1
|
Yamaoka Y. Efficient Synthesis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon <i>via</i> a Formal [2+2] Cycloaddition. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:1517-1523. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Söderman SC, Schwan AL. Stereodivergent Access to Cis- and Trans-3,5-Disubstituted 1,4-Thiazane 1-Oxides by Cyclization of Homochiral β-Amino Sulfoxides and Sulfones. The Preparation of Isomeric Ant Venom Alkaloids. Org Lett 2013; 15:4434-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C. Söderman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Adrian L. Schwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Motiwala HF, Fehl C, Li SW, Hirt E, Porubsky P, Aubé J. Overcoming product inhibition in catalysis of the intramolecular Schmidt reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9000-9. [PMID: 23687993 DOI: 10.1021/ja402848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for carrying out the intramolecular Schmidt reaction of alkyl azides and ketones using a substoichiometric amount of catalyst is reported. Following extensive screening, the use of the strong hydrogen-bond-donating solvent hexafluoro-2-propanol was found to be consistent with low catalyst loadings, which ranged from 2.5 mol % for favorable substrates to 25 mol % for more difficult cases. Reaction optimization, broad substrate scope, and preliminary mechanistic studies of this improved version of the reaction are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, West Campus, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nishimura T, Unni AK, Yokoshima S, Fukuyama T. Total syntheses of lyconadins A-C. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3243-7. [PMID: 23330605 DOI: 10.1021/ja312065m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lyconadin A was accomplished and it was applied to the total syntheses of the related congeners, lyconadins B and C. Lyconadin A has attracted attention as a challenging target for total synthesis due to the unprecedented pentacyclic skeleton. Our synthesis of lyconadin A features a facile construction of the highly fused tetracyclic skeleton through a combination of an aza-Prins reaction and an electrocyclic ring opening, followed by formation of a C-N bond. Transformation of the bromoalkene moiety of the tetracycle to a key enone intermediate was extensively investigated, and three methods via sulfide, oxime, or azide intermediates were established. A pyridone ring was constructed from the key enone intermediate to complete the synthesis of lyconadin A. A dihydropyridone ring could also be formed from the same enone intermediate, leading to a synthesis of lyconadin B. Establishment of the conditions for an electrocyclic ring opening without formation of the C-N bond resulted in completion of the total synthesis of lyconadin C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morisaki Y, Imoto H, Hirano K, Hayashi T, Chujo Y. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure P-stereogenic diphosphacrowns and their palladium complexes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1795-803. [PMID: 21291270 DOI: 10.1021/jo1024442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthetic route for enantiomerically pure P-stereogenic diphosphacrowns was developed by using a P-stereogenic bisphosphine as a chiral building block. Their molecular structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Complexation of the diphosphacrowns with palladium was carried out, and the corresponding palladium complexes were obtained. The P-stereogenic diphosphacrowns were applicable to the chiral ligand for the asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketone catalyzed by palladium. This reaction proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 1,4-addition products in high yield with good enantioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghosh P, Judd WR, Ribelin T, Aubé J. Asymmetric total synthesis of alkaloids 223A and 6-epi-223A. Org Lett 2010; 11:4140-2. [PMID: 19739687 DOI: 10.1021/ol901645j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Concise and asymmetric total synthesis of the title compounds are described. The key ring system was constructed using an intramolecular Schmidt reaction on a norbornenone derivative, which was subsequently subjected to ring-opening metathesis followed by reduction. An unusual isomerization of the C-6 ethyl group afforded the desired stereochemistry of the natural product. The synthesis is readily adaptable to analogue production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ghosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall, Room 4070, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Norcross NR, Melbardis JP, Solera MF, Sephton MA, Kilner C, Zakharov LN, Astles PC, Warriner SL, Blakemore PR. Total Synthesis of (±)-α-Isosparteine, (±)-β-Isosparteine, and (±)-Sparteine from a Common Tetraoxobispidine Intermediate. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7939-51. [PMID: 18798673 DOI: 10.1021/jo8013512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Norcross
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Melbardis
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Margarita Ferris Solera
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Sephton
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Kilner
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Astles
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Warriner
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manner, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organic azides: an exploding diversity of a unique class of compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:5188-240. [PMID: 16100733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1636] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe TH, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lertpibulpanya D, Marsden SP. Concise access to indolizidine and pyrroloazepine skeleta via intramolecular Schmidt reactions of azido 1,3-diketones. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3498-504. [PMID: 17036145 DOI: 10.1039/b608801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Readily prepared 2-alkyl-2-azidopropylcycloalkyl-1,3-diones undergo intramolecular Schmidt rearrangement with a range of hard Lewis acids, leading to indolizidinediones and pyrroloazepinediones. Chiral aluminium-based Lewis acids could also be used to mediate this symmetry-breaking transformation, but no significant asymmetric induction was observed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramanathan SK, Keeler J, Lee HL, Reddy DS, Lushington G, Aubé J. Modular synthesis of cyclic peptidomimetics inspired by gamma-turns. Org Lett 2005; 7:1059-62. [PMID: 15760138 DOI: 10.1021/ol047323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A series of peptidomimetics based on a gamma-turn motif were synthesized using a modular approach, in which N-protected piperidones were reacted with a selection of 2-hydroxyalkyl azides derived from common l-amino acids. Hydrolysis of the initially formed iminium ethers afforded the targeted series of substituted 1,4-diazepin-5-ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Ramanathan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall, Room 4070, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organische Azide - explodierende Vielfalt bei einer einzigartigen Substanzklasse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Yao L, Smith BT, Aubé J. Base-Promoted Reactions of Bridged Ketones and 1,3- and 1,4-Haloalkyl Azides: Competitive Alkylation vs Azidation Reactions of Ketone Enolates. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1720-2. [PMID: 14987033 DOI: 10.1021/jo0356098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of 1,3- and 1,4-haloalkyl azides with enolates of 2-norbornanone (and a ring-expanded analog) afford polycyclic 1,2,3-triazolines in good yields. The reaction occurs by the initial azidation of the ketone enolate, followed in order by triazoline formation and O-alkylation. An interesting element of this process is the preferential reaction of the alkyl azide with an enolate anion as opposed to the more familiar reaction of the alkyl halide (including Cl and I derivatives). Reactions of acyclic or monocyclic enolates generally lead to 1,2,3-triazoles but none of the alternative C-alkylation product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Room 4070, Malott Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-758, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lang S, Kennedy AR, Murphy JA, Payne AH. Amination of Arenes through Electron-Deficient Reaction Cascades of Aryl Epoxyazides. Org Lett 2003; 5:3655-8. [PMID: 14507197 DOI: 10.1021/ol035319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Aryl epoxyazides undergo efficient electron-deficient reaction cascades mediated by Lewis acids, leading to regiospecific amination of the aromatic ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Lang
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Danieli B, Lesma G, Passarella D, Piacenti P, Sacchetti A, Silvani A, Virdis A. Synthesis of enantiopure diamine ligands related to sparteine, via scandium triflate-catalyzed imino Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Wrobleski A, Aubé J. Intramolecular reactions of benzylic azides with ketones: competition between Schmidt and Mannich pathways. J Org Chem 2001; 66:886-9. [PMID: 11430108 DOI: 10.1021/jo001367p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid-promoted reactions of benzylic azides with ketones can proceed by two major pathways. The azido-Schmidt reaction involves simple addition of azide to the ketone followed by rearrangement and ring expansion. In addition, benzylic azides can undergo prior rearrangement to afford iminium ions that can subsequently participate in a Mannich reaction. A series of ketones containing an alpha CH2(CH2)nCH(N3)Ph substituent (n = 1-3) was prepared to investigate the dependence of products on ketone ring size and tether length. For all ketones examined, good yields of bicyclic lactams arising from intramolecular Schmidt reaction were obtained when a four-carbon linker was used (n = 1 in the above formulation), but Mannich products predominated for the longer tethers examined (n = 2, 3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wrobleski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Desai P, Schildknegt K, Agrios KA, Mossman C, Milligan GL, Aubé J. Reactions of Alkyl Azides and Ketones as Mediated by Lewis Acids: Schmidt and Mannich Reactions Using Azide Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000490v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Desai
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| | - Klaas Schildknegt
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| | - Konstantinos A. Agrios
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| | - Craig Mossman
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| | - Gregory L. Milligan
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2506
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- J P Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simon C, Hosztafi S, Makleit S. Application of the mitsunobu reaction in the field of alkaloids. J Heterocycl Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570340201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|