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Lhoták P. Upper rim-bridged calixarenes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23303-23321. [PMID: 39049889 PMCID: PMC11267508 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04663c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Calix[n]arenes represent a very attractive family of macrocyclic compounds with many potential supramolecular applications. Due to their well-established chemistry and many different synthetic strategies, enabling practically any derivatization of the basic skeleton, calixarenes are among the very popular building blocks used for the design and construction of various receptors, sensors and other sophisticated supramolecular systems. Regio- and/or stereo-selective derivatization of calixarenes currently represents a very extensive set of reactions, the overview of which would fill many thick books. Therefore, this review deals with only a small part of the above-mentioned reactions, specifically describes possible ways of bridging the upper rim of calixarenes, often leading to interesting rigidified structures, and also briefly mentions the potential use of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lhoták
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague (UCTP) Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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2
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Hymel JH, Townsend J, Vogiatzis KD. CO 2 Capture on Functionalized Calixarenes: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10116-10122. [PMID: 31670513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High carbon emissions have shown a strong correlation with rising global temperatures as the world's climate undergoes a dramatic shift. Work to mitigate the potential damage using materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and polymer membranes (PMs) has proven successful in small-scale approaches; however, research is still being performed to enhance the capabilities of these materials for use at an industrial scale. One strategy for increasing performance is to embed these materials with CO2-philic molecules, which enhance selective binding over other gases. Calixarenes are promising candidates due to their large chalice shape, which allows for the possibility to bind multiple CO2 molecules per site. In this study, a dataset including 40 functionalized calixarene structures and one unfunctionalized (bare) calixarene was constructed with an automated, high-throughput structure generation through directed modifications to a molecular scaffold. A conformational search based on molecular mechanics allowed the faster determination of optimal binding energies for a vast array of chemical functional groups with less computational effort. Density functional theory and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory calculations were performed for the exploration of their interactions with CO2. Our work has identified new organic cages with increased CO2-philicity. In four cases, CO2 binding is stronger than 9.0 kcal/mol and very close to the targets set by previous studies. The nature of the noncovalent interactions for these cases is analyzed and discussed. Conclusions from this study can aid synthetic efforts for the next generation of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Hymel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996-1600 , United States
| | - Jacob Townsend
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996-1600 , United States
| | - Konstantinos D Vogiatzis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996-1600 , United States
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Murphy P, Dalgarno SJ, Paterson MJ. Systematic Study of the Effect of Lower-Rim Methylation on Small Guest Binding within the Host Cavity of Calix[4]arene. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7986-7992. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Murphy
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J. Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Murphy P, Dalgarno SJ, Paterson MJ. Transition Metal Complexes of Calix[4]arene: Theoretical Investigations into Small Guest Binding within the Host Cavity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:824-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Murphy
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J. Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Prata JV, Barata PD, Pescitelli G. Inherently chiral calix[4]arenes with planar chirality: two new entries to the family. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of two new inherently chiral calix[4]arenes (ICCs, 1 and 2), endowed with electron-rich concave surfaces, has been achieved through the desymmetrization of a lower rim distal-bridged oxacyclophane (OCP) macrocycle. The new highly emissive ICCs were resolved by chiral HPLC, and the enantiomeric nature of the isolated antipodes proved by electronic circular dichroism (CD). Using time-dependent density functional calculations of CD spectra, their absolute configurations were established. NMR studies with (S)-Pirkle’s alcohol unequivocally showed that the host-guest interactions occur in the chiral pocket comprehending the calix-OCP exo cavities and the carbazole moieties.
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6
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Teixeira CM, Costa AI, Prata JV. A new fluorescent double-cavity calix[4]arene: synthesis and complexation studies toward nitroanilines. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Deng QG, Gao Y, Zhao B, Ruan YY, Ma MJ, Wang LY, Feng YQ. ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF 11,23-BIS(IMIDAZOL-1-YL)CALIX[4]ARENE DERIVATIVES BASED ON THE UPPER RIM OF BIS-AMINOCALIX[4]ARENE. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Touil M, Elhabiri M, Lachkar M, Siri O. Synthesis and Properties of the Emerging Azacalix[14]arenes. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Zeng CC, Yuan HS, Huang ZT. Upper Rim Diester-bridged Calix[4]arenes and Oligocalix [4]-arenes: the Effects of the Length of Bridged Reagents on Their Distribution. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20020200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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DFT Study for Cage-annulated p-tert-Butylcalix[4]crown-ether Complexed with Potassium Ion. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.7.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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DFT Study for p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Crown Ether Bridged at the Lower Rim with Pyridyl Unit Complexed with Potassium Ion. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.12.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Arduini A, Nachtigall FF, Pochini A, Secchi A, Ugozzoli F. Calix[4]Arene Cavitands: A Solid State Study on the Interactions of their Aromatic Cavity with Neutral Organic Guests Characterised by Acid CH3 or CH2 Groups. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270008029449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Arduini
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100, Parma, Italy Fax: E-mail:
| | - Francine F. Nachtigall
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica , Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Parma and Centro di Studio per la Strutturistica Diffrattometrica del CNR , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Pochini
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100, Parma, Italy Fax: E-mail:
| | - Andrea Secchi
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100, Parma, Italy Fax: E-mail:
| | - Franco Ugozzoli
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica , Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Parma and Centro di Studio per la Strutturistica Diffrattometrica del CNR , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100, Parma, Italy
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Rizzo S, Sannicolò F, Benincori T, Schiavon G, Zecchin S, Zotti G. Calix[4]arene-functionalized poly-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]bithiophenes with good recognition ability and selectivity for small organic molecules for application in QCM-based sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b314345g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Synthesis and alkali metal picrate extraction studies of lower rim functionalized p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene crown ethers. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Stone MM, Franz AH, Lebrilla CB. Non-covalent calixarene-amino acid complexes formed by MALDI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:964-974. [PMID: 12216737 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent inclusion complexes formed between amino acids and derivatized calix[6]arenes are observed in MALDI mass spectrometry. The methyl, ethyl, and propyl ester derivatives of calix[6]arene yielded amino acid complexes, while the smaller calix[4]arene analogs did not. Similarly the underivatized calix[6]arene and calix[4]arene did not produce complexes. Amino acid complexes were observed for nearly all 20 amino acids in time-of-flight (TOF) analysis. In Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) analysis, however, only the most basic amino acids arginine, histidine, and lysine formed stable adducts. The complexes were abundant under matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) conditions, which suggested favorable interactions between host and guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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Schalley CA. Molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry in the gas phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2001; 20:253-309. [PMID: 11948654 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry, in particular, the fields of molecular recognition and self-assembly, profit much from the development of soft ionization techniques and advanced methods for mass analysis and gas-phase chemistry. Vice versa, weakly bonded architectures and host-guest complexes represent a veritable challenge for the mass spectrometrist, leading to further development of methods and techniques. This review describes the state-of-the-art in this field, and includes topics such as the effects of solvation on meta binding to crown ethers, chiral discrimination of guests by chiral hosts, the elucidation of the secondary structure of self assembled complexes, and the mechanistic pathways of self assembly or the fragmentations of supramolecular complexes in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Schalley
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Irico A, Vincenti M, Dalcanale E. Diastereoselective formation of host-guest complexes between a series of phosphate-bridged cavitands and alkyl- and arylammonium ions studied by liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Chemistry 2001; 7:2034-42. [PMID: 11405483 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<2034::aid-chem2034>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reactions occurring between a new class of cavitands that carry up to four dioxaphosphocin binding units and alkyl- and arylammonium ions was investigated by liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). As the cavitands existed as distinct diastereomers with different spatial orientation of their binding groups, these geometrical differences proved to have a dramatic influence on their chemical properties, including their ability to form host-guest complexes. In practice, only the cavitands that carry at least three P=O groups oriented toward the inside of the cavity were demonstrated to be strong ligands toward organic ammonium ions, whereas those with only two converging binding groups (either adjacent or opposite in the cavitand structure) still formed host-guest complexes, but they were much weaker. Adjacent binding sites proved to be more effective in interacting with organic ammonium ions than those lying in opposite positions. The isomers with no converging P=O groups did not act as molecular receptors. Even the isomer with one group oriented toward the inside of the cavity did not form host-guest complexes, as the absence of synergistic hydrogen bonding made the interaction from inside the cavity energetically equivalent (or even less favorable) to the outside binding. The presence in the cavitand structure of substituents with an electron-donating character proved to increase the proton affinity of the P=O binding groups and, consequently, their binding energy. The strong proton affinity of the cavitands led to the formation of stable host-guest complexes, as confirmed by the collisionally activated dissociation experiments. Effects of steric hindrance were weak, at least for the cavitands with three converging P=O groups. This confirmed that the cavity has a wide and readily accessible opening. The relative complexation constants were measured for the various guests, yielding scales of relative affinity toward each cavitand. These relative constants may represent thermodynamic values referred to the matrix used in LSIMS experiments, namely 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA), provided that kinetically controlled selvedge processes are negligible. Absolute complexation constants could not be obtained on account of the unknown pH and the protonation constant in the NBA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irico
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Italy
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Marchand AP, Chong HS, Takhi M, Power TD. Synthesis and Alkali Metal Picrate Extraction Studies of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Crown Ethers Bridged at the Lower Rim with Pyridyl Units. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ikeda A, Shinkai S. Novel Cavity Design Using Calix[n]arene Skeletons: Toward Molecular Recognition and Metal Binding. Chem Rev 1997; 97:1713-1734. [PMID: 11851464 DOI: 10.1021/cr960385x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Chemical Science & Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan
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Smirnov S, Sidorov V, Pinkhassik E, HavlicČek J, Stibor I. Complexes of p-t-Butylcalix[4]arene Derivatives with Neutral Molecules: Structures and Stabilities. Supramol Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10610279708034936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Chawla HM, Srinivas K. Synthesis of New Chromogenic Calix[4]arenes Bridged at the Upper Rim through Bisazobiphenyl Linkages. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo950808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Mohindra Chawla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, India
| | - K. Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, India
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Arduini A, Mirone L, Paganuzzi D, Pinalli A, Pochini A, Secchi A, Ungaro R. New calix[4]arenes having electron donating groups at the upper rim as molecular platforms and host molecules. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Lhotak P, Shinkai S. Synthesis and metal-binding properties of oligo-calixarenes. an approach towards the calix[4]arene-based dendrimers. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Vincenti M, Dalcanale E. Host–guest complexation in the gas phase. Investigation of the mechanism of interaction between cavitands and neutral guest molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p29950001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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