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Hill IM, Wu D, Xu B, Wang Y. Oligoaniline-assisted self-assembly of polyaniline crystals. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1282-1291. [PMID: 36723132 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The conductivity and charge transport mobility of conjugated polymers (CPs) are largely correlated with their degree of crystallinity, rendering the crystallization of CPs an important endeavour. However, such tasks can be challenging, especially in the absence of sidechain functionalization. In this study, we demonstrate that the incorporation of a small amount of oligomers, specifically tetraaniline, can induce crystallization of the parent polymer, polyaniline, through a single-step self-assembly process. The resulting crystals are compositionally homogeneous because the oligomers and their parent polymer share the same repeating unit and are both electroactive. Mechanistic studies reveal that the tetraaniline forms a crystalline seed that subsequently guides the assembly of polyaniline due to their structural similarities. Applying this oligomer-assisted crystallization approach to polyaniline with defined molecular weights resulted in single crystalline nanowires for 5000 Da polyaniline, and nanowires with strong preferential chain orientation for those with molecular weights between 10 000 and 100 000 Da. Absorption studies reveal that the polymer chains are in an expanded conformation, which likely contributed to the high degree of packing order. Two-probe, single nanowire measurements show that the crystals have conductivity as high as 19.5 S cm-1. This method is simple, general, and can potentially be applied to other CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Hill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Bohao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, USA
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2
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Rongpipi S, Del Mundo JT, Gomez ED, Gomez EW. Extracting structural insights from soft X-ray scattering of biological assemblies. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:121-144. [PMID: 36641206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS), a technique that combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray scattering, can probe the nano- and meso-scale structure of biological assemblies with chemical specificity. RSoXS experiments yield scattering data collected at several photon energies, for example across an elemental absorption edge of interest. Collecting a near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum complements RSoXS experiments and determines X-ray energies that are best suited for RSoXS measurements. The analysis of RSoXS data is similar in many ways to analysis of small angle X-ray scattering using hard X-rays, with an added dimension that includes an X-ray energy dependence. This chapter discusses procedures for predicting scattering contrast and thereby identifying energies suitable for RSoXS measurements using NEXAFS spectra, analyses of 2D RSoXS images through integration into 1D profiles, and strategies for elucidating the origin of RSoXS scattering features. It also discusses existing and potential methods for interpretation of RSoXS data to gain detailed structural insights into biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Advanced Light Source and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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3
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Cendra C, Balhorn L, Zhang W, O’Hara K, Bruening K, Tassone CJ, Steinrück HG, Liang M, Toney MF, McCulloch I, Chabinyc ML, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1306-1314. [PMID: 35549036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karsten Bruening
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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4
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Chen J. Advanced Electron Microscopy of Nanophased Synthetic Polymers and Soft Complexes for Energy and Medicine Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2405. [PMID: 34578720 PMCID: PMC8470047 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After decades of developments, electron microscopy has become a powerful and irreplaceable tool in understanding the ionic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and other functional performances of next-generation polymers and soft complexes. The recent progress in electron microscopy of nanostructured polymers and soft assemblies is important for applications in many different fields, including, but not limited to, mesoporous and nanoporous materials, absorbents, membranes, solid electrolytes, battery electrodes, ion- and electron-transporting materials, organic semiconductors, soft robotics, optoelectronic devices, biomass, soft magnetic materials, and pharmaceutical drug design. For synthetic polymers and soft complexes, there are four main characteristics that differentiate them from their inorganic or biomacromolecular counterparts in electron microscopy studies: (1) lower contrast, (2) abundance of light elements, (3) polydispersity or nanomorphological variations, and (4) large changes induced by electron beams. Since 2011, the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been working with numerous facility users on nanostructured polymer composites, block copolymers, polymer brushes, conjugated molecules, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, organic-inorganic interfaces, organic crystals, and other soft complexes. This review crystalizes some of the essential challenges, successes, failures, and techniques during the process in the past ten years. It also presents some outlooks and future expectations on the basis of these works at the intersection of electron microscopy, soft matter, and artificial intelligence. Machine learning is expected to automate and facilitate image processing and information extraction of polymer and soft hybrid nanostructures in aspects such as dose-controlled imaging and structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Subramanian V, Martin DC. Direct Observation of Liquid-to-Solid Phase Transformations during the Electrochemical Deposition of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) by Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy (LPTEM). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Subramanian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - David C. Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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6
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Pushing the limits of high-resolution polymer microscopy using antioxidants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:153. [PMID: 33420049 PMCID: PMC7794589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been transformative to the field of polymer science, enabling the direct imaging of molecular structures. Although some materials have remarkable stability under electron beams, most HRTEM studies are limited by the electron dose the sample can handle. Beam damage of conjugated polymers is not yet fully understood, but it has been suggested that the diffusion of secondary reacting species may play a role. As such, we examine the effect of the addition of antioxidants to a series of solution-processable conjugated polymers as an approach to mitigating beam damage. Characterizing the effects of beam damage by calculating critical dose DC values from the decay of electron diffraction peaks shows that beam damage of conjugated polymers in the TEM can be minimized by using antioxidants at room temperature, even if the antioxidant does not alter or incorporate into polymer crystals. As a consequence, the addition of antioxidants pushes the resolution limit of polymer microscopy, enabling imaging of a 3.6 Å lattice spacing in poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3″'-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2″;5″,2″'-quaterthiophene-5,5″'-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
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7
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Terban MW, Seidel K, Pöselt E, Malfois M, Baumann RP, Sander R, Paulus D, Hinrichsen B, Dinnebier RE. Cross-examining Polyurethane Nanodomain Formation and Internal Structure. Macromolecules 2020; 53:9065-9073. [PMID: 33132420 PMCID: PMC7594411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural and morphological interplay between hard and soft phases determine the bulk properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes. Commonly employed techniques rely on different physical or chemical phenomena for characterizing the organization of domains, but detailed structural information can be difficult to derive. Here, total scattering pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is used to determine atomic-scale insights into the connectivity and molecular ordering and compared to the domain size and morphological characteristics measured by AFM, TEM, SAXS, WAXS, and solid-state NMR 1H-1H spin-diffusion. In particular, density distribution functions are highlighted as a means to bridging the gap from the domain morphology to intradomain structural ordering. High real-space resolution PDFs are shown to provide a sensitive fingerprint for indexing aromatic, aliphatic, and polymerization-induced bonding characteristics, as well as the hard phase structure, and indicate that hard phases coexist in both ordered and disordered states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell W. Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karsten Seidel
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Elmar Pöselt
- BASF Polyurethanes
GmbH, Elastogranstr.
60, 49448 Lemförde, Germany
| | - Marc Malfois
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ralf Sander
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Paulus
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Kuei B, Bator C, Gomez ED. Imaging 0.36 nm Lattice Planes in Conjugated Polymers by Minimizing Beam Damage. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Carol Bator
- Huck Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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9
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Phan HT, Haes AJ. What Does Nanoparticle Stability Mean? THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:16495-16507. [PMID: 31844485 PMCID: PMC6913534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The term "nanoparticle stability" is widely used to describe the preservation of a particular nanostructure property ranging from aggregation, composition, crystallinity, shape, size, and surface chemistry. As a result, this catch-all term has various meanings, which depend on the specific nanoparticle property of interest and/or application. In this feature article, we provide an answer to the question, "What does nanoparticle stability mean?". Broadly speaking, the definition of nanoparticle stability depends on the targeted size dependent property that is exploited and can only exist for a finite period of time given all nanostructures are inherently thermodynamically and energetically unfavorable relative to bulk states. To answer this question specifically, however, the relationship between nanoparticle stability and the physical/chemical properties of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles are discussed. Specific definitions are explored in terms of aggregation state, core composition, shape, size, and surface chemistry. Next, mechanisms of promoting nanoparticle stability are defined and related to these same nanoparticle properties. Metrics involving both kinetics and thermodynamics are considered. Methods that provide quantitative metrics for measuring and modeling nanoparticle stability in terms of core composition, shape, size, and surface chemistry are outlined. The stability of solution-phase nanoparticles are also impacted by aggregation state. Thus, collision and DLVO theories are discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in understanding what nanoparticle stability means are addressed to facilitate further studies with this important class of materials.
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10
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Mu X, Mazilkin A, Sprau C, Colsmann A, Kübel C. Mapping structure and morphology of amorphous organic thin films by 4D-STEM pair distribution function analysis. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:301-309. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Imaging the phase distribution of amorphous or partially crystalline organic materials at the nanoscale and analyzing the local atomic structure of individual phases has been a long-time challenge. We propose a new approach for imaging the phase distribution and for analyzing the local structure of organic materials based on scanning transmission electron diffraction (4D-STEM) pair distribution function analysis (PDF). We show that electron diffraction based PDF analysis can be used to characterize the short- and medium-range order in aperiodically packed organic molecules. Moreover, we show that 4D-STEM-PDF does not only provide local structural information with a resolution of a few nanometers, but can also be used to image the phase distribution of organic composites. The distinct and thickness independent contrast of the phase image is generated by utilizing the structural difference between the different types of molecules and taking advantage of the dose efficiency due to use of the full scattering signal. Therefore, this approach is particularly interesting for imaging unstained organic or polymer composites without distinct valence states for electron energy loss spectroscopy. We explore the possibilities of this new approach using [6,6]-phenyl-C61- butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) as the archetypical and best-investigated semiconductor blend used in organic solar cells, compare our phase distribution with virtual dark-field analysis and validate our approach by electron energy loss spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Mu
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrey Mazilkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Sprau
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Ye D, Le TP, Kuei B, Zhu C, Zwart PH, Wang C, Gomez ED, Gomez EW. Resonant Soft X-Ray Scattering Provides Protein Structure with Chemical Specificity. Structure 2018; 26:1513-1521.e3. [PMID: 30220541 PMCID: PMC8224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) as an approach to study the structure of proteins and other biological molecules in solution. Scattering contrast calculations suggest that RSoXS has comparable or even higher sensitivity than hard X-ray scattering because of contrast generated at the absorption edges of constituent elements, such as carbon and oxygen. Here, we demonstrate that working near the carbon edge reveals the envelope function of bovine serum albumin, using scattering volumes of 10-5 μL that are multiple orders of magnitude lower than traditional scattering experiments. Furthermore, tuning the X-ray energy within the carbon absorption edge provides different signatures of the size and shape of the protein by revealing the density of different types of bonding motifs within the protein. The combination of chemical specificity, smaller sample size, and enhanced X-ray contrast will propel RSoXS as a complementary tool to existing techniques for the study of biomolecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thinh P Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter H Zwart
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Center for Advanced Mathematics for Energy Research Applications, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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12
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Jiang X, Greer DR, Kundu J, Ophus C, Minor AM, Prendergast D, Zuckermann RN, Balsara NP, Downing KH. Imaging Unstained Synthetic Polymer Crystals and Defects on Atomic Length Scales Using Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas R. Greer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joyjit Kundu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Downing
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Jordan R, Wang Y, McCurdy R, Yeung M, Marsh K, Khan S, Kaner R, Rubin Y. Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons via the Topochemical Polymerization and Subsequent Aromatization of a Diacetylene Precursor. Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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15
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Drummy LF, Miska PK, Martin DC. Crystal Structure of and Defects in the Pentacene Thin Film Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-734-a2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic hydrocarbon pentacene is currently under investigation for use as the active layer in electronic devices such as thin film field effect transistors. We have used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Diffraction (ED), Low Voltage Electron Microscopy (LVEM), High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) and molecular modeling to investigate the thin film phase of pentacene. We will report the orthorhombic symmetry and lattice parameters of the thin film phase measured experimentally from these techniques. The structure of extended defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries will influence the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the films. Here we show a direct image of an edge dislocation in the thin film phase and discuss the way in which the lattice accommodates the defect.
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16
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Jung HT, Hudson SD, Percec V. Microstructure and Morphology of Thermotropic Amphiphilic Liquid Crystalline Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-559-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTElectron microscopy methods have been used to investigate the structure and morphology of a hexagonal columnar mesophase, formed by novel amphiphilic and dendrimeric liquid crystals. Alignment of the columns is examined by a surface condition that is suitable for the molecular architecture. For all the materials investigated, columns aligned perpendicular to an evaporated carbon surface. In the case of asymmetric amphiphilic compounds, planar alignment of asymmetric compounds was induced by a water surface. However, planar alignment on water was not possible for a symmetric dendrimer. Based on analysis of electron diffraction and images, the dimension and the stiffness of columnar assemblies is found to depend on molecular architecture.
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18
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Bao Q, Li J, Li CM, Dong ZL, Lu Z, Qin F, Gong C, Guo J. Direct Observation and Analysis of Annealing-Induced Microstructure at Interface and Its Effect on Performance Improvement of Organic Thin Film Transistors. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12270-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804988h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoliang Bao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chang Ming Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li Dong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhisong Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Qin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cheng Gong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Guo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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19
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Chen J, Subramanian S, Parkin SR, Siegler M, Gallup K, Haughn C, Martin DC, Anthony JE. The influence of side chains on the structures and properties of functionalized pentacenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b717082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Drummy LF, Koerner H, Farmer K, Tan A, Farmer BL, Vaia RA. High-resolution electron microscopy of montmorillonite and montmorillonite/epoxy nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:17868-78. [PMID: 16853292 DOI: 10.1021/jp053133l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy the structure and morphology of montmorillonite (MMT), a material of current interest for use in polymer nanocomposites, was characterized. Using both imaging theory and experiment, the procedures needed to generate lattice images from MMT were established. These procedures involve careful control of the microscope's objective lens defocus to maximize contrast from features of a certain size, as well as limiting the total dose of electrons received by the sample. Direct images of the MMT lattice were obtained from neat Na+ MMT, organically modified MMT, and organically modified MMT/epoxy nanocomposites. The degree of crystallinity and turbostratic disorder were characterized using electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Also, the extent of the MMT sheets to bend when processed into an epoxy matrix was directly visualized. A minimum radius of curvature tolerable for a single MMT sheet during bending deformation was estimated to be 15 nm, and from this value a critical failure strain of 0.033 was calculated. HREM can be used to improve the understanding of the structure of polymer nanocomposites at the nanometer-length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Drummy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
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21
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Schaper AK, Yoshioka T, Ogawa T, Tsuji M. Electron microscopy and diffraction of radiation-sensitive nanostructured materials. J Microsc 2006; 223:88-95. [PMID: 16911069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soft matter research of natural organic and synthetic nanomaterials is an area in nanoscience and technology that has been growing particularly quickly in recent years. The materials under investigation are sensitive to high-energy electrons. Any structure characterization using electron microscopy thus requires special care. First, we illustrated this on naturally grown nanotubes observed by normal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy. Second, we studied the ordering and orientation of the mesophase in template-grown nanotubes and nanorods containing discotic liquid crystals without and with doping, as desired. For these studies, we mainly used transmission electron diffraction and microscopy at low-dose conditions, high-efficiency image acquisition, and cryoprotection of the structures at liquid helium temperature. Additional analytical information was obtained by electron energy filtering observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Schaper
- Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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22
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Huang C, Chen S, Lai C, Reneker DH, Qiu H, Ye Y, Hou H. Electrospun polymer nanofibres with small diameters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:1558-63. [PMID: 26558558 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/6/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nylon-4,6 nanofibres with diameters ranging from about 1 µm down to 1 nm were prepared by electrospinning. The fibre diameter was varied by adjusting the concentration of the polymer solution. Electrospinning of a concentrated solution of as high as 20% nylon-4,6 by weight in formic acid produced a ribbon-like electrospun fibre with a ribbon width of about 850 nm. A semi-dilute concentration of 2% nylon-4,6 by weight produced the thinnest nylon-4,6 nanofibres with diameters of 1.6 nm or less. A small amount of pyridine was added to the electrospinning solution to avoid the formation of beaded nanofibres in the course of electrospinning at low concentrations. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the size of the nanofibres. An ultra-thin nylon-4,6 nanofibre of 1.2 nm diameter might contain six or seven nylon-4,6 molecules in a typical cross-section of the fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Huang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330027, People's Republic of China
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23
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Drummy LF, Miska PK, Alberts D, Lee N, Martin DC. Imaging of Crystal Morphology and Molecular Simulations of Surface Energies in Pentacene Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:6066-71. [PMID: 16553418 DOI: 10.1021/jp054951g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the crystal growth of the organic semiconductor pentacene by complementing molecular simulations of surface energies with experimental images of pentacene films. Pentacene thin films having variations in thickness and grain size were produced by vacuum sublimation. Large (approximately 20 microm) faceted crystals grew on top of the underlying polycrystalline thin film. The films were characterized using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Single crystals most commonly grew in a truncated diamond shape with the largest crystal face, (001), growing parallel to the substrate. Crystal morphologies and surface energies were calculated using force field-based molecular simulations. The (001) surface was found to have the lowest energy, at 76 mJ/m(2), which was consistent with experimental observations of crystal face size. It was demonstrated that the morphology of the large faceted crystals approached the equilibrium growth shape of pentacene. From contact angle measurements, the critical surface tension of textured pentacene thin films in air was determined to be 34 mJ/m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Drummy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, USA
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24
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Tosaka M, Danev R, Nagayama K. Application of Phase Contrast Transmission Microscopic Methods to Polymer Materials. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0512197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tosaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Radostin Danev
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi-ken 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagayama
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi-ken 444-8787, Japan
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25
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Uchida T, Kumar S. Single wall carbon nanotube dispersion and exfoliation in polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Martin DC, Chen J, Yang J, Drummy LF, Kübel C. High resolution electron microscopy of ordered polymers and organic molecular crystals: Recent developments and future possibilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Drummy LF, Yang J, Martin DC. Low-voltage electron microscopy of polymer and organic molecular thin films. Ultramicroscopy 2004; 99:247-56. [PMID: 15149719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 01/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the capabilities of a novel low-voltage electron microscope (LVEM) for imaging polymer and organic molecular thin films. The LVEM can operate in transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron diffraction modes. The microscope operates at a nominal accelerating voltage of 5 kV and fits on a tabletop. A detailed discussion of the electron-sample interaction processes is presented, and the mean free path for total electron scattering was calculated to be 15 nm for organic samples at 5 kV. The total end point dose for the destruction of crystallinity at 5 kV was estimated at 5 x 10(-4) and 3.5 x 10(-2) C/cm2 for polyethylene and pentacene, respectively. These values are significantly lower than those measured at voltages greater than 100 kV. A defocus series of colloidal gold particles allowed us to estimate the experimental contrast transfer function of the microscope. Images taken of several organic materials have shown high contrast for low atomic number elements and a resolution of 2.5 nm. The materials studied here include thin films of the organic semiconductor pentacene, triblock copolymer films, single-molecule dendrimers, electrospun polymer fibers and gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Drummy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2022 H.H. Dow Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
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28
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González-Ronda L, Martin DC. Lattice Bending in Electrooptically Active Poly(nonylbithiazole) and Poly(nonylbisoxazole). Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebzylisbeth González-Ronda
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - David C. Martin
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
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29
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Choi J, Yee AF, Laine RM. Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Composites from Cubic Silsesquioxanes. Epoxy Resins of Octa(dimethylsiloxyethylcyclohexylepoxide) Silsesquioxane. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and The Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Albert F. Yee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and The Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Richard M. Laine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and The Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
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30
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Imai T, Putaux JL, Sugiyama J. Geometric phase analysis of lattice images from algal cellulose microfibrils. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Dersch R, Liu T, Schaper AK, Greiner A, Wendorff JH. Electrospun nanofibers: Internal structure and intrinsic orientation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Kübel C, Mio MJ, Moore JS, Martin DC. Molecular packing and morphology of oligo(m-phenylene ethynylene) foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8605-10. [PMID: 12121102 DOI: 10.1021/ja0204022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling solid-state morphologies and molecular conformations is the key to optimizing the properties of materials. As an example for the influence of small chemical changes on solid-state structures, we studied oligo(m-phenylene ethynylene) foldamers, where the introduction of an endo-methyl group induces a transition from an extended all-transoid to a helical all-cisoid conformation. The resulting structural changes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and low-dose high-resolution electron microscopy (LD-HREM) over several length scales from the molecular to the mesoscopic level. The strong tendency of the endo-methyl oligomer 1 to form stable compact helices in solution resulted in round droplets with an ordered hexagonal columnar (Col(ho)) liquid crystalline structure, where shrinkage during the crystallization resulted in the formation of a banded texture. On the other hand, the endo-hydrogen oligomer 2 exhibited a very different morphology; its extended linear shape was maintained during crystallization and resulted in an extended lamellar structure, which was determined by a compromise between crystalline packing and minimization of the surface area. Another pronounced difference between both molecular structures was the ability of the extended lamellar "crystals" to bend, whereas the helices form either straight or disordered domains. In addition, both materials exhibit strong surface effects, which extend considerably inside the droplet and induce uniform bending of the supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kübel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-2136, USA.
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33
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Kübel C, Lawrence DP, Martin DC. Super-Helically Twisted Strands of Poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (MPDI). Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011016s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kübel
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 2541 Chemistry Building, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel P. Lawrence
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 2541 Chemistry Building, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 2541 Chemistry Building, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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34
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Drummy LF, Voigt-Martin I, Martin DC. Analysis of Displacement Fields near Dislocation Cores in Ordered Polymers. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F. Drummy
- Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, and the Institute for Physical Chemistry, The University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Voigt-Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, and the Institute for Physical Chemistry, The University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, and the Institute for Physical Chemistry, The University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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35
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Kübel C, Martin DC. Influence of structural variations on high-resolution electron microscopy images of poly[1,6-di(N-carbazolyl)2,4-hexadiyne] nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/01418610010009388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Tashiro K, Hama H, Yoshino JI, Abe Y, Kitagawa T, Yabuki K. Confirmation of the crystal structure of poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) by the X-ray structure analysis of model compounds and the energy calculation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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38
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39
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Sue HJ, Earls J, Hefner Jr R, Villarreal M, Garcia-Meitin E, Yang P, Cheatham C, Plummer C. Morphology of liquid crystalline epoxy composite matrices based on the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-dihydroxy-α-methylstilbene. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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40
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Tashiro K, Yoshino J, Kitagawa T, Murase H, Yabuki K. Crystal Structure and Packing Disorder of Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole): Structural Analysis by an Organized Combination of X-ray Imaging Plate System and Computer Simulation Technique. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980113r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Tashiro
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-02, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshino
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-02, Japan
| | - Tooru Kitagawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-02, Japan
| | - Hiroki Murase
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-02, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yabuki
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Research Center, Toyobo Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-02, Japan
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41
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Jung HT, Hudson SD, Lenz RW. High-Resolution Electron Microscopic Investigation of Frustrated Packing of a Semiflexible Liquid Crystalline Polyester. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970549r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Robert W. Lenz
- Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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42
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Castaño VM, Alvarez-Castillo A, Vázquez-Polo G, Acosta D, González V. High resolution electron microscopy of bis-(-2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate crystalline polymers. Microsc Res Tech 1998; 40:41-8. [PMID: 9443156 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19980101)40:1<41::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) crystals, prepared by a novel method which allows one to obtain large crystallites (of the order of several centimeters) are reported. The details of the crystallography, including polymorphism, as determined by X-ray diffractometry and infrared spectroscopy and their relation to the micrographs and electron diffraction results are discussed.
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44
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González L, Martin DC. Lattice Imaging of Electro-Optically Active Poly(nonylbithiazole) (PNBT). Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961456x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. González
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - D. C. Martin
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Cooke
- McCrone Research Institute Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60616
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46
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Wilson PM, Martin DC. High resolution electron microscopy of crystalline polymer wedges. Ultramicroscopy 1996; 62:215-28. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(95)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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