Irradiation effects on aromatic polymers: 1. Gas evolution by gamma irradiation

On the optical response of novel coumarin-fused NIR BODIPY dyes to X-rays

This paper reports synthesis and characterization of three new coumarin-fused NIR BODIPY dyes 16-18, as well as the detailed study of their optical response to exposure with X-rays (up to 1000 Gy) in solvents of various nature. A strong reaction to irradiation (both in terms of absorption and fluorescence changing) is found in chlorinated solvents (CCl4 and CHCl3) and acetonitrile, while no significant respond of the dyes is observed in toluene and propanol-1. Herewith, their responses turned out to be very versatile: a complex change in fluorescence (quenching of the main band accompanied by the flare-up in a new spectral region) is observed together with colorimetric reaction (e.g., the color of 17 changes from green to blue at 50-80 Gy, and then becomes pink closer to ≈350 Gy). In general, the dyes show good linearity in their response to irradiation up to ≈70-100 Gy and are quite sensitive. For example, the limit of detection (LOD) values for 18 are from 0.29 to 6.73. At the same time, the ratiometric fluorescent response of the compound 16 turns out to be linear over the entire range up to 1000 Gy (to date, this is the first BODIPY-based X-ray probe with optical response over such a wide dose range). Thus, the synthesized dyes seem to be promising for dosimetric support of radiation processing/sterilization procedures.

Kinetics studies on free radical scavenging property of ceria in polysulfone–ceria radiation resistant mixed-matrix membrane

Cerium oxide (ceria) contains two stable states of cerium ions (Ce3+ and Ce4+). The presence of these two states and the ability to swap from one state to another (Ce3+ ↔ Ce4+) by scavenging the highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from radiolysis of water, ensure the enhanced stability of polysulfone (Psf) membranes in the γ-radiation environment. In this study, the ROS scavenging ability of ceria was studied. Ceria nanoparticles were found to scavenge ROS like hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 scavenging is due to the peroxidase-like catalytic activity of ceria nanoparticles. The ROS scavenging is responsible for offering protection to the Psf host matrix and in turn the stability to the Psf-ceria mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) in γ-radiation environment. Thus, presence of ceria nanoparticles provides an opportunity for utilizing Psf-ceria MMMs in ionizing radiation environment with increased life span, without compromise in the performance.

Pentadecafluorooctanoic-acid-free polytetrafluoroethylene and mechanism of PFOA formation by γ-irradiation

Low-molecular-weight (M_w) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micropowder is added to wax for use in automotive equipment and printing machines and is produced by radiation-initiated degradation under atmospheric conditions. However, pentadecafluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is produced as a by-product in concentrations greater than 25 ppb, which is problematic because PFOA does not degrade in the environment. Herein, we clarify the PFOA-formation mechanism and develop a manufacturing process for a novel low-M_w PTFE micropowder that does not contain PFOA (less than 5 ppb). The process uses combined irradiation and heat treatment in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Furthermore, PFOA-free PTFE micropowder can be produced on the 10-kg scale.

Estudo da formação de ligações cruzadas por irradiação gama em membranas híbridas de Polissulfona Bisfenol-A e sílica precipitada

No presente trabalho a polissulfona bisfenol-A (PSU) foi sulfonada com o agente de sulfonação trimetil silil cloro sulfônico [(CH3)3SiSO3Cl], em solução homogênea de dicloroetano. A reação de sulfonação foi confirmada por titulação ácido-base e análises FTIR. As membranas híbridas foram obtidas por vazamento da solução polimérica da polissulfona bisfenol-A sulfonada (SPSU) e sílica precipitada Tixosil® 333 em N-N-dimetilacetamida (DMAc), e a formação das ligações cruzadas foi estudada por irradiação. Foram utilizadas doses totais de 5 a 30 kGy de radiação gama, oriunda de uma fonte de 60Co. A absorção de água foi determinada pela variação percentual da massa da membrana seca e hidratada em água deionizada a 40 e 60 °C. A condutividade protônica das membranas na forma ácida foi obtida pela técnica da espectroscopia de impedância ac utilizando um potenciostato/galvanostato. As membranas híbridas reticuladas por irradiação apresentaram condutividade protônica próxima de 10-1 S.cm-1 a 100% RH e 80 °C. O desempenho eletroquímico, as estabilidades térmica e mecânica, e o baixo custo tornam a membrana SPSU híbrida reticulada um possível substituto da membrana Nafion nas células a combustível que usam eletrólito polimérico.