Correlation between equation of state and temperature and pressure dependence of self-diffusion coefficient of polymers and simple liquids

Diffusivity of CO2 in H2O: A Review of Experimental Studies and Molecular Simulations in the Bulk and in Confinement

An in-depth review of the available experimental and molecular simulation studies of CO2 diffusion in H2O, which is a central property in important industrial and environmental processes, such as carbon capture and storage, enhanced oil recovery, and in the food industry is presented. The cases of both bulk and confined systems are covered. The experimental and molecular simulation data gathered are analyzed, and simple and computationally efficient correlations are devised. These correlations are applicable to conditions from 273 K and 0.1 MPa up to 473 K and 45 MPa. The available experimental data for diffusion coefficients of CO2 in brines are also collected, and their dependency on temperature, pressure, and salinity is examined in detail. Other engineering models and correlations reported in literature are also presented. The review of the simulation studies focuses on the force field combinations, the data for diffusivities at low and high pressures, finite-size effects, and the correlations developed based on the Molecular Dynamics data. Regarding the confined systems, we review the main methods to measure and compute the diffusivity of confined CO2 and discuss the main natural and artificial confining media (i.e., smectites, calcites, silica, MOFs, and carbon materials). Detailed discussion is provided regarding the driving force for diffusion of CO2 and H2O under confinement, and on the role of effects such as H2O adsorption on hydrophilic confining media on the diffusivity of CO2. Finally, an outlook of future research paths for advancing the field of CO2 diffusivity in H2O at the bulk phase and in confinement is laid out.

Effects of high pressure in liquid chromatography

All the experimental parameters that the chromatographers are used to consider as constant (the column length and its diameter, the particle size, the column porosities, the phase ratio, the column hold-up volume, the pressure gradient along the column, the mobile phase density and its viscosity, the diffusion coefficients, the equilibrium constants, the retention factors, the efficiency parameters) depend on pressure to some extent. While this dependence is negligible as long as experiments, measurements, and separations are carried out under conventional pressures not exceeding a few tens of megapascal, it is no longer so when the inlet pressure becomes much larger and exceeds 100 MPa. Equations are developed to determine the extent of the influence of pressure on all these parameters and to account for it. The results obtained are illustrated with graphics. The essential results are that (1) many parameters depend on the inlet pressure, hence on the flow rate; (2) the apparent reproducibility of parameters as simple as the retention factor will be poor if measurements are carried out at different flow rates, unless due corrections are applied to the results; (3) the influence of the temperature on the equilibrium constants should be studied under constant inlet pressure rather than at a constant flow rate, to minimize the coupling effect of pressure and temperature through the temperature dependence of the viscosity; and (4) while reproducibility of results obtained at constant pressure and flow rate will not be affected, method development becomes far more complex because of the pressure dependence of everything.