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Pan X, Xu L, Li Y, Wu S, Wu Y, Wei W. Strategies to Improve the Biosynthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics by Penicillin G Acylase: Progress and Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:936487. [PMID: 35923572 PMCID: PMC9340067 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.936487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are widely used anti-infection drugs that are traditionally synthesized via a chemical process. In recent years, with the growing demand for green alternatives, scientists have turned to enzymatic synthesis. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is the second most commercially used enzyme worldwide with both hydrolytic and synthetic activities toward antibiotics, which has been used to manufacture the key antibiotic nucleus on an industrial level. However, the large-scale application of PGA-catalyzed antibiotics biosynthesis is still in the experimental stage because of some key limitations, such as low substrate concentration, unsatisfactory yield, and lack of superior biocatalysts. This paper systematically reviews the strategies adopted to improve the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics by adjusting the enzymatic property and manipulating the reaction system in recent 20 years, including mining of enzymes, protein engineering, solvent engineering, in situ product removal, and one-pot reaction cascade. These advances will provide important guidelines for the future use of enzymatic synthesis in the industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
| | - Wenping Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
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Serrano-Aguirre L, Velasco-Bucheli R, García-Álvarez B, Saborido A, Arroyo M, de la Mata I. Novel Bifunctional Acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis: A Versatile Enzyme to Synthesize Antimicrobial Compounds and Use in Quorum Quenching Processes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080922. [PMID: 34438972 PMCID: PMC8388760 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many intercellular communication processes, known as quorum sensing (QS), are regulated by the autoinducers N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in Gram-negative bacteria. The inactivation of these QS processes using different quorum quenching (QQ) strategies, such as enzymatic degradation of the autoinducers or the receptor blocking with non-active analogs, could be the basis for the development of new antimicrobials. This study details the heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of a novel N-acylhomoserine lactone acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL 12052 (AuAHLA), which can hydrolyze different natural penicillins and N-acyl-homoserine lactones (with or without 3-oxo substitution), as well as synthesize them. Kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of a broad range of substrates have shown that AuAHLA prefers penicillin V, followed by C12-HSL. In addition, AuAHLA inhibits the production of violacein by Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, confirming its potential use as a QQ agent. Noteworthy, AuAHLA is also able to efficiently synthesize penicillin V, besides natural AHLs and phenoxyacetyl-homoserine lactone (POHL), a non-natural analog of AHLs that could be used to block QS receptors and inhibit signal of autoinducers, being the first reported AHL acylase capable of synthesizing AHLs.
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Avinash VS, Pundle AV, Ramasamy S, Suresh CG. Penicillin acylases revisited: importance beyond their industrial utility. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:303-16. [PMID: 25430891 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.960359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to study the physiological roles of enzymes in nature; however, in some cases, it is not easily apparent. Penicillin acylases are pharmaceutically important enzymes that cleave the acyl side chains of penicillins, thus paving the way for production of newer semi-synthetic antibiotics. They are classified according to the type of penicillin (G or V) that they preferentially hydrolyze. Penicillin acylases are also used in the resolution of racemic mixtures and peptide synthesis. However, it is rather unfortunate that the focus on the use of penicillin acylases for industrial applications has stolen the spotlight from the study of the importance of these enzymes in natural metabolism. The penicillin acylases, so far characterized from different organisms, show differences in their structural nature and substrate spectrum. These enzymes are also closely related to the bacterial signalling phenomenon, quorum sensing, as detailed in this review. This review details studies on biochemical and structural characteristics of recently discovered penicillin acylases. We also attempt to organize the available insights into the possible in vivo role of penicillin acylases and related enzymes and emphasize the need to refocus research efforts in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellore Sunder Avinash
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Archana Vishnu Pundle
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
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Nandi A, Pan S, Potumarthi R, Danquah MK, Sarethy IP. A Proposal for Six Sigma Integration for Large-Scale Production of Penicillin G and Subsequent Conversion to 6-APA. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:413616. [PMID: 25057428 PMCID: PMC4099176 DOI: 10.1155/2014/413616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Six Sigma methodology has been successfully applied to daily operations by several leading global private firms including GE and Motorola, to leverage their net profits. Comparatively, limited studies have been conducted to find out whether this highly successful methodology can be applied to research and development (R&D). In the current study, we have reviewed and proposed a process for a probable integration of Six Sigma methodology to large-scale production of Penicillin G and its subsequent conversion to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). It is anticipated that the important aspects of quality control and quality assurance will highly benefit from the integration of Six Sigma methodology in mass production of Penicillin G and/or its conversion to 6-APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Nandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201307, India
| | - Sharadwata Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ravichandra Potumarthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael K. Danquah
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Indira P. Sarethy
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201307, India
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Grulich M, Štěpánek V, Kyslík P. Perspectives and industrial potential of PGA selectivity and promiscuity. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1458-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Biotechnological advances on penicillin G acylase: pharmaceutical implications, unique expression mechanism and production strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1319-32. [PMID: 23721991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In light of unrestricted use of first-generation penicillins, these antibiotics are now superseded by their semisynthetic counterparts for augmented antibiosis. Traditional penicillin chemistry involves the use of hazardous chemicals and harsh reaction conditions for the production of semisynthetic derivatives and, therefore, is being displaced by the biosynthetic platform using enzymatic transformations. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is one of the most relevant and widely used biocatalysts for the industrial production of β-lactam semisynthetic antibiotics. Accordingly, considerable genetic and biochemical engineering strategies have been devoted towards PGA applications. This article provides a state-of-the-art review in recent biotechnological advances associated with PGA, particularly in the production technologies with an emphasis on using the Escherichia coli expression platform.
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Li D, Ji L, Wang X, Wei D. ENANTIOSELECTIVE ACYLATION OF β-PHENYLALANINE ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES CATALYZED BY PENICILLIN G ACYLASE FROMAlcaligenes faecalis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 43:207-16. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.719847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Diez B, Mellado E, Rodriguez M, Fouces R, Barredo JL. Recombinant microorganisms for industrial production of antibiotics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 55:216-26. [PMID: 18636459 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970705)55:1<216::aid-bit22>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of industrial antibiotic yield has been achieved through technological innovations and traditional strain improvement programs based on random mutation and screening. The development of recombinant DNA techniques and their application to antibiotic producing microorganisms has allowed yield increments and the design of biosynthetic pathways giving rise to new antibiotics. Genetic manipulations of the cephalosporin producing fungus Cephalosporium acremonium have included yield improvements, accomplished increasing biosynthetic gene dosage or enhancing oxygen uptake, and new biosynthetic capacities as 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) or penicillin G production. Similarly, in Penicillium chrysogenum, the industrial penicillin producing fungus, heterologous expression of cephalosporin biosynthetic genes has led to the biosynthesis of adipyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (adipyl-7-ADCA) and adipyl-7-ACA, compounds that can be transformed into the economically relevant 7-ADCA and 7-ACA intermediates. Escherichia coli expression of the genes encoding D-amino acid oxidase and cephalosporin acylase activities has simplified the bioconversion of cephalosporin C into 7-ACA, eliminating the use of organic solvents. The genetic manipulation of antibiotic producing actinomycetes has allowed productivity increments and the development of new hybrid antibiotics. A legal framework has been developed for the confined manipulation of genetically modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Diez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética, Antibióticos S. A. U., 24080 León, Spain
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Azevedo AM, Fonseca LP, Prazeres DMF. Kinetic and Stability Studies of Penicillin Acylase in Reversed Micelles. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Nigam VK, Kundu S, Ghosh P. Continuous production of 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid by immobilized cells ofPseudomonas diminuta. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802538857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Sonawane VC. Enzymatic Modifications of Cephalosporins by Cephalosporin Acylase and Other Enzymes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 26:95-120. [PMID: 16809100 DOI: 10.1080/07388550600718630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthetic cephalosporins are important antibacterials in clinical practice. Semisynthetic cephalosporins are manufactured by derivatizing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and its desacetylated form. Microbial enzymes such as D-amino acid oxidase, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase and cephalosporin esterase are being used as biocatalysts for the conversion of cephalosporin C (CEPH-C) to 7-ACA and its desacetylated derivatives. Recent developments in the field of enzymatic modifications of cephalosporin with special emphasis on group of enzymes called as cephalosporin acylase is discussed in this review. Aspects related to screening methods, isolation and purification, immobilization, molecular cloning, gene structure and expression and protein engineering of cephalosporin acylases have been covered. Topics pertaining to enzymatic modifications of cephalosporin by D-amino acid oxidase, cephalosporin methoxylase and beta-lactamase are also covered.
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Li D, Cheng S, Wei D, Ren Y, Zhang D. Production of enantiomerically pure (S)-β-phenylalanine and (R)-β-phenylalanine by penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli in aqueous medium. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1825-30. [PMID: 17657412 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for the production of enantiomerically pure (S)-beta-phenylalanine (S-BPA) and (R)-beta-phenylalanine in aqueous medium based on enantioselective acylation and hydrolysis properties of penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli. The acylation reaction was highly preferential for the acylation of (R)-BPA to form N-phenylacetyl-(R)-BPA using phenylacetamide as an acyl donor, which was separated and then hydrolyzed to (R)-BPA by the same enzyme at pH 7.5. The optimal acylation reaction was at pH 10, 25 degrees C with a 2:1 molar ratio of phenylacetamide to BPA, 8 IU ml(-1) enzyme and 150 mM BPA. These resulted in a conversion of about 50% BPA; enantiomeric excess of (S)-BPA and (R)-BPA separated were 98 and 99%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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Nigam VK, Kundu S, Ghosh P. Reusability of entrapped cells of Pseudomonas diminuta for production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 141:119-26. [PMID: 17625270 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Entrapped cells of P. diminuta were used for the production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), a key intermediate required for the production of most of the clinically used cephalosporin derivatives, i.e., semisynthetic cephalosporins. The repeated batch production of 7-ACA with entrapped cells of P. diminuta in different carriers were carried out for six cycles at optimal conditions. It was found that 33% , 38%, and 47% of activity was lost with chitosan, gelatin, and agar, respectively as immobilizing supports after the sixth cycle of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Nigam
- Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
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Nigam VK, Kundu S, Ghosh P. Single-step conversion of cephalosporin-C to 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas diminuta. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 126:13-21. [PMID: 16014995 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-005-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
7-Aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), the starting material for the production of a number of clinically used semisynthetic cephalosporins, is produced by deacylation of cephalosporin-C. The production of 7-ACA was studied in various modes, at the optimal conditions using free and immobilized whole cells of Pseudomonas diminuta.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Nigam
- Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur-302001, Rajasthan, India.
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Prieto MA, Galán B, Torres B, Ferrández A, Fernández C, Miñambres B, García JL, Díaz E. Aromatic metabolism versus carbon availability: the regulatory network that controls catabolism of less-preferred carbon sources in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:503-18. [PMID: 15374664 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge on the genetics and biochemistry of the catabolism of aromatic compounds in Escherichia coli settles the basis to consider these pathways as a model system to study the complex molecular mechanisms that control the expression of the genes involved in the metabolism of less-preferred carbon sources in this paradigmatic organism. Two different levels of regulation are reviewed: (i) the specific regulatory mechanisms that drive the expression of the catabolic genes when the cognate inducer, i.e., the substrate of the pathway or an intermediate metabolite, is available, and (ii) the global or superimposed regulation that adjust the expression of the catabolic clusters to the general physiological status of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Prieto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Kim HS, Kang TS, Hyun JS, Kang HS. Regulation of penicillin G acylase gene expression in Escherichia coli by repressor PaaX and the cAMP-cAMP receptor protein complex. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:33253-62. [PMID: 15159386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404348200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pga gene of Escherichia coli W ATCC11105 encodes a penicillin G acylase whose expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. In this work we have shown that PaaX is the repressor of pga expression, and we have identified its binding consensus as TGATTC(N27)GAATCA. We conclude that the process of "PAA induction" actually involves relief of pga from repression by PaaX. Other features of the pga promoter have also been characterized. (i) It has a native class III cAMP-receptor protein (CRP)-dependent promoter with two CRP-binding sites. (ii) The downstream CRP-binding site II has higher affinity. (iii) Binding of cAMP-CRP to both sites (I + II) is required for maximal expression. We have also shown that the PaaX-binding site overlaps with the CRP-binding site I. This implies that PaaX and the cAMP-CRP compete for binding to the region around the CRP-binding site I and therefore have antagonistic effects on pga expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Seok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, 151-742, Korea
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Galán B, García JL, Prieto MA. The PaaX repressor, a link between penicillin G acylase and the phenylacetyl-coenzyme A catabolon of Escherichia coli W. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:2215-20. [PMID: 15028709 PMCID: PMC374417 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.7.2215-2220.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pac gene, encoding the penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli W, is regulated by the PaaX repressor of the phenylacetate catabolic pathway. pac expression depends on the synthesis of phenylacetyl-coenzyme A. PaaX and the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) bind in vitro to the Ppac promoter region. A palindromic sequence proposed as the PaaX operator is located upstream of the -35 box overlapping a CRP binding site, an unusual position that suggests a novel regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Galán
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Alves J, Fonseca L, Ramalho M, Cabral J. Optimisation of penicillin acylase extraction by AOT/isooctane reversed micellar systems. Biochem Eng J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(02)00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Norouzian D, Javadpour S, Moazami N, Akbarzadeh A. Immobilization of whole cell penicillin G acylase in open pore gelatin matrix. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Semisynthetic cephalosporins are primarily synthesized from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which is usually obtained by chemical deacylation of cephalosporin C (CPC). The chemical production of 7-ACA includes, however, several expensive steps and requires thorough treatment of chemical wastes. Therefore, an enzymatic conversion of CPC to 7-ACA by cephalosporin acylase is of great interest. The biggest obstacle preventing this in industrial production is that cephalosporin acylase uses glutaryl-7ACA as a primary substrate and has low substrate specificity for CPC. RESULTS We have solved the first crystal structure of a cephalosporin acylase from Pseudomonas diminuta at 2.0 A resolution. The overall structure looks like a bowl with two "knobs" consisting of helix- and strand-rich regions, respectively. The active site is mostly formed by the distinctive structural motif of the N-terminal (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily. Superposition of the 61 residue active-site pocket onto that of penicillin G acylase shows an rmsd in Calpha positions of 1.38 A. This indicates structural similarity in the active site between these two enzymes, but their overall structures are elsewhere quite different. CONCLUSION The substrate binding pocket of the P. diminuta cephalosporin acylase provides detailed insight into the ten key residues responsible for the specificity of the cephalosporin C side chain in four classes of cephalosporin acylases, and it thereby forms a basis for the design of an enzyme with an improved conversion rate of CPC to 7-ACA. The structure also provides structural evidence that four of the five different classes of cephalosporin acylases can be grouped into one family of the Ntn hydrolase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University, Kyungsan 712-749, Dae-Dong, South Korea.
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Parmar A, Kumar H, Marwaha SS, Kennedy JF. Advances in enzymatic transformation of penicillins to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Biotechnol Adv 2000; 18:289-301. [PMID: 14538105 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article elaborates on the important recent developments in the enzymatic transformation of penicillins to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), which is the basic raw material for the industrial production of semisynthetic penicillins such as amoxycillin and ampicillin. Particular emphasis is placed on the improvements in purification, stability, and immobilization of the enzymes, (i.e. penicillin acylases) used for these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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24
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Roa A, García JL. New insights into the regulation of the pac gene from Escherichia coli W ATCC 11105. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 177:7-14. [PMID: 10436917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the pac gene encoding the penicillin G acylase of Escherichia coli W ATCC 11015 has been investigated by a molecular approach using lacZ as a reporter gene. This analysis revealed that a region of 170 bp located upstream of the pac structural gene contains the regulatory sequences that control its expression. The cAMP receptor protein is involved not only in the catabolite repression of penicillin G acylase production caused by glucose but also in the induction of pac gene expression by phenylacetic acid. Primer extension analyses have demonstrated that the transcription of the pac gene can be initiated from at least three different promoters. Although all these promoters are functional, their relative activity depends on the transcribed gene, the P1 and P3 promoters being more active in the presence of the pac gene, whereas the P2 promoter was stronger when the upstream region of the pac gene was fused to the lacZ reporter. A deletion of the region surrounding the -10 box of the P3 promoter produced a constitutive expression of the fused gene indicating that this sequence is required for phenylacetic acid induction and suggesting that the expression of the pac gene is regulated by a repression mechanism. This work reveals that the regulation of the pac gene is more complex than previously envisioned and provides new clues to investigate further this interesting regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Battistel E, Bianchi D, Bortolo R, Bonoldi L. Purification and stability of glutaryl-7-ACA acylase from Pseudomonas sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 69:53-67. [PMID: 9457756 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme glutaryl-7-ACA acylase from Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 40474, produced by a recombinant Escherichia coli host, was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a tetramer composed of two couples of asymmetric dimers, each of them constituted of two subunits of mol wt 18 and 52 kDa, respectively. It was found that glutaric acid, one of the products of the substrate hydrolysis, is an effective acylase inhibitor. Between pH 6.0 and pH 10.0, the enzymatic activity is almost constant, but below pH 6.0 it progressively declines. The acylase activity decreased sharply as a function of guanidine HCl concentration. The loss is significant even at concentrations of denaturant lower than those causing unfolding, as suggested by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence emission studies. In these conditions (low denaturant concentration and low pH) the inactivation of the enzyme is caused by the tetramer dissociation into dimers. The lability of the quaternary structure of the enzyme is a key feature that must be taken into account for the improvement of the catalyst stability.
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal region of the pac gene encoding the penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 has been determined. The transcriptional start site has been identified by primer extension analysis in a different position to that previously found for the homologous pac gene of Escherichia coli W ATCC 11105. Two nucleotide changes in the -35 box appear to be responsible of the promoter displacement in K. citrophila. A putative upstream promoter element (A+T-rich enhancer sequence) and a binding site for the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) were located upstream of the -35 box. Transcriptional lacZ and cat fusions demonstrated that pac expression was subjected to catabolite repression mediated by cAMP and its receptor protein. Remarkably, phenylacetic acid which is a potent inducer of the penicillin G acylase from E. coli, was only able to cause a significant induction of the pac expression in CRP+ cells cultured in the presence of glucose, suggesting that this effect is CRP-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
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Ambedkar S, Deshpande B, Shewale J. Separation of cephalosporin C acylase and penicillin V acylase from Aeromonas ACY 95 by chemical treatment. Process Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(96)00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schimmel TG, Borneman WS, Conder MJ. Purification and Characterization of a Lovastatin Esterase from Clonostachys compactiuscula. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1307-11. [PMID: 16535567 PMCID: PMC1389545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.4.1307-1311.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An esterase from the fungus Clonostachys compactiuscula selectively hydrolyzes lovastatin, a clinically useful antihypercholesterolemic agent. Lovastatin or lovastatin-related compounds were required to induce the activity of the lovastatin 8(prm1)-((alpha)-methylbutyryloxy) esterase. The 46-kDa esterase was purified from mycelial extracts by centrifugation and a single anion-exchange chromatographic separation. Maximal lovastatin esterase activity was found at pH 9.0 to 9.6 and at 25 to 30(deg)C. The addition of 5 to 20% methanol resulted in greater lovastatin hydrolysis, while the addition of other solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or tetrahydrofuran) decreased hydrolysis. Lovastatin was selectively hydrolyzed even in the presence of an excess of simvastatin, another antihypercholesterolemic agent that is structurally very similar to lovastatin. This lovastatin 8(prm1)-((alpha)-methylbutyryloxy) esterase can be used to prepare a core intermediate for the generation of novel antihypercholesterolemic agents or to purify simvastatin prepared by C methylation of the 2(S)-methylbutyryloxy side chain of lovastatin.
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Despande BS, Ambedkar SS, Shewale JG. Monitoring of cephalosporin C during bioconversion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02783587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Baldwin JE, Davis S, Forrest AK, Schofield CJ. Cleavage of the 5-amino-5-carboxy-2-oxapentanoyl side chain from enzymatically synthesised penicillins and cephalosporins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
An ever-increasing number of fine chemicals and enzymes is now produced based on microbial biotechnology. Microbial products generally display desired chirality, are biodegradable and are produced from renewable (agro)-substrates. Bioconversion reactions, based on the use of (immobilised) biocatalysts (cell or enzymes), yield interesting regio- and enantioselective molecules under mild reaction conditions, starting from racemic precursors. Furthermore these bioprocesses have a positive environmental impact. Ingenious screening procedures for novel microbial primary and secondary metabolites, bioactive peptides, proteins and enzymes reveal that only the tip of the iceberg has been explored. Examples of such novel microbial products pertain to enzymes, enzyme-inhibitors, biopolysaccharides, bio-plastics, bioactive peptides, bacteriocins, targeted toxins, alkaloids, steroids, immunomodulators, vaccines, antibiotics and lantibiotics, biopesticides, vitamins and related growth factors, amino acids and specialty sugars, polyols and organic acids, biomagnets, bioflavours and biopigments. Several trends are discussed which are now in vogue to detect novel useful compounds from microbes. Examples are given of those microbial metabolites and enzymes, which have attracted industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Vandamme
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Gent, Belgium
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Molecular biology of ?-lactam acylases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:129-38. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00360873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/26/1993] [Accepted: 08/27/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Genetic construction of catalytically active cross-species heterodimer penicillin G amidase. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01021656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Illanes A, Acevedo F, Gentina J, Reyes I, Torres R, Cartagena O, Ruiz A, Vásquez M. Production of penicillin acylase from Bacillus megaterium in complex and defined media. Process Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enzymatic splitting of penicillin V for the production of 6-APA using immobilized penicillin V acylase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 9:630-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/04/1993] [Accepted: 05/13/1993] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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