A synthesis of rhodotorulic acid

Rhodotorulic Acid and its Derivatives: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Siderophores are low molecular weight compounds produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron in iron-deficient environments. Rhodotorulic acid, a natural hydroxamate siderophore, plays a vital role in iron acquisition for fungi and bacteria. As the simplest natural hydroxamate siderophore, it exhibits a high affinity for ferric ions, enabling it to form stable complexes that facilitate iron uptake and transport within microorganisms. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of this hydroxamate siderophore, rhodotorulic acid, its synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biological significance. It also explores its applications in antifungal and plant protection strategies. Insights into RA derivatives reveal distinct biological effects and applications with potential in various fields, from antioxidants to antifungals. Rhodotorulic acid and its derivatives show promise for novel therapies, plant protection strategies, and iron supplementation in agriculture. Understanding their properties could advance science and medicine with sustainable practices.

An efficient solid-phase strategy for total synthesis of naturally occurring amphiphilic marine siderophores: amphibactin-T and moanachelin ala-B

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and some plants secrete an abundance of suites of low molecular weight, high-affinity iron(iii)-chelating acylated siderophores. The peptide composition of a suite of amphiphilic siderophores generated by a Vibrio species, isolated from oligotrophic open ocean water, contained the same iron(iii)-scavenging polar head group and is attached to a fatty acid. In the present study, we report the first total synthesis of the naturally obtainable marine siderophores amphibactin-T and moanachelin ala-B on solid-phase using standard Fmoc-chemistry. Furthermore, we discuss the preparation of orthogonal protected Orn amino acid 'N(α)-Fmoc-N(δ)-(acetyl)-N(δ)-(benzoyloxy)-ornithine' [Fmoc-Orn(Ac,OBz)-OH], which is the most important constructive building block for amphibactin and moanachelin siderophores syntheses. The applications of this Orn unit on solid-phase have also been discussed.