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Bergaliyeva S, Sales DL, Jiménez Cabello JM, Burgos Pintos P, Fernández Delgado N, Marzo Gago P, Zammit A, Molina SI. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Reprocessed Polylactide/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3458. [PMID: 37631515 PMCID: PMC10459176 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that can replace petroleum-based polymers and is widely used in material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM). The reprocessing of PLA leads to a downcycling of its properties, so strategies are being sought to counteract this effect, such as blending with virgin material or creating nanocomposites. Thus, two sets of nanocomposites based respectively on virgin PLA and a blend of PLA and reprocessed PLA (rPLA) with the addition of 0, 3, and 7 wt% of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) were created via a double screw extruder system. All blends were used for material extrusion for 3D printing directly from pellets without difficulty. Scanning electron micrographs of fractured samples' surfaces indicate that the nanoparticles gathered in agglomerations in some blends, which were well dispersed in the polymer matrix. The thermal stability and degree of crystallinity for every set of nanocomposites have a rising tendency with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA/TiO2 and PLA/rPLA/TiO2 do not differ much. Tensile testing showed that although reprocessed material implies a detriment to the mechanical properties, in the specimens with 7% nano-TiO2, this effect is counteracted, reaching values like those of virgin PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saltanat Bergaliyeva
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
- Physics and Technology Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - David L. Sales
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José María Jiménez Cabello
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Pedro Burgos Pintos
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Natalia Fernández Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Patricia Marzo Gago
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Ann Zammit
- Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Sergio I. Molina
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
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Brzeziński M, Biela T. Supramolecular Polylactides by the Cooperative Interaction of the End Groups and Stereocomplexation. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brzeziński
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 122, Lodz, Poland
| | - T. Biela
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 122, Lodz, Poland
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Adamus A, Wach RA, Olejnik AK, Dzierzawska J, Rosiak JM. Degradation of nerve guidance channels based on a poly(l-lactic acid) poly(trimethylene carbonate) biomaterial. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tian D, Dubois P, Jérǒme R. Ring-opening polymerization of 1,4,8-trioxaspiro-[4.6]-9-undecanone: A route to novel molecular architectures for biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jérǒme R, Mecerreyes D, Tian D, Dubois P, Hawker CJ, Trollsas M, Hedrick JL. Synthesis of novel polymeric materials based on aliphatic polyesters by combination of different controlled polymerization methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981320136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Báez JE, Marcos-Fernández Á, Lebrón-Aguilar R, Martínez-Richa A. A novel route to α,ω-telechelic poly(ɛ-caprolactone) diols, precursors of biodegradable polyurethanes, using catalysis by decamolybdate anion. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mecerreyes D, Atthoff B, Boduch KA, Trollsås M, Hedrick JL. Unimolecular Combination of an Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiator and a Lactone Monomer as a Route to New Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma982005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mecerreyes
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
| | - B. Atthoff
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
| | - K. A. Boduch
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
| | - M. Trollsås
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
| | - J. L. Hedrick
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
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Carrot G, Hilborn JG, Trollsås M, Hedrick JL. Two General Methods for the Synthesis of Thiol-Functional Polycaprolactones. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tian D, Dubois P, Jérôme R. Macromolecular Engineering of Polylactones and Polylactides. 23. Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Homopolymers and Block Copolymers Based on 1,4,8-Trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-undecanone. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961614k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tian
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ph. Dubois
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R. Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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