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Murakata M, Kawase A, Kimura N, Ikeda T, Nagase M, Koizumi M, Kuwata K, Maeda K, Shimizu H. Synthesis of Tofogliflozin as an SGLT2 Inhibitor via Construction of Dihydroisobenzofuran by Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Murakata
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Akira Kawase
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kimura
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Takuma Ikeda
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagase
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koizumi
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kuwata
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimizu
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
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Radding W, Romo T, Phillips GN. Protein-assisted pericyclic reactions: an alternate hypothesis for the action of quantal receptors. Biophys J 1999; 77:2920-9. [PMID: 10585916 PMCID: PMC1300565 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rules for allowable pericyclic reactions indicate that the photoisomerizations of retinals in rhodopsins can be formally analogous to thermally promoted Diels-Alder condensations of monoenes with retinols. With little change in the seven-transmembrane helical environment these latter reactions could mimic the retinal isomerization while providing highly sensitive chemical reception. In this way archaic progenitors of G-protein-coupled chemical quantal receptors such as those for pheromones might have been evolutionarily plagiarized from the photon quantal receptor, rhodopsin, or vice versa. We investigated whether the known structure of bacteriorhodopsin exhibited any similarity in its active site with those of the two known antibody catalysts of Diels-Alder reactions and that of the photoactive yellow protein. A remarkable three-dimensional motif of aromatic side chains emerged in all four proteins despite the drastic differences in backbone structure. Molecular orbital calculations supported the possibility of transient pericyclic reactions as part of the isomerization-signal transduction mechanisms in both bacteriorhodopsin and the photoactive yellow protein. It appears that reactions in all four of the proteins investigated may be biological analogs of the organic chemists' chiral auxiliary-aided Diels-Alder reactions. Thus the light receptor and the chemical receptor subfamilies of the heptahelical receptor family may have been unified at one time by underlying pericyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Radding
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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Shimada T, Ross AC, Muccio DD, Brouillette WJ, Shealy YF. Regulation of hepatic lecithin:retinol acyltransferase activity by retinoic acid receptor-selective retinoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 344:220-7. [PMID: 9244401 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microsomal enzyme LRAT esterifies retinol and has been implicated in the hepatic storage of vitamin A. Previously, we showed that hepatic LRAT activity is negligible during vitamin A deficiency and that all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA) rapidly induces the activity of liver LRAT in retinoid-deficient rats. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of natural and synthetic retinoids to induce liver LRAT activity in retinoid-deficient rats. The natural retinoids retinol, all-trans-RA (100 microg), 9-cis-RA, or equal molar amounts of other retinoids were injected ip and LRAT specific activity was measured in liver homogenates 17-18 h later. In retinoid-deficient rats, liver LRAT activity was extremely low [0.13 +/- 0.03 pmol retinyl ester (RE)/min/mg liver protein, mean +/- SE]. The natural retinoids retinol and all-trans-RA strongly induced LRAT activity (12.71 +/- 1.09 and 13.10 +/- 1.55 pmol RE/min/mg, respectively), whereas 9-cis-RA induced a lower level of LRAT activity (3.96 +/- 1.88 pmol RE/min/mg, P < 0.001 vs all-trans-RA). The retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective analog (RAR pan-agonist) all-trans-UAB8 and the RAR-alpha-selective retinoid Am580 also strongly induced LRAT activity. In contrast, neither RXR-selective agonists nor retinoids having a retro structure were active. For retinoids with significant RAR-alpha binding activity there was a strong direct correlation between receptor binding in vitro and the ability to induce hepatic LRAT activity in vivo (r2 = 0.920). These data implicate the RARs in the induction of hepatic LRAT and suggest a predominant role for RAR-alpha-active ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimada
- Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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