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Chikhareva M, Vaidyanathan R. A Thermal, Mechanical, and Materials Framework for a Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine for Thermal Management. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2159. [PMID: 37570477 PMCID: PMC10421115 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory alloy (SMA) heat engines possess an inherent property of sensing a change in temperature, performing work, and rejecting heat through the shape memory effect resulting from a temperature-induced phase transformation. This work presents a framework for the design and implementation of an SMA-based Stirling heat engine for maximum torque or speed incorporating and combining mechanical, thermal, and material aspects. There is a growing need for such engines for reliable thermal management and energy recovery in both ground and space applications. Mechanical aspects were addressed from force balances in the SMA element and focused on the resulting stress distribution. Thermal aspects considered heat transfer between the SMA element and both the heat source and the heat sink. Materials aspects considered the chemical, elastic, and frictional contributions to the enthalpy of the transformation. The roles of nano- and microstructure through composition, precipitates, variant interfaces, training, cycling, texture, defects, nucleation sites (bulk vs. surface), and multi-step transformations (e.g., a trigonal R-phase transformation) in NiTi based-alloys are also emphasized. The aforementioned aspects were combined to present a figure of merit to aid in the design and implementation of a Nitinol Stirling heat engine operating to maximize torque or maximize speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raj Vaidyanathan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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Park SK, Diao Y. Martensitic transition in molecular crystals for dynamic functional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8287-8314. [PMID: 33021272 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular martensitic materials are an emerging class of smart materials with enormous tunability in physicochemical properties, attributed to the tailored molecular and crystal structures through molecular design. This class of materials exhibits ultrafast and reversible structural transitions in response to thermal and mechanical stimuli, which underlies fascinating properties such as thermoelasticity, superelasticity, ferroelasticity, and shape memory effect. These dynamic properties are not widely explored in molecular crystals and therefore molecular martensitic materials represent a new frontier in the field of solid-state chemistry. In martensitic transitions, the materials not only exhibit substantial shape changes but also remember the functions in the associated polymorphic phases. This suggests promising applicability towards light-weight actuators, lifts, dampers, sensors, shape-/function-memory and ultraflexible optoelectronic devices. In this article, we review characteristics, detailed transition mechanisms, and potential applications of molecular martensitic materials. In particular, we aim to describe transition characteristics by collecting cases with similar transition principles in order to glean insights into further advancement of molecular martensitic materials. Overall, we believe that molecular martensitic materials are emerging as the next generation smart materials that have shown promise in advancing a wide range of domains of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Fernandes DJ, Peres RV, Mendes AM, Elias CN. Understanding the shape-memory alloys used in orthodontics. ISRN DENTISTRY 2011; 2011:132408. [PMID: 21991455 PMCID: PMC3185255 DOI: 10.5402/2011/132408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have been used in the manufacture of orthodontic wires due to their shape memory properties, super-elasticity, high ductility, and resistance to corrosion. SMAs have greater strength and lower modulus of elasticity when compared with stainless steel alloys. The pseudoelastic behavior of NiTi wires means that on unloading they return to their original shape by delivering light continuous forces over a wider range of deformation which is claimed to allow dental displacements. The aim of this paper is to discuss the physical, metallurgical, and mechanical properties of NiTi used in Orthodontics in order to analyze the shape memory properties, super-elasticity, and thermomechanical characteristics of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fernandes
- Department of Orthodontics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Grain refinement in lath martensite and bainite structures, which is important for strengthening and toughening, are discussed in various aspects. Strain accommodation plays important roles to determine final crystal sizes of bainitic ferrite (BF) and martensite. There is strong variant selection of BF by natures of the austenite grain boundary where it nucleates. For small undercooling, such variant selection leads to coarse bainite block and packet sizes. More BF variants are formed by increasing undercooling, which leads to nucleation of BF variants of less potency, and by increasing strength of materials, which results in more self-accommodation of transformation strain due to suppression of plastic accommodation. In lath martensite, there seems to be similar variant selection at austenite grain boundaries. However, packet/block sizes in lath martensite decreases with an increase in carbon content because of more extensive self-accommodation due to lower transformation temperatures than bainite.
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Hou L, Grummon D. Transformational superelasticity in sputtered titanium-nickel thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-716x(95)00311-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Piao M, Otsuka K, Miyazaki S, Horikawa H. Mechanism of the As Temperature Increase by Pre-deformation in Thermoelastic Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.34.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Piao
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba
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Morris M, Gunter S. Effect of heat treatment and thermal cycling on transformation temperatures of ductile Cu-Al-Ni-Mn-B alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-716x(92)90530-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Deng Y, Ansell G. Investigation of thermoelastic martensitic transformation in a CuZnAl alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(90)90135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lovey FC, Amengual A, Torra V, Ahlers M. On the origin of the intrinsic thermoelasticity associated with a single-interface transformation in Cu-Zn-Al shape-memory alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619008235563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ortín J, Planes A. Thermodynamic analysis of thermal measurements in thermoelastic martensitic transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(88)90291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wei Z, Yang D. On the hysteresis loops and characteristic temperatures of thermoelastic martensitic transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Cohen
- Institute Professor Emeritus, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Ghosh G, Raghavan V. The dimensions of isothermally formed martensitic plates in an FeNiMn alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(86)90407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Datta R, Ghosh G, Raghavan V. Plastic accomodation during growth of the martensic plates in Fe-Ni alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(86)90254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Maeder D, Ryser P, Sanderson B, Sillou A, Steiner A. Thermal memory effects observed in acoustic emission from polycrystalline CuZnAl β′1 martensite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(83)90030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wollants P, De Bonte M, Roos J. Comments on “The transformation free energy in ordered Fe3Pt”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(83)90400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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On the nature of the thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation in Au-47.5 at.% Cd determined by acoustic emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(82)90114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ling HC, Kaplow R. Macroscopic length changes during the B2 ⇆ R and M → B2 transitions in equiatomic NiTi alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(81)90195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The thermal effect due to stress-induced martensite formation in Β-CuAlNi single crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02700450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baram J, Avissar J, Gefen Y, Rosen M. Release of elastic strain energy as acoustic emission during the reverse thermoelastic phase transformation in Au-47.5 at .% Cd alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(80)90377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Miura S, Horn F, Nakanishi N. Pseudoelastic behaviour associated with thermoelastic martensitic transformation in an Au52.5xAgxCd47.5pseudobinary alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1080/01418617908234862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thermodynamical study of the order-disorder and martensitic transformations in AuAgCd pseudo-binary alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(78)90233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Olson G, Cohen M. Reply to “On the equilibrium temperature in thermoelastic martensitic transformations”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(77)90264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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