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Chiarcos R, Perego M, Laus M. Polymer Brushes by Grafting to Reaction in Melt: New Insights into the Mechanism. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR‐IMM Unit of Agrate Brianza Via C. Olivetti 2 Agrate Brianza 20864 Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
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Thees MF, McGuire JA, Roth CB. Review and reproducibility of forming adsorbed layers from solvent washing of melt annealed films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5366-5387. [PMID: 32365149 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest chain adsorption in the melt may be responsible for a number of property changes in thin films by making correlations between the residual adsorbed layer thickness hads(t) measured after a given solvent washing procedure as a function of annealing time t of the film at an elevated temperature prior to this solvent rinse. This procedure, frequently called "Guiselin's experiment", refers to the thought experiment proposed in a 1992 theoretical treatment by Guiselin that assumed chain segments in contact with the surface are irreversibly adsorbed whereby unadsorbed chains could be washed away by solvent without disturbing the adsorbed substrate contact points in the melt. In the present work, we review this recent literature, identifying and experimentally testing a common protocol for forming adsorbed layers hads(t) from solvent washing melt films. We find hads(t) curves to be far less reproducible and reliable than implied in the literature, strongly dependent on solvent washing and substrate cleaning conditions, and annealing at elevated temperatures is unnecessary as densification of films sitting at room temperature makes the glassy film harder to wash off, leaving behind hads of comparable thickness. This review also summarizes literature understanding developed over several decades of study on polymer adsorption in solution, which experimentally demonstrated that polymer chains in solution are highly mobile, diffusing and exchanging on the surface even in the limit of strong adsorption, contradicting Guiselin's assumption. Preformed adsorbed layers of different thicknesses hads are shown to not affect the average glass transition temperature or physical aging of 30 nm thick films. In summary, a number of open questions and implications are discussed related to thin films and polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Thees
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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James CD, Jeynes C, Barradas NP, Clifton L, Dalgliesh RM, Smith RF, Sankey SW, Hutchings LR, Thompson RL. Modifying polyester surfaces with incompatible polymer additives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hutchings LR, Douglas CJR, Rhodes CL, Carswell WD, Skoda MWA, Webster JRP, Thompson RL. Nonsolvent annealing polymer films with ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15486-15493. [PMID: 20828171 DOI: 10.1021/la102933g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutron reflectometry has been used to determine the interface structure and swelling of thin polymer films, when annealed in contact with a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs). By choosing immiscible polymer/IL combinations, we have established that thin polymer films can be annealed for several hours in contact with ILs at temperatures well above the glass transition temperature and that this nonsolvent annealing environment can be exploited to direct self-assembly in polymer films. The ingress of IL into polymer films was quantified in terms of the swelling up to 10%. The polymer/IL interfacial width generally also increased from 0.9 nm up to ∼3 nm, but there was remarkably little correlation between interfacial width and swelling. For one combination of polymer and IL (deuterated PMMA and Bmim-BF(4)) the interfacial width decreased slightly with increasing temperature, consistent with LCST behavior for this system. All of the ILs tested had a profound influence the distribution of carboxy-end-functionalized deuterated polystyrene, "dPS-COOH", in blended films with polystyrene homopolymers. The ILs promoted dPS-COOH adsorption at the film/IL interface and the simultaneous rapid desorption at the film silicon-oxide interface. The rate of desorption was found to correlate with the swelling behavior of the polymer with respect to the IL anion species: PF(6)(-) < Br(-) < Cl(-) < BF(4)(-), suggesting that the polymer films are plasticized by the IL as it penetrates the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian R Hutchings
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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5
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Jiang G, Wu H, Guo S. Reinforcement of adhesion and development of morphology at polymer-polymer interface via reactive compatibilization: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thompson RL, Hardman SJ, Hutchings LR, Narrainen AP, Dalgliesh RM. pH-controlled polymer surface segregation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3184-3188. [PMID: 19437721 DOI: 10.1021/la803583f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to promoting and controlling polymer surface functionalization with acidic or basic polar functional groups is demonstrated and evaluated. Blended polymer films were annealed under pH-buffered conditions, and polar end-functional groups were found to promote surface segregation of the functional polymers. Surface segregation of carboxylic acid (COOH)-functionalized polystyrene increases dramatically with increasing pH from 1.9 to 9.4, whereas the opposite behavior is seen for amine (NH2)-functionalized polystyrene. Neutron reflectometry and nuclear reaction analysis were used to obtain surface excess values for the functional polymers. Subsequent SCFT analysis of the composition versus depth profiles indicates that the affinity of each functional group for the polymer surface changes by about 3k(B)T over this pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Burtovyy O, Klep V, Chen H, Hu R, Lin C, Luzinov I. Hydrophobic Modification of Polymer Surfaces via “Grafting to” Approach. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340601044326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Burtovyy
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, SC
| | - Viktor Klep
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, SC
| | - Hung‐Chang Chen
- b Department of Product Development and Promotion , Taiwan Textile Research Institute , Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Ruey‐Kai Hu
- b Department of Product Development and Promotion , Taiwan Textile Research Institute , Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Chu Lin
- b Department of Product Development and Promotion , Taiwan Textile Research Institute , Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Igor Luzinov
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, SC
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Thompson RL, Narrainen AP, Eggleston SM, Ansari IA, Hutchings LR, Clarke N. Recoverable surface modification using dendritically fluorocarbon-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate). J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zdyrko B, Swaminatha Iyer K, Luzinov I. Macromolecular anchoring layers for polymer grafting: comparative study. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harton SE, Stevie FA, Ade H. Diffusion-Controlled Reactive Coupling at Polymer−Polymer Interfaces. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047421b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Harton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; and Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - F. A. Stevie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; and Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - H. Ade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; and Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Iyer KS, Luzinov I. Effect of Macromolecular Anchoring Layer Thickness and Molecular Weight on Polymer Grafting. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0493168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Swaminatha Iyer
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Igor Luzinov
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
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Coote ML, Gordon DH, Hutchings LR, Richards RW, Dalgliesh RM. Neutron reflectometry investigation of polymer–polymer reactions at the interface between immiscible polymers. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Iyer KS, Zdyrko B, Malz H, Pionteck J, Luzinov I. Polystyrene Layers Grafted to Macromolecular Anchoring Layer. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034460z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schulze JS, Cernohous JJ, Hirao A, Lodge TP, Macosko CW. Reaction Kinetics of End-Functionalized Chains at a Polystyrene/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Interface. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9911344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Schulze
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Jeffrey J. Cernohous
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Akira Hirao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Christopher W. Macosko
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
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Luzinov I, Julthongpiput D, Malz H, Pionteck J, Tsukruk VV. Polystyrene Layers Grafted to Epoxy-Modified Silicon Surfaces. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990926v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Luzinov
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daungrut Julthongpiput
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hauke Malz
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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