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Tamnanloo J, Tsige M. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of solvent diffusion in an unentangled polystyrene film. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5195-5202. [PMID: 38895847 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00641k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The diffusion behavior of low molecular weight solvents within an unentangled polystyrene film below and above its glass transition temperature is investigated. The diffusion behavior in the glassy state exhibits a distinct behavior known as case II or class II diffusion, noticeably diverging from conventional Fickian diffusion observed above the glass transition temperature of the polymer film. In the context of case II diffusion, the primary experimental observation entails the emergence of a well-defined concentration front moving at a constant speed, delineating a swollen, rubbery region from a glassy region within the polymer system. Despite the prevalence of this phenomenon in experimental settings, simulating case II diffusion has posed a significant challenge, primarily due to the computationally intensive nature of the diffusion process. To address this, we have developed an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation approach for the observation of case II diffusion in glassy polymers. This method aims to unravel the intricacies of the diffusion process, providing valuable insights into the dynamic interactions between solvents and the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Tamnanloo
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
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2
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Cammarata MDM, Contin MD, Negri RM, Factorovich MH. Diffusion Coefficients of Variable-Size Amphiphilic Additives in a Glass-Forming Polyethylene Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:312-328. [PMID: 38146058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of additives in polymers is an important issue in the plastics industry since migratory-type molecules are widely used to tune the properties of polymeric composites. Predicting the diffusional behavior of new additives can minimize the need for repetitive experiments. This work presents molecular dynamics simulations at the microsecond time scale and uses the MARTINI force field to estimate self-diffusion coefficients, D, of six monounsaturated amides and their analogs carboxylic acids in polyethylene matrices (PE, MW = 5600 Da). The results are strongly influenced by the glass-forming properties of the PE matrix, which we characterize by three distinct temperatures. The metastability region (T < 325 K), the glass transition temperature (Tg = 256-260 K), and the end of the transition (T ≅ 200 K). Self-diffusion mechanisms are inferred from the results of the dependence of D on the molecular mass of the additive, observing a Rouse-like behavior at high temperatures and deviations from it within the metastability region of the matrix. Interestingly, D values are nonsensitive to the nature of the considered polar head for additives of similar size. The temperature-dependent behavior of D follows, at fixed additive size, a linear Arrhenius pattern at high temperatures and a super Arrhenius trend at lower temperatures, which is well represented with a power law equation as predicted by the Mode Coupling Theory (MCT). We offer a conceptual explanation for the observed super-Arrhenius behavior. This explanation draws on Truhlar and Kohen's interpretation of the available energies at both the initial and the transition states along the diffusion pathway. The matrix's mobility significantly affects solute self-diffusion, yielding equal activation enthalpies for the Arrhenius region or the same power law parameters for the super-Arrhenius regime. Finally, we establish a one-to-one time-equivalence of the self-diffusion processes between CG and all-atom systems for the largest additives and the PE matrix in the high-temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Cammarata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Mario D Contin
- Departamento de Ciencias Química, Catedra de Química Analítica. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - R Martín Negri
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Matias H Factorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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3
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Kargar M, Handge UA. Numerical Simulations of Gas Sorption Experiments in Polymers: Influence of Aspect Ratio and Pressure Increase Rate on the Determination of Diffusion Coefficient. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Kargar
- Institute of Membrane Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum hereon GmbH Max‐Planck‐Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Ulrich A. Handge
- Institute of Membrane Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum hereon GmbH Max‐Planck‐Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
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4
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Arzhakova O, Prishchepa D, Dolgova A, Volynskii A. The effect of preliminary orientation on environmental crazing of high-density polyethylene films. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Dulal N, Shanks R, Chalmers D, Adhikari B, Gill H. Migration and performance of erucamide slip additive in high-density polyethylene bottle caps. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dulal
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street; Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - R. Shanks
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street; Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - D. Chalmers
- Coca-Cola Amatil, Roussell Rd; Eastern Creek New South Wales 2766 Australia
| | - B. Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora Campus; Melbourne Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - H. Gill
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora Campus; Melbourne Victoria 3083 Australia
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Dulal N, Shanks R, Gengenbach T, Gill H, Chalmers D, Adhikari B, Pardo Martinez I. Slip-additive migration, surface morphology, and performance on injection moulded high-density polyethylene closures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Nouman M, Saunier J, Jubeli E, Yagoubi N. Additive blooming in polymer materials: Consequences in the pharmaceutical and medical field. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Goñi ML, Gañán NA, Martini RE, Strumia MC. Mass transfer kinetics and diffusion coefficient estimation of bioinsecticide terpene ketones in LDPE films obtained by supercritical CO2-assisted impregnation. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Goñi
- IPQA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
- ICTA-Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, FCEFYN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
| | - Nicolás Alberto Gañán
- IPQA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
- ICTA-Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, FCEFYN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
| | - Raquel Evangelina Martini
- IPQA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
- ICTA-Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, FCEFYN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba X5016GCA Argentina
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9
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Lin E, You X, Kriegel RM, Moffitt RD, Batra RC. Interdiffusion of small molecules into a glassy polymer film via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Grabmayer K, Beißmann S, Wallner GM, Nitsche D, Schnetzinger K, Buchberger W, Schobermayr H, Lang RW. Characterization of the influence of specimen thickness on the aging behavior of a polypropylene based model compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Accelerated aging of polyethylene materials at high oxygen pressure characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy and established aging characterization methods. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Performance of PE pipes under extractive conditions: Effect of the additive package and processing. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Taniike T, Umemori M, Kobayashi F, Terano M. Critical Role of Spherulite Structure on Behavior of Stabilizers in Poly(propylene) Stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Thörnblom K, Palmlöf M, Hjertberg T. The extractability of phenolic antioxidants into water and organic solvents from polyethylene pipe materials – Part I. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Noguerol-Cal R, López-Vilariño J, González-Rodríguez M, Barral-Losada L. Effect of several variables in the polymer toys additive migration to saliva. Talanta 2011; 85:2080-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Sammon C, Everall N, Yarwood J. The diffusion of water into pet followed in-situ
using FT-IR ATR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19971190119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Gazit O, Dan N, Tannenbaum R. Nanocluster Nucleation and Growth in Polymeric Media Below the Glass Transition. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071816o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oz Gazit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nily Dan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rina Tannenbaum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Kanellopoulos V, Mouratides D, Tsiliopoulou E, Kiparissides C. An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Diffusion of Olefins in Semi-Crystalline Polymers: The Influence of Swelling in Polymer-Penetrant Systems. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Thurecht KJ, Hill DJT, Whittaker AK. NMR Microscopy: A Tool for Measuring Monomer Diffusion in Supercritical CO2. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Mathai AE, Singh RP, Thomas S. Transport of aromatic solvents through nitrile rubber/epoxidized natural rubber blend membranes. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Elabd YA, Baschetti MG, Barbari TA. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection spectroscopy for the measurement of molecular diffusion in polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Luo C, Atvars TDZ, Meakin P, Hill AJ, Weiss RG. Determination of Initial and Long-Term Microstructure Changes in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Induced by Drawing Neat and Pyrenyl Modified Films. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:11879-92. [PMID: 14505410 DOI: 10.1021/ja0362205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deformation processes in gel-crystallized ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) films with draw ratios (DR) as high as 96 have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). In addition, low concentrations of pyrene molecules have been introduced at the time of film preparation from the gels or afterward by sorption after film preparation, and the polarization of their electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra at different draw ratios has been measured over a large temperature range extending to below the glass transition. The pyrene-doped films have been irradiated to introduce covalently attached 1-pyrenyl groups, and these films at two draw ratios have been employed to investigate over large temperature ranges (1) the steady-state fluorescence intensity and (2) the rates of diffusion of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA). These data have been correlated with the XRD, DSC, and PALS information obtained on the unmodified films. On the basis of analyses of this body of information, a novel deformation model that explains the decreased crystallinity and increased mean free volumes in gel-crystallized UHMWPE at low draw ratios is proposed. It involves "stretch" and "flip" motions of microfibrils present in the undrawn films. The high crystallinity content and stiffer chains due to drawing UHMWPE films result in weak alpha- and beta-relaxation processes, slower diffusion of DMA than in undrawn films, and orientation factors for doped pyrene molecules that are constant over a large temperature range. The overall picture that emerges allows several aspects of the morphology of UHMWPE, a polymer of fundamental importance in materials research, to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, USA
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24
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Uhlmann P, Schneider S. Acid-base and surface energy characterization of grafted polyethylene using inverse gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 969:73-80. [PMID: 12385378 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For a specific design of interfaces, i.e. in composites and blends, it is essential to know the surface thermodynamics of the components. Polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride and maleic anhydride-styrene mixtures, respectively, was the component of interest of our investigations. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution was shown to be an appropriate method to evaluate the dispersive and acid-base surface characteristics although there is an influence of bulk absorption and morphology when performing IGC above the glass transition temperature of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Uhlmann
- Department of Biocompatible Materials, Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden, Germany.
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25
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Mathai AE, Singh R, Thomas S. Transport of substituted benzenes through nitrile rubber/natural rubber blend membranes. J Memb Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(01)00700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Luo C, Guardala NA, Price JL, Chodak I, Zimerman O, Weiss RG. Structural and Dynamic Investigations of Unstretched and Stretched Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Films. 1-Pyrenyl Attachment by Bombardment with 4.5 MeV Protons and Irradiation with eV Range Photons. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020235q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Noel A. Guardala
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jack L. Price
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Chodak
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Oscar Zimerman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Richard G. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, West Bethesda, Maryland 20817; and Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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27
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ATR-FTIR study of the diffusion and interaction of water and electrolyte solutions in polymeric membranes. J Mol Liq 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7322(01)00355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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FTIR–ATR studies of diffusion and perturbation of water in polyelectrolyte thin films. Part 4. Diffusion, perturbation and swelling processes for ionic solutions in SPEES/PES membranes. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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30
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Reynier A, Dole P, Humbel S, Feigenbaum A. Diffusion coefficients of additives in polymers. I. Correlation with geometric parameters. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Le Bras M, Bourbigot S, Félix E, Pouille F, Siat C, Traisnel M. Characterization of a polyamide-6-based intumescent additive for thermoplastic formulations. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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A FTIR–ATR study of liquid diffusion processes in PET films: comparison of water with simple alcohols. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Yarwood J, Sammon C, Mura C, Pereira M. Vibrational spectroscopic studies of the diffusion and perturbation of water in polymeric membranes. J Mol Liq 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7322(99)80002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Sammon C, Mura C, Yarwood J, Everall N, Swart R, Hodge D. FTIR−ATR Studies of the Structure and Dynamics of Water Molecules in Polymeric Matrixes. A Comparison of PET and PVC. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980169n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sammon
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
| | - Carine Mura
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
| | - Jack Yarwood
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
| | - Neil Everall
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
| | - Ron Swart
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
| | - David Hodge
- Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, Wilton Materials Research Centre, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, TS6 8JE, UK, and Zeneca Specialities, PO Box 42, Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester M9 3DA, UK
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35
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Holoubek J, Kotek J, Raab M. Light scattering by optically heterogeneous polymer systems: stress whitening in polypropylene materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00296609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Qi JS, Krishnan C, Incavo JA, Jain V, Rueter WL. Investigation of Hexane Diffusion in HDPE Particulates for Drying Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ie960067o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Steven Qi
- Technology Center, Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072
| | - Chandrasekhar Krishnan
- Technology Center, Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072
| | - Joseph A. Incavo
- Technology Center, Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072
| | - Vivek Jain
- Technology Center, Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072
| | - William L. Rueter
- Technology Center, Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072
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