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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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Seo JM, Hassan AH, Lee YS. An expeditious entry to rare tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones: A single-step gateway synthesis of glochidine congeners. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Babij NR, Boothe JR, McKenna GM, Fornwald RM, Wolfe JP. Stereocontrolled synthesis of bicyclic ureas and sulfamides via Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:4228-4243. [PMID: 31866698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of bicyclic ureas and sulfamides via palladium-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions between aryl/alkenyl halides/triflates and alkenes bearing pendant cyclic sulfamides and ureas is described. The substrates for these reactions are generated in 3-5 steps from commercially available materials, and products are obtained in good yield with up to >20:1 diastereoselectivity. The stereochemical outcome of the sulfamide alkene addition is consistent with a mechanism involving anti-aminopalladation of the alkene, whereas the stereochemical outcome of the urea alkene addition is consistent with a syn-aminopalladation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Babij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Jordan R Boothe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Grace M McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Ryan M Fornwald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - John P Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
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Zhai XD, Yang ZD, Luo Z, Xu HT. Asymmetric catalyzed intramolecular aza-Michael reaction mediated by quinine-derived primary amines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Houlsby ITT, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. Asymmetric Synthesis of the Tetraponerine Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6689-6702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ian T. T. Houlsby
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Paul M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James E. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Zhang Y, Zheng L, Yang F, Zhang Z, Dang Q, Bai X. Substituent-directed reduction of cyclic aminals leading to two different heterocycles selectively: syntheses of functionalized nicotines and pyrido[2,3-b]azepines. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Fraile A, Parra A, Tortosa M, Alemán J. Organocatalytic transformations of alkynals, alkynones, propriolates, and related electron-deficient alkynes. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Bosque I, Gonzalez-Gomez JC, Loza MI, Brea J. Natural tetraponerines: a general synthesis and antiproliferative activity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3982-91. [PMID: 24731136 DOI: 10.1021/jo500446f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled general methodology to access all natural tetraponerines from (+)-T1 to (+)-T8 is detailed. Two consecutive indium-mediated aminoallylations with the appropriate enantiomer of chiral N-tert-butylsulfinamide and a thermodynamic control at the aminal stereocenter allow the formation of each natural tetraponerine with excellent stereoselectivity. The use of 4-bromobutanal in the first aminoallylation leads to the formation of 5-6-5 tetraponerines, while 5-bromopentanal is required to build the scaffold of 6-6-5 tetraponerines. A cross-metathesis reaction of the second aminoallylation product with cis-3-hexene is used to elongate the side chain up to 5 carbons so as to prepare the tetraponerines T5 to T8. The anticancer activity of these heavier tetraponerines against four different carcinoma human cell lines is examined, observing a promising cytotoxic activity of (+)-T7 against breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Bosque I, González-Gómez JC, Guijarro A, Foubelo F, Yus M. Concise total synthesis and stereochemical analysis of tetraponerines T3 and T4. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10340-6. [PMID: 23092368 DOI: 10.1021/jo302045y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient stereocontrolled preparation of tetraponerines T3 and T4 is detailed. The sequence takes advantage of two consecutive stereoselective aminoallylations of appropriate aldehydes with chiral tert-butanesulfinamide and in situ generated allyl indium species. The absolute configuration of the carbon stereogenic center at the aminal moiety is thermodynamically controlled. This was ascertained on the basis of an exhaustive DFT configurational study of tetraponerines, which fulfils the lack of detailed structural information for these systems. It was found that the trans-transoid-configuration of the AB rings is the most stable geometry for T3 and T4. However, the C ring prefers a cis-configuration in T3 (ttc-T3) and a trans-fusion in T4 (ttt-T4). Regarding their dynamic behavior, low activation barriers were found by DFT calculations for the inversion of the nitrogen at the indolizidine framework, allowing rapid equilibration between the major configurations (ttc and ttt) in T3 and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Alemán J, Fraile A, Marzo L, Ruano JLG, Izquierdo C, Díaz-Tendero S. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Isoxazolines by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Nitrones to Alkynals Catalyzed by Fluorodiphenylmethylpyrrolidines. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Fustero S, del Pozo C, Mulet C, Lazaro R, Sánchez-Roselló M. Microwave-Assisted Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular aza-Michael Reaction with α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Chemistry 2011; 17:14267-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu JD, Chen YC, Zhang GB, Li ZQ, Chen P, Du JY, Tu YQ, Fan CA. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Intramolecular Aza-Michael Addition of Enone Carbamates: Catalytic Enantioselective Access to Functionalized 2-Substituted Piperidines. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Keleşoğlu Z, Gültekin Z, Büyükgüngör O. N-[( Z)-4-Methoxybenzylidene](methoxycarbonyl)methanamine oxide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2332-3. [PMID: 21588678 PMCID: PMC3008080 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810032289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C11H13NO4, contains a nitrone group, C=N—O—R, the geometry of which shows a Z configuration with near planarity (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0787 Å) around the C=N double bond. An intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal packing, molecules are linked into R22(12) dimers and R22(14) rings via C—H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Synthetic evaluation of an enantiopure tetrahydropyridine N-oxide. Synthesis of (+)-febrifugine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Charette AB, Mathieu S, Martel J. Electrophilic Activation of Lactams with Tf2O and Pyridine: Expedient Synthesis of (±)-Tetraponerine T4. Org Lett 2005; 7:5401-4. [PMID: 16288516 DOI: 10.1021/ol052069n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The electrophilic activation of lactams with triflic anhydride in the presence of pyridine was investigated by NMR. It was found that 2-pyrrolidone led to the clean formation of the corresponding pyridinium imidate in 89% isolated yield. The subsequent nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents led to 2-substituted dihydropyridines. A synthesis of (+/-)-tetraponerine T4 with three simple building blocks was accomplished in 3 steps (38% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- André B Charette
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.
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Laleu B, Mobian P, Herse C, Laursen BW, Hopfgartner G, Bernardinelli G, Lacour J. Resolution of [4]Heterohelicenium Dyes with Unprecedented Pummerer-like Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1879-83. [PMID: 15712308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Laleu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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Laleu B, Mobian P, Herse C, Laursen BW, Hopfgartner G, Bernardinelli G, Lacour J. Resolution of [4]Heterohelicenium Dyes with Unprecedented Pummerer-like Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Maezaki N, Sawamoto H, Suzuki T, Yoshigami R, Tanaka T. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized β,β-Di- and Trisubstituted Vinylic Sulfoxides by Cu-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Organozinc Reagents. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8387-93. [PMID: 15549811 DOI: 10.1021/jo048747l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
beta,beta-Disubstituted chiral vinylic sulfoxides bearing functionalities have been synthesized via Cu-catalyzed conjugate addition of organozinc reagents to chiral 1-alkynyl sulfoxides. Due to the availability of functionalized organozinc reagents and high syn-selectivity of the reaction, both geometric beta,beta-disubstituted vinylic sulfoxides were selectively synthesized. Furthermore, 1-alkynyl sulfoxides were derivatized into trisubstituted vinylic sulfoxides by trapping the resulting alpha-sulfinyl vinylic carbanion with electrophiles. Highly diastereoselective THF and THP ring formations were accomplished by means of this methodology followed by an intramolecular Michael addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maezaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Jain P, Kaneko T, Jones TH, Blum MS, Ali TM, Snelling RR, Isbell LA, Robertson HG, Daly JW. Ammonia chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in structural determination of alkaloids. II. Tetraponerines from pseudomyrmecine ants. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1409-1415. [PMID: 11507752 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (CI-MS/MS) of alkaloids with ammonia reagent gas and collision-activated dissociation as well as EI-MS/MS were applied to the tetraponerine alkaloids in extracts from six pseudomyrmecine ants of the genus Tetraponera. The MS/MS techniques along with gas chromatography Fourier transform infrared (GC/FTIR) spectra allowed identification in two extracts of seven of the eight known tetraponerines. The EI-MS/MS fragmentations proved diagnostic for the ring system and the CI-MS/MS patterns for the C-8 or C-9 substitution, while the Bohlmann bands in FTIR spectra were diagnostic for the C-8 or C-9 configurations. An Indian ant (T. allaborans) had T-2, T-4 and T-8, while a Chinese ant (T. binghami) had T-5, T-6, T-7 and T-8. Four other ants, T. rufonigra (India), T. penzigi (Africa), T. clypeata (Africa) and T. sp. cf. emeryi (Africa), had no tetraponerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Garraffo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820, USA
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Leclercq S, Braekman JC, Daloze D, Pasteels JM. The defensive chemistry of ants. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2000; 79:115-229. [PMID: 10838783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6341-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Leclercq
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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Mill S, Durant A, Hootelé C. The Configuration of (+)-8-Ethylnorlobelol-I; a Correction of the Literature. European J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619961220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yue C, Gauthier I, Royer J, Husson HP. Concise and Stereoselective Syntheses of the Eight Natural Ant Defense Alkaloids (+)-Tetraponerine-1 to (+)-Tetraponerine-8 According to the CN(R,S) Strategy. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo960398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Yue
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Gauthier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Royer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Devijver C, Macours P, Braekman JC, Daloze D, M. Pasteels J. Short syntheses of (±)-tetraponerines-5 and -6. the structures of tetraponerines-1 and -2, and a revision of the structures of (+)-tetraponerines-5 and -6. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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