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Jiang T, Wang XY, Liu H, Yu L, Park CB, Wang J. Closely Packed Conductive Droplets with Polygon-Like Patterns Confined at the Interface in Ternary Polymer Blends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3189-3201. [PMID: 35245061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the formation of closely packed conductive droplets demonstrating polygon-like patterns at the interface in partially wetted ternary polymer systems prepared by melt blending and annealing treatment. The low-density polyethylene/poly(ether-block-amide)/poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (LDPE/PEBA/PBAT) blend showed an intermediate partial wetting tendency where the interfacially localized conductive PEBA phase developed connected structure after blending but transformed into dispersed droplets upon annealing. The coalescence of the PEBA droplets appeared to be initiated by the Rayleigh-type instability in the thin PBAT film separating PEBA. However, the intrinsic coalescence rate of the PEBA droplets was very low due to the low interfacial tension of PEBA/PBAT. This slow coalescence of PEBA combined with the fast reduction in the interfacial area during annealing and the intermediate partial wetting state of the LDPE/PEBA/PBAT system resulted in a unique morphology of closely packed PEBA droplets with polygon-like patterns at a volume fraction of 50/10/40. Two other representative ternary polymer blends, LDPE/PEBA/polypropylene (PP) and compatibilized LDPE/PEBA/polystyrene (PS), with strong and weak partial wetting morphologies were also examined to highlight the mechanism for the morphology development in the LDPE/PEBA/PBAT blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Long Yu
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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2
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Wang J, Reyna-Valencia A, Favis BD. Controlling the continuity and surface migration of conductive poly(ether-block-amide) in melt processed cast-film blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Zolali AM, Favis BD. Partial to complete wetting transitions in immiscible ternary blends with PLA: the influence of interfacial confinement. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2844-2856. [PMID: 28352895 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study it is shown that the three different intermediate phases in melt blended ternary PLA/PHBV/PBS, PLA/PBAT/PE and PLA/PE/PBAT systems all demonstrate partial wetting, but have very different wetting behaviors as a function of composition and annealing. The interfacial tension of the various components, their spreading coefficients and the contact angles of the confined partially wet droplets at the interface are examined in detail. A wetting transition from partially wet droplets to a complete layer at the interface is observed for both PHBV and PBAT by increasing the concentration and also by annealing. In contrast, in PLA/PE/PBAT, the partially wet droplets of PE at the interface of PLA/PBAT coalesce and grow in size, but remain partially wet even at a high PE concentration of 20% and after 30 min of quiescent annealing. The dewetting speed of the intermediate phase is found to be the principal factor controlling these wetting transitions. This work shows the significant potential for controlled wetting and structuring in ternary polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Zolali
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C3A7, Canada.
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4
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Yeganeh JK. Dynamics of nucleation and growth mechanism in the presence of nanoparticles or block copolymers: polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether). Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Wang J, Reyna-Valencia A, Chaigneau R, Favis BD. Controlling the Hierarchical Structuring of Conductive PEBA in Ternary and Quaternary Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CREPEC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Richard Chaigneau
- Laboratoire
d’étude des matériaux (LEM), Arkema-CERDATO, Serquigny, 27470, France
| | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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6
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Feng JM, Liu XQ, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppressing phase coarsening in immiscible polymer blends using nano-silica particles located at the interface. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coalescence suppressing effect of nanoparticles at the interface of polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xi-Qiang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Bang-Hu Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
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7
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Baklavaridis A, Zuburtikudis I, Panayiotou C. Porous composite structures derived from multiphase polymer blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Baklavaridis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Design Engineering; TEI of Western Macedonia; 50100 Kozani Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Ioannis Zuburtikudis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Design Engineering; TEI of Western Macedonia; 50100 Kozani Greece
| | - Costas Panayiotou
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
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8
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Huang C, Yu W. Role of block copolymer on the coarsening of morphology in polymer blend: Effect of micelles. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Huang
- Dept. of Polymer Science and Engineering; Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Dept. of Polymer Science and Engineering; Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
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9
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Liu XQ, Wang QY, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppressing phase retraction and coalescence of co-continuous polymer blends: effect of nanoparticles and particle network. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Liu XQ, Li RH, Bao RY, Jiang WR, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppression of phase coarsening in immiscible, co-continuous polymer blends under high temperature quiescent annealing. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3587-3596. [PMID: 24663286 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm53211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The properties of polymer blends greatly depend on the morphologies formed during processing, and the thermodynamic non-equilibrium nature of most polymer blends makes it important to maintain the morphology stability to ensure the performance stability of structural materials. Herein, the phase coarsening of co-continuous, immiscible polyamide 6 (PA6)-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends in the melt state was studied and the effect of introduction of nano-silica particles on the stability of the phase morphology was examined. It was found that the PA6-ABS (50/50 w) blend maintained the co-continuous morphology but coarsened severely upon annealing at 230 °C. The coarsening process could be divided into two stages: a fast coarsening process at the initial stage of annealing and a second coarsening process with a relatively slow coarsening rate later. The reduction of the coarsening rate can be explained from the reduction of the global curvature of the interface. With the introduction of nano-silica, the composites also showed two stages of coarsening. However, the coarsening rate was significantly decreased and the phase morphology was stabilized. Rheological measurements indicated that a particle network structure was formed when the concentration of nano-silica particles was beyond 2 wt%. The particle network inhibited the movement of molecular chains and thus suppressed the coarsening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan, China.
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11
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Modi S, Koelling K, Vodovotz Y. Assessing the mechanical, phase inversion, and rheological properties of poly-[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV) blended with poly-(l-lactic acid) (PLA). Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Ravati S, Favis BD. Interfacial coarsening of ternary polymer blends with partial and complete wetting structures. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Chen XH, Yu P, Kostromin S, Bronnikov S. Minor-phase particles evolution in a polyethylene/ethylene-propylene copolymer (80/20) blend across mixing: Breakup and coalescence. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Huang Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan; 430068; PR; China
| | - Peng Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; 510640; PR; China
| | - Sergei Kostromin
- Russian Academy of Science; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Bolshoi Prospekt 31; Sankt Petersburg; 199004; Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Bronnikov
- Russian Academy of Science; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Bolshoi Prospekt 31; Sankt Petersburg; 199004; Russian Federation
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14
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Maani A, Naguib HE, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ. Foaming behavior of microcellular thermoplastic olefin blends. J CELL PLAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x13477435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of reactive compatibilization on the foaming behavior of thermoplastic olefin blends of polypropylene and a metallocene-catalyzed ethylene octene copolymer was investigated. A batch setup was used to foam the samples using carbon dioxide as blowing agent. Solubility measurements were performed to determine the relative amount of gas concentration in the pressurized polymers before foaming. A microscopic method based on the back-scattered electron imaging technique was used to determine the respective locations of the bubbles and the dispersed elastomeric domains in the polypropylene matrix. It was shown that the bubbles are preferentially formed in the dispersed elastomeric domains. A clear relationship was established between the microstructure of the blends prepared with different levels of compatibilizer and the final cellular morphology of the microcellular thermoplastic olefin foams. The initial morphology of the blends was also altered by quiescent coarsening as well as shear-induced phase coalescence, and the impact of the morphological transitions on the cellular structure of the resulting foams was investigated. Dynamic shear and transient measurements of elongation were performed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the thermoplastic olefins. It was shown that the addition of a compatibilizer resulted in enhanced viscoelastic properties at low frequencies as well as increased levels of strain hardening, especially at low strain rates. The reactive compatibilization could significantly improve the melt foamability through control of the blend microstructure as well as enhancement of the melt rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Maani
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Heuzey
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre J Carreau
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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16
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Borysiak S. The supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene/atactic polystyrene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Fortelný I, Jůza J, Vacková T, Šlouf M. The effect of anisometry of dispersed droplets on their coalescence during annealing of polymer blends. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Shahbikian S, Carreau PJ, Heuzey MC, Ellul MD, Nadella HP, Cheng J, Shirodkar P. MORPHOLOGY AND RHEOLOGY OF NONREACTIVE AND REACTIVE EPDM/PP BLENDS IN TRANSIENT SHEAR FLOW: PLASTICIZED VERSUS NONPLASTICIZED BLENDS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3570529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Both nonplasticized and plasticized ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) were prepared in the presence and absence of a curing system (i.e., reactive vs nonreactive TPEs). The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and morphology evolution of these blends were investigated through single and multiple start-up transient experiments to find out the effects of composition, plasticizer, and the presence of the curing system in a homogeneous shear flow field. Due to the highly elastic nature of the elastomeric component, the shear rate was set to 0.1 s−1 and in the case of multiple start-up experiments a 10 min rest time was set between consecutive shearing cycles. The specific interfacial area (Q) of the TPEs was analyzed prior and after shearing and subsequently correlated to the corresponding rheological response of these blends. The magnitude and the width of the stress overshoot were correlated to the morphology of the blends, elastomer content, the presence of plasticizer and curing system. The presence of a plasticizer (paraffinic oil) drastically decreased the viscosity and elasticity of both neat polymers and consequently the resulting TPEs; and it further reduced the initial curing rate of the elastomeric component at the early shearing stage of the reactive TPEs. Moreover, the plasticization promoted swelling and coalescence, enlarging the size of the polymeric domains, and decreasing the specific interfacial area. Furthermore, the in situ curing reaction in the reactive TPE blends resulted in less elongated polymeric domains with an irregular and larger interface compared to the nonreactive blends. A phase inverted morphology has also been observed for nonplasticized high elastomer content reactive TPEs sheared for long periods. The obtained experimental morphology data of the nonreactive blends subjected to multiple start-up experiments was fairly well predicted using a phenomenological model proposed by Lee and Park [J. Rheo. 38(5), 1994].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shant Shahbikian
- 1Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pierre J. Carreau
- 1Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - M-C. Heuzey
- 1Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maria D. Ellul
- 2Exxonmobil Chemical CO., Global Specialty Polymers Technology, Akron, OH 44311
| | - Hari P. Nadella
- 3Exxonmobil Chemical CO., Global Specialty Polymers Technology, Baytown, TX 77520
| | - John Cheng
- 3Exxonmobil Chemical CO., Global Specialty Polymers Technology, Baytown, TX 77520
| | - Pradeep Shirodkar
- 3Exxonmobil Chemical CO., Global Specialty Polymers Technology, Baytown, TX 77520
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19
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Effect of organoclay on the morphology, phase stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wu Y, Jing S, Gu Q, Li B. Morphological evolution of polypropylene/polystyrene blends in a twin-screw extruder. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li J, Ma G, Sheng J. Morphological Aspects of In-Situ Compatiblized Binary Polymer Blends With Variable Viscosity Ratios of Components. J MACROMOL SCI B 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340902837337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Guiqiu Ma
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Sheng
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
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22
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Li Z, Kontopoulou M. Evolution of rheological properties and morphology development during crosslinking of polyolefin elastomers and their TPV blends with polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Oommen Z, Zachariah SR, Thomas S, Aravind I, Groeninckx G. Phase Morphology Development in Uncompatibilized and Reactively Compatibilized Nylon‐6/Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) Blends: Effect of Mixer Type on Morphology. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-200033305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Oommen
- a Department of Criminal Justice , Albany State University , Albany , Georgia , 31705 , USA
| | - Sisy R. Zachariah
- a Department of Criminal Justice , Albany State University , Albany , Georgia , 31705 , USA
| | - Sabu Thomas
- b Laborotory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala , India
| | - Indose Aravind
- b Laborotory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala , India
| | - Gabriel Groeninckx
- c Macromolecular Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven , Heverlee , Belgium
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24
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Kontopoulou M, Liu Y, Austin JR, Parent JS. The dynamics of montmorillonite clay dispersion and morphology development in immiscible ethylene–propylene rubber/polypropylene blends. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Filippone G, Netti P, Acierno D. Microstructural evolutions of LDPE/PA6 blends by rheological and rheo-optical analyses: Influence of flow and compatibilizer on break-up and coalescence processes. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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De La Torre V, Fris JAR, Failla MD, Quinzani LM. Effect of melt annealing on the phase structure and rheological behavior of propylene–ethylene copolymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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28
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Hu GH, Li H, Feng LF. A theoretical model for quiescent coarsening in immiscible polymer blends. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690481121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Yuan Z, Favis BD. Macroporous poly(l-lactide) of controlled pore size derived from the annealing of co-continuous polystyrene/poly(l-lactide) blends. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2161-70. [PMID: 14741631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study on the static annealing of co-continuous polystyrene/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) blends is presented. The effects of temperature, time at temperature, viscosity of the phases and interfacial modification on the coarsening of the blend are discussed. In this paper, polystyrene and PLLA are blended at compositions of 50/50 and 60/40 to form co-continuous morphologies. These co-continuous morphologies are coarsened under quiescent annealing conditions, and the subsequent removal of the polystyrene phase leaves a macroporous PLLA structure. The microstructure is analyzed using three different techniques: the BET nitrogen adsorption technique, mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM combined with image analysis. It is shown that static annealing can be used to generate a series of co-continuous networks with controlled pore sizes ranging from 1 to hundreds of microns. A non-linear pore size growth rate is observed for these systems due to the degradation of PLLA and this study indicates that controlled degradation can be used as an additional tool for morphology control. Compatibilized polystyrene/PLLA blends demonstrate significantly reduced coarsening effects due to the reduction of interfacial tension. The coarsening rate of the co-continuous structure was examined in terms of the pore size, R and this growth rate is discussed in terms of a previously proposed coarsening mechanism. This approach is a route towards the preparation of a macroporous PLLA structure with pore sizes in the range required for scaffolds for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yuan
- Centre de Recherche Appliquée Sur les Polymères, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montrèal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
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30
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Wallheinke K, Pötschke P, Macosko CW, Stutz H. Coalescence in blends of thermoplastic polyurethane with polyolefins. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Yuan Z, Favis BD. Coarsening of immiscible co-continuous blends during quiescent annealing. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Zacur R, Goizueta G, Capiati N. Dispersed phase morphology of impact PP copolymers. Effects of blend composition as determined by TREF. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang K, Lee SH, Oh JM. Effects of viscosity ratio and compatibilizers on the morphology and mechanical properties of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Willemse RC, Ramaker EJJ, Van Dam J, De Boer AP. Coarsening in molten quiescent polymer blends: The role of the initial morphology. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chuai C, Almdal K, Lyngaae-Jørgensen J. Phase continuity and inversion in polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martin P, Devaux J, Legras R, Leemans L, Van Gurp M, Van Duin M. Complex processing-morphology interrelationships during the reactive compatibilization of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) with epoxide- containing rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lorén N, Altskär A, Hermansson AM. Structure Evolution during Gelation at Later Stages of Spinodal Decomposition in Gelatin/Maltodextrin Mixtures. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010722q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Lorén
- SIKThe Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, PO Box 5401, SE-402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Annika Altskär
- SIKThe Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, PO Box 5401, SE-402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Hermansson
- SIKThe Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, PO Box 5401, SE-402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
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Determination of a limiting dispersed phase concentration for coalescence in PA6/HDPE blends under extensional flow. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Morphology development during phase inversion in isothermal, model experiments: steady simple-shear and quiescent flow fields. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu W, Zhou C, Inoue T. A coalescence mechanism for the coarsening behavior of polymer blends during a quiescent annealing process. II. Polydispersed particle system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0488(20000915)38:18<2390::aid-polb60>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yu W, Zhou C, Inoue T. A coalescence mechanism for the coarsening behavior of polymer blends during a quiescent annealing process. I. Monodispersed particle system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0488(20000915)38:18<2378::aid-polb50>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Everaert V, Aerts L, Groeninckx G. Phase morphology development in immiscible PP/(PS/PPE) blends influence of the melt-viscosity ratio and blend composition. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wildes G, Keskkula H, Paul D. Coalescence in PC/SAN blends: effect of reactive compatibilization and matrix phase viscosity. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effect of PBT melt viscosity on the morphology and mechanical properties of compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends with ABS. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wildes G, Harada T, Keskkula H, Paul D, Janarthanan V, Padwa A. Synthesis and characterization of an amine-functional SAN for the compatibilization of PC/ABS blends. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Forteln� I, ?ivn� A, J?za J. Coarsening of the phase structure in immiscible polymer blends. Coalescence or ostwald ripening? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990201)37:3<181::aid-polb1>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wildes G, Keskkula H, Paul DR. Morphology of PC/SAN blends: effect of reactive compatibilization, SAN concentration, processing, and viscosity ratio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990101)37:1<71::aid-polb7>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reactive compatibilisation of A/(B/C) polymer blends. Part 1. Investigation of the phase morphology development and stabilisation. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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