biological degradation, and chemical degradation on account of Fe(3+)-catalyzed production of sulfuric and oxalic acid in the waterlogged timbers. Currently, no conservation treatment exists that effectively addresses all three issues simultaneously. A new conservation treatment is reported here based on a supramolecular polymer network constructed from natural polymers with dynamic cross-linking formed by a combination of both host-guest complexation and a strong siderophore pendant from a polymer backbone. Consequently, the proposed consolidant has the ability to chelate and trap iron while enhancing structural stability. The incorporation of antibacterial moieties through a dynamic covalent linkage into the network provides the material with improved biological resistance. Exploiting an environmentally compatible natural material with completely reversible chemistries is a safer, greener alternative to current strategies and may extend the lifetime of many culturally relevant waterlogged artifacts around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Walsh
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Emma-Rose Janeček
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James T Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Sedlmair
- US Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53276; Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Synchrotron Radiation Center, Stoughton, WI 53589
| | - Alexandros Koutsioubas
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Carol J Hirschmugl
- Synchrotron Radiation Center, Stoughton, WI 53589; Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | | | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jones
- The Mary Rose Trust, HM Naval Base, Portsmouth PO1 3LX, United Kingdom
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom;
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6
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Jang WS, Koo P, Sykorsky M, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Mochrie SGJ. The Static and Dynamic Structure Factor of a Diblock Copolymer Melt via Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sik Jang
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Peter Koo
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Marcin Sykorsky
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alec Sandy
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Simon G. J. Mochrie
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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7
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Spruijt E, Leermakers FAM, Fokkink R, Schweins R, van Well AA, Cohen Stuart MA, van der Gucht J. Structure and Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates Studied by Scattering of Neutrons, X-rays, and Light. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400132s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Spruijt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans A. M. Leermakers
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Fokkink
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS/LSS Group, Institute Laue-Langevin, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble
Cedex 9, France, and
| | - Ad A. van Well
- Department
of Radiation Science
and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629
JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A. Cohen Stuart
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB
Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Harton SE, Pingali SV, Nunnery GA, Baker DA, Walker SH, Muddiman DC, Koga T, Rials TG, Urban VS, Langan P. Evidence for Complex Molecular Architectures for Solvent-Extracted Lignins. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:568-573. [PMID: 35607063 DOI: 10.1021/mz300045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, an abundant, naturally occurring biopolymer, is often considered "waste" and used as a simple fuel source in the paper-making process. However, lignin has emerged as a promising renewable resource for engineering materials, such as carbon fibers. Unfortunately, the molecular architecture of lignin (in vivo and extracted) is still elusive, with numerous conflicting reports in the literature, and knowledge of this structure is extremely important, not only for materials technologies, but also for production of biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol due to biomass recalcitrance. As such, the molecular structures of solvent-extracted (sulfur-free) lignins, which have been modified using various acyl chlorides, have been probed using small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution along with hydrodynamic characterization using dilute solution viscometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in THF. Mass spectrometry shows an absolute molecular weight ≈18-30 kDa (≈80-140 monomers), while GPC shows a relative molecular weight ∼3 kDa. A linear styrene oligomer (2.5 kDa) was also analyzed in THF using SANS. Results clearly show that lignin molecular architectures are somewhat rigid and complex, ranging from nanogels to hyperbranched macromolecules, not linear oligomers or physical assemblies of oligomers, which is consistent with previously proposed delignification (extraction) mechanisms. Future characterization using the methods discussed here can be used to guide extraction processes as well as genetic engineering technologies to convert lignin into value added materials with the potential for high positive impact on global sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren A. Baker
- Center for Renewable
Carbon, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
| | - S. Hunter Walker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Chemical and Molecular Engineering
Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
New York, 11794, United States
| | - Timothy G. Rials
- Center for Renewable
Carbon, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
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9
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Thompson JW, Stretz HA, Arce PE, Gao H, Ploehn HJ, He J. Effect of magnetization on the gel structure and protein electrophoresis in polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Boral S, Bohidar HB. Effect of Ionic Strength on Surface-Selective Patch Binding-Induced Phase Separation and Coacervation in Similarly Charged Gelatin−Agar Molecular Systems. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:12027-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105431t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Boral
- Polymer and Biophysics Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - H. B. Bohidar
- Polymer and Biophysics Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
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12
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Schramm S, Blochowicz T, Gouirand E, Wipf R, Stühn B, Chushkin Y. Concentration fluctuations in a binary glass former investigated by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:224505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3431537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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13
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Payet L, Ponton A, Grossiord JL, Agnely F. Structural and rheological properties of chitosan semi-interpenetrated networks. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2010; 32:109-118. [PMID: 20526647 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2010-10602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The local structure and the viscoelastic properties of semi-interpenetrated biopolymer networks based on cross-linked chitosan and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were investigated by Small Angle Neutron Scattering and rheological measurements. The specific viscosity and the entanglement concentration of chitosan were first determined, respectively, by capillary viscosimetry and steady-state shear rheology experiments performed at different polymer concentrations. Mechanical spectroscopy was then used to study the gelation process of chitosan/PEO semi-interpenetrated networks. By fitting the frequency dependence of the elastic and loss moduli with extended relations of relaxation shear modulus around the sol-gel transition, it was shown that the addition of PEO chains had a significant effect on the viscoelastic properties of aqueous chitosan networks but no effect on the gelation time. The improvement of mechanical properties was in accordance with the correlation length decrease deduced from Small Angle Neutron Scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Payet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes UMR 7057 CNRS & Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
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14
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Wang Y, Qiu D, Cosgrove T, Denbow ML. A small-angle neutron scattering and rheology study of the composite of chitosan and gelatin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 70:254-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Maleki A, Kjøniksen AL, Nyström B. Effect of pH on the Behavior of Hyaluronic Acid in Dilute and Semidilute Aqueous Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200851418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Cheng G, Melnichenko YB, Wignall GD, Hua F, Hong K, Mays JW. Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Conformation of Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Grafted Polystyrene in Dilute Solutions: Effect of the Backbone Length. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801370q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Yuri B. Melnichenko
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - George D. Wignall
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Fengjun Hua
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Jimmy W. Mays
- Neutron Scattering Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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17
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D'Errico G, De Lellis M, Mangiapia G, Tedeschi A, Ortona O, Fusco S, Borzacchiello A, Ambrosio L. Structural and mechanical properties of UV-photo-cross-linked poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:231-40. [PMID: 18163572 DOI: 10.1021/bm7008137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible poly( N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogels have been produced by UV irradiation of aqueous polymer mixtures, using a high-pressure mercury lamp. The resulting materials have been characterized by a combination of experimental techniques, including rheology, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and pulsed gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSE-NMR), to put in evidence the relationship between the microstructural properties and the macrofunctional behavior of the gels. Viscoelastic measurements showed that UV photo-cross-linked PVP hydrogels present a strong gel mechanical behavior and viscoelastic moduli values similar to those of biological gels. The average distance between the cross-linking points of the polymer network was estimated from the hydrogels elastic modulus. However, SANS measurements showed that the network microstructure is highly inhomogeneous, presenting polymer-rich regions more densely cross-linked, surrounded by a water-rich environment. EPR and PGSE-NMR data further support the existence of these water-rich domains. Inclusion of a third component, such as glycerol, in the PVP aqueous mixture to be irradiated has been also investigated. A small amount of glycerol (<3% w/w) can be added keeping satisfactory properties of the hydrogel, while higher amounts significantly affect the cross-linking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardino D'Errico
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Gupta AN, Bohidar HB, Aswal VK. Surface patch binding induced intermolecular complexation and phase separation in aqueous solutions of similarly charged gelatin-chitosan molecules. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10137-45. [PMID: 17676887 DOI: 10.1021/jp070745s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of selective surface patch binding induced complex coacervates between polyions, chitosan (cationic polyelectrolyte), and alkali-processed gelatin (polyampholyte), both carrying similar net charge, was investigated for two volumetric mixing ratios: r = [chitosan]/[gelatin] = 1:5 and 1:10. Formation of soluble intermolecular complexes between gelatin and chitosan molecules was observed in a narrow range of pH, though these biopolymers had the same kind of net charge, which was evidenced from electrophoretic measurement. This clearly established the role played by selective surface patch binding driven interactions. The temperature sweep measurements conducted on these coacervate samples through rheology and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies yielded two characteristic melting temperatures located at approximately 68 +/- 3 degrees C and 82 +/- 3 degrees C. In the flow mode, the shear viscosity (eta) of the coacervate samples was found to scale with (power-law model) applied shear rate (gamma*) as eta(gamma*) approximately (gamma*)(-k); this yielded k = 0.76 +/- 0.2 (1 s(-1) < gamma* < 100 s(-1)), indicating non-Newtonian behavior. The static structure factor (I(q)) deduced from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) data in the low q (q is the scattering wavevector) (0.018 A(-1) < q < 0.072 A(-1)) region was fitted to the Debye-Bueche regime, I(q) approximately 1/(1 + zeta(2)q(2))2 that yielded a size of zeta approximately 215 +/- 20 A (for r = 1:10) and zeta approximately 260 +/- 20 A (for r = 1:5) samples, implying change in the size of inhomogeneities present with mixing ratio. In the intermediate q region, called the Ornstein-Zernike regime, I(q) approximately 1/(1 + xi(2)q(2)) gave a correlation length of xi approximately 10.0 +/- 2.0 A independent of the mixing ratio. The results taken together imply the existence of a weakly interconnected and heterogeneous network structure inside the coacervate phase separated by domains of polymer-poor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Nath Gupta
- Polymer and Biophysics Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
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19
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Singh SS, Aswal VK, Bohidar HB. Structural studies of agar–gelatin complex coacervates by small angle neutron scattering, rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:301-7. [PMID: 17481725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agar-gelatin complex coacervates are studied by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), rheology (in both flow and temperature scan modes) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to probe the microscopic structure of this dense protein-polysaccharide-rich phase. DSC and isochronal temperature sweep (rheology) experiments yielded a characteristic temperature at approximately 35+/-2 degrees C. Rheology data revealed a second characteristic temperature at approximately 75+/-5 degrees C which was absent in DSC thermograms. In the flow mode, shear viscosity (eta) was found to scale with (Carreau model) applied shear rate (gamma ) as: eta(gamma ) approximately (gamma )(-k) with k=1.2+/-0.2 indicating non-Newtonian and shear-thinning features independent of ionic strength. The static structure factor S(q) deduced from SANS data in the low wave vector (0.018 A(-1)<q<0.072 A(-1)) region was fitted to Debye-Bueche function, S(q) approximately 1/(1+zeta(2)q(2))(2) that yielded a size zeta approximately 220+/-20 A identified with the size of the inhomogeneities present. In the high-q region, called the Ornstein-Zernike regime, S(q) approximately 1/(1+xi(2)q(2)) gave correlation length xi approximately 12+/-2A. The results taken together imply the existence of a weakly interconnected and heterogeneous network structure inside the coacervate phase. Structural features of this material are compared with those of agar and gelatin gel, and gelatin coacervate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santinath Singh
- Polymer and Biophysics Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110016, India
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20
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Mangiapia G, Frielinghaus H, D’Errico G, Ortona O, Sartorio R, Paduano L. Physico-chemical and structural properties of hydrogels formed by chitosan, in the presence and absence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and sodium decylsulfate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:6150-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b710143k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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22
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Yuan G, Wang X, Han CC, Wu C. Reexamination of Slow Dynamics in Semidilute Solutions: From Correlated Concentration Fluctuation to Collective Diffusion. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science & Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science & Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Charles C. Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science & Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science & Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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23
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Ishii D, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T, Murata K, Hayashi H, Yoshitani H. Investigation of the Structure of Cellulose in LiCl/DMAc Solution and Its Gelation Behavior by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Measurements. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:293-300. [PMID: 16565944 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose gels were prepared from cellulose in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) solution. When the cellulose concentration in the solution is above the one at which cellulose molecules overlap, cellulose gels were formed. While the gel prepared by the addition of water was turbid, the one prepared by the ion exchange was colorless, transparent, and optically anisotropic. In order to explain this gelation behavior of cellulose, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of the cellulose solutions and the gels were performed. The SAXS profiles of the cellulose solutions and the gels suggested that the large-scale fluctuation of the molecular chain density in the solution can be the origin of the molecular aggregates formed in the gel. Furthermore, the differences in the structure of the gels at the macroscopic and the molecular level were discussed in terms of the phase separation and the molecular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Aono H, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T. Characterization of Aggregate Structure in Mercerized Cellulose/LiCl·DMAc Solution Using Light Scattering and Rheological Measurements. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1311-7. [PMID: 16602754 DOI: 10.1021/bm050889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a semidilute solution of mercerized cellulose (CC1m) in 8% (w/w) LiCl.DMAc, which contained some aggregates, was investigated using static and dynamic light scattering measurements. The static scattering function of the polymer solution containing a small amount of aggregates can be separated into fast- and slow-mode components by combining static and dynamic light scattering measurements. The osmotic modulus was identical for the fast-mode component of the CC1m solutions and the native cellulose (CC1) solutions, in which cellulose is dispersed molecularly. This indicates that the molecularly dispersed component of the CC1m solutions has an identical conformation with the cellulose molecules in the CC1 solutions. The correlation length was also identical for the fast-mode components of CC1m solutions and the CC1 solutions, indicating that these solutions have the same mesh size of the polymer entanglement. These observations for the fast-mode components are consistent with the concentration dependence of the zero shear rate viscosity and the plateau modulus estimated in the rheological measurements. The slow-mode component, on the other hand, gave information on the aggregate structure in the CC1m solution. The radius of gyration of the aggregate structure estimated from the slow-mode component was about 70 nm, which is independent of the concentration of the solution. The plots for particle scattering factor of the slow-mode component lay between the theoretical curve of a sphere and a Gaussian chain, implying that the structure of the aggregate in the CC1m solution is like a multiarm polymer. A characteristic time of the slow-mode component calculated with the translational diffusion coefficient and the radius of gyration were almost identical with the relaxation time of the long-time relaxation observed in the rheological measurements. This indicates that the long-time relaxation of CC1m solutions originates in the translational diffusion of the aggregate structure in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Aono
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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25
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Mohanty B, Aswal VK, Kohlbrecher J, Bohidar HB. Length scale hierarchy in sol, gel, and coacervate phases of gelatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Mohanty B, Bohidar HB. Microscopic structure of gelatin coacervates. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 36:39-46. [PMID: 15896839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic structure of simple coacervates of gelatin having concentration approximately 130 g/l were studied at 25 degrees C by atomic force microscopy (AFM), rheology, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), UV absorption and circular dichroism (CD) techniques. The behavior of viscoelastic exponents Delta' and Delta'' of storage and loss modulii (G'(omega) approximately omega Delta', G''(omega) approximately omega Delta") revealed that, Delta' = 0.25+/-0.01 and Delta'' = 0.78+/-0.1 for coacervates. The mass fractal dimension 'd(f)' for coacervate was found to be 2.27, which attributed a compact heterogeneous network structure to the coacervates. This is supported by AFM pictures. The CD and UV absorption data indicated presence of helical structures inside the coacervates phase. SANS results showed the existence of a single length scale associated with this system identified as gelatin persistence length, zeta = 27+/-2 A. These studies indicate that the coacervate phase is a low dimensional dense heterogeneous material comprised of strongly interconnected triple helices which imparts a large storage modulus to this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Mohanty
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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27
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28
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Lin-Gibson S, Jones RL, Washburn NR, Horkay F. Structure−Property Relationships of Photopolymerizable Poly(ethylene glycol) Dimethacrylate Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0487002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lin-Gibson
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8543, and Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8543, and Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Newell R. Washburn
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8543, and Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8543, and Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Sugiyama M, Annaka M, Hara K, Vigild ME, Wignall GD. Small-Angle Scattering Study of Mesoscopic Structures in Charged Gel and Their Evolution on Dehydration. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0277816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sugiyama
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masahiko Annaka
- Department of Materials Technology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hara
- Institute of Environmental Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Martin E. Vigild
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George D. Wignall
- Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6393
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30
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Kanao M, Matsuda Y, Sato T. Characterization of Polymer Solutions Containing a Small Amount of Aggregates by Static and Dynamic Light Scattering. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0213899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kanao
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuda
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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31
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Jinbo Y, Teranuma O, Kanao M, Sato T, Teramoto A. Light-Scattering Study of Semiflexible Polymer Solutions. 4. n-Hexane Solutions of Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate). Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020704o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Jinbo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machinaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Osamu Teranuma
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machinaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kanao
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machinaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machinaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akio Teramoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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32
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Sharma J, Aswal VK, Goyal PS, Bohidar HB. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Chemically Cross-Linked Gelatin Solutions and Gels. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0022194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Sharma
- School of Physical Sciences, J. N. University, New Delhi-110 067, India; SSPD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India; and IUC-DAEF, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - V. K. Aswal
- School of Physical Sciences, J. N. University, New Delhi-110 067, India; SSPD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India; and IUC-DAEF, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - P. S. Goyal
- School of Physical Sciences, J. N. University, New Delhi-110 067, India; SSPD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India; and IUC-DAEF, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - H. B. Bohidar
- School of Physical Sciences, J. N. University, New Delhi-110 067, India; SSPD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India; and IUC-DAEF, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
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33
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Zhang Y, Douglas JF, Ermi BD, Amis EJ. Influence of counterion valency on the scattering properties of highly charged polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1336148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Thuresson K, Nilsson S, Kjøniksen AL, Walderhaug H, Lindman B, Nyström B. Dynamics and Rheology in Aqueous Solutions of Associating Diblock and Triblock Copolymers of the Same Type. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krister Thuresson
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Nilsson
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Lena Kjøniksen
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Walderhaug
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Lindman
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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35
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Bica CI, Burchard W, Stadler R. Behaviour of modified and unmodified polybutadienes in the semidilute regime. Eur Polym J 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(97)00037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Xie Y, Ludwig, KF, Bansil R, Gallagher PD, Koňák Č, Morales G. Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies of Spinodal Decomposition Kinetics in a Semidilute Polystyrene−Dioctyl Phthalate Solution. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Xie
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Karl F. Ludwig,
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Rama Bansil
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick D. Gallagher
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Čestmír Koňák
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Guarionex Morales
- Department of Physics and Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
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37
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Galinsky G, Burchard W. Starch Fractions as Examples for Nonrandomly Branched Macromolecules. 2. Behavior in the Semidilute Region. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9513527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Galinsky
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Walther Burchard
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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38
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39
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Horkay F, Hecht AM, Stanley HB, Geissler E. Scattering in polymer solutions: Determination of osmotic properties in the concentrated regime. Eur Polym J 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(94)90162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Floudas G, Steffen W, Fischer EW, Brown W. Solvent and polymer dynamics in concentrated polystyrene/toluene solutions. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Transient inhomogeneities in polymeric liquids and solutions: characterization by static and dynamic light scattering. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90452-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Structure and thermodynamics in polymer blends. Neutron scattering measurements on blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). POLYMER 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(92)90795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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44
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Polymers bearing intramolecular photodimerizable probes for mass diffusion measurements by the forced Rayleigh scattering technique: synthesis and characterization. POLYMER 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(88)90120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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46
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Fleischer G, Zgadzai OE. Self-diffusion of polystyrene in solution 2. Discussion of experimental results on the basis of the reptation mechanism and entanglements. Colloid Polym Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01452582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Schwimmer WH, Torkelson JM. A study of interpenetration using fluorescence quenching of chromophore-labelled polymers. POLYMER 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Kube O, Wendt E, Springer J. Numerical evaluation of screening length and anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering of polystyrene in benzene. POLYMER 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Yukioka S, Higo Y, Noda I, Nagasawa M. Correlation Lengths of Linear and Branched Polymers in a Good Solvent. Polym J 1986. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.18.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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