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Müller MP, Hinz A. Strain-Driven, Non-Catalysed Ring Expansion of Silicon Heterocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302311. [PMID: 37489573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Silacycles are ubiquitous building blocks. Small silacycles can typically be expanded catalytically. A silirane, silirene and phosphasilirene as well as a siletane and a silolene were prepared starting from the base-free bromosilylene [(dtbp Cbz)SiBr] (dtbp Cbz=1,8-bis(3,5-ditertbutylphenyl)-3,6-ditertbutylcarbazolyl). As these heterocycles were derived from a dicoordinated silylene, they are susceptible to reactions with an external base. The three-membered silacycles readily undergo non-catalysed ring expansion reactions with isonitriles yielding the related four-membered silacycles. Surprisingly, the ring-expanded derivatives of the silirane undergo up to two further isomerisation reactions, first by enamine formation and then by another ring expansion. DFT computations were utilised to gauge the scope of this reactivity pattern. Three-membered silacycles should essentially universally undergo a ring expansion with isonitriles, while for four-membered silacycles, only very few instances are predicted to accommodate more challenging kinetic requirements of this ring expansion. Larger silacycles lack the ring strain energy required for this ring expansion reaction and are not expected to be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian P Müller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sivaramakrishna A, Pete S, Mandar Mhaskar C, Ramann H, Venkata Ramanaiah D, Arbaaz M, Niyaz M, Janardan S, Suman P. Role of hypercoordinated silicon(IV) complexes in activation of carbon–silicon bonds: An overview on utility in synthetic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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O’Neil GW. Siletanes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reagents in Organic Synthesis. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.2007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. O’Neil
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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Nandi GC. Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Three Membered Sila, Sila‐Aza/‐Phospha/‐Oxa/‐Thia Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Nandi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology‐Tiruchirappalli 620015 Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu India
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5
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Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Photochemical Generation and Characterization of Di- tert-butylsilylene (Si tBu 2) in Solution. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Boganov SE, Promyslov VM, Rynin SS, Krylova IV, Egorov MP. Formation of 1,1-dichloro-2-vinyl-1-silacyclopropane by a photoinduced reaction between dichlorosilylene and 1,3-butadiene. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mu QC, Chen J, Xia CG, Xu LW. Synthesis of silacyclobutanes and their catalytic transformations enabled by transition-metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lygin AV, de Meijere A. Isocyanides in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:9094-124. [PMID: 21053220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanides have long proved themselves to be irreplaceable building blocks in modern organic chemistry. The unique features of the isocyano group make isocyanides particularly useful for the synthesis of a number of important classes of nitrogen heterocycles, such as pyrroles, indoles, and quinolines. Several cocyclizations of isocyanides via zwitterions and radical intermediates as well as transition-metal-catalyzed syntheses of different types of heterocycles have recently been developed. Methods starting from isocyanides often have distinct advantages over alternative approaches to the same heterocycles because of their enhanced convergence, the great simplicity of most of the operations with them, and the great variety of isocyanides readily available for use. Isocyanides have also been used in some enantioselective syntheses of chiral heterocyclic compounds, including natural products as well as precursors thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Lygin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Rynin S, Faustov V, Boganov S, Egorov M, Nefedov O. Computational study of reaction pathways in the course of interaction of deactivated silylenes with buta-1,3-diene. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Formal (1+2)- and (1+4)-Cycloadditions of Germylenes to Conjugated Dienes. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900791e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Ottosson H, Steel PG. Silylenes, Silenes, and Disilenes: Novel Silicon-Based Reagents for Organic Synthesis? Chemistry 2006; 12:1576-85. [PMID: 16138382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Silylenes, silenes, and disilenes are silicon analogues of carbenes and alkenes. Since the first detection and isolation of these species a few decades ago, focus has been given to their fundamental structure and reactivity properties. Recent developments show that the time is set to exploit their unique chemistry in applied areas. Emerging applications in catalysis and stereoselective synthesis point to a new field within synthetic organosilicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Box 599, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Clark TB, Woerpel KA. Silver-Catalyzed Silacyclopropenation of 1-Heteroatom-Substituted Alkynes and Subsequent Rearrangement Reactions. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050501z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Driver TG, Woerpel KA. Mechanism of Silver-Mediated Di-tert-butylsilylene Transfer from a Silacyclopropane to an Alkene. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9993-10002. [PMID: 15303873 DOI: 10.1021/ja0306563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of the reactions of cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 and monosubstituted alkenes in the presence of 5 mol % of (Ph3P)2AgOTf suggested a possible mechanism for silver-mediated di-tert-butylsilylene transfer. The kinetic order in cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 was determined to be one. Inverse kinetic saturation behavior (rate inhibition) was observed in monosubstituted alkene and cyclohexene concentrations. Saturation kinetic behavior in catalyst concentration was observed. A reactive intermediate, a silylsilver complex, was observed using low temperature 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Competition experiments between substituted styrenes and a deficient amount of 1 correlated well with the Hammett equation and provided a rho value of -0.62 +/- 0.02 using sigmap constants. These data support a mechanism involving reversible silver-promoted di-tert-butylsilylene extrusion from 1 followed by irreversible concerted electrophilic attack of the silylsilver intermediate on the alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Ciraković J, Driver TG, Woerpel KA. Metal-Catalyzed Di-tert-butylsilylene Transfer: Synthesis and Reactivity of Silacyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2004; 69:4007-12. [PMID: 15176824 DOI: 10.1021/jo0355505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed di-tert-butylsilylene transfer was developed as a mild, operationally simple, functional-group-tolerant method for silacyclopropane formation. Di-tert-butylsilylene was transferred from cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 to an alkene through the use of a metal salt. Silacyclopropanation occurred at temperatures as low as -27 degrees C when AgOTf or AgOC(O)CF(3) were used as catalysts. Complex silacyclopropanes were formed stereospecifically and diastereoselectively from functionalized alkenes. Silacyclopropanes reacted with various carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, formate esters, and formamides, in an overall process that efficiently converts alkenes into oxasilacyclopentanes with defined stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciraković
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Weidenbruch M. From a Cyclotrisilane to a Cyclotriplumbane: Low Coordination and Multiple Bonding in Group 14 Chemistry. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om034085z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Driver TG, Franz AK, Woerpel KA. Diastereoselective silacyclopropanations of functionalized chiral alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6524-5. [PMID: 12047159 DOI: 10.1021/ja020183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium reduction of di-tert-butyldichlorosilane and thermal silylene transfer (105-125 degrees C) are complementary methods for the highly diastereoselective silacyclopropanations of a range of functionalized chiral olefins to afford complex silacycles. We have shown that functionalized cyclohexenes, cyclopentenes, norbornenes, and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes undergo silacyclopropanation with excellent diastereoselectivity (92:8 to >99:1). Our results demonstrate that steric interactions, rather than oxygen-directing effects, control the approach of the silylene or silylenoid intermediate to the olefin. We believe that the sterically demanding nature of the di-tert-butylsilylene species prevents coordination to the oxygen functionality. Thermal silylene transfer conditions exhibit broad functional group tolerance; the elevated temperatures for silylene transfer, however, cannot be employed for the silacyclopropanation of substituted cyclohexenes and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes. Elaboration of the resulting functionalized silacyclopropanes provides an efficient route to polyoxygenated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Ostendorf D, Saak W, Weidenbruch M, Marsmann H. Reactions of Silylenes with Acetylenes and 1,3-Diacetylenes Linked by C−C Multiple-Bond Units1,2. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om010805v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Ostendorf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Saak
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Weidenbruch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Marsmann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33095 Paderborn, Germany
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Franz AK, Woerpel KA. ZnBr2-Catalyzed Insertions of Carbonyl Compounds into Silacyclopropanes: Regiochemical Reversal Dependent on Metal Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20001201)112:23<4465::aid-ange4465>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Franz AK, Woerpel KA. ZnBr2-Catalyzed Insertions of Carbonyl Compounds into Silacyclopropanes: Regiochemical Reversal Dependent on Metal Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:4295-4299. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001201)39:23<4295::aid-anie4295>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Franz AK, Woerpel KA. Development of reactions of silacyclopropanes as new methods for stereoselective organic synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2000; 33:813-20. [PMID: 11087318 DOI: 10.1021/ar9900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the development of stereospecific, stereoselective, regioselective, and chemoselective carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions of silacyclopropanes that occur under mild conditions. By appropriate choice of metal salt catalyst, the regiochemistry of these reactions may be tuned to give the desired product. Stereoselective nucleophilic substitution reactions and stereospecific oxidation of the C-Si bond to a carbon-oxygen bond demonstrate that the products of these reactions serve as useful intermediates for the synthesis of polyoxygenated organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Franz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Takeda N, Tokitoh N, Okazaki R. A Novel Reaction Mode in the Cycloaddition of Thermally Generated Silylenes with Conjugated Dienes. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nguyen PT, Palmer WS, Woerpel KA. Stereospecific and Regioselective Isocyanide Insertions into Siliranes and Reactions of the Resulting Iminosilacyclobutanes. J Org Chem 1999; 64:1843-1848. [PMID: 11674272 DOI: 10.1021/jo9816257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The insertions of p-tolyl and tert-butyl isocyanide into siliranes yielded iminosilacyclobutanes with stereospecific retention of configuration. Monosubstituted siliranes underwent insertion into the more substituted Si-C bond of the ring, although this regioselectivity was eroded as substitution increased on the silirane ring. The iminosilacyclobutane products tautomerized thermally or in the presence of a palladium catalyst to yield the thermodynamically more stable aminosilacyclobutenes. Ring-expansion reactions of iminosilacyclobutanes were promoted by acids: treatment with aqueous copper sulfate produced an oxasilacyclopentane in high yield, whereas with trifluoroacetic acid, oxasilacyclohexanes were formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Franz AK, Woerpel KA. Stereospecific and Regioselective Reactions of Silacyclopropanes with Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Copper Salts: Evidence for a Transmetalation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982897u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese K. Franz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Kirmaier L, Weidenbruch M, Marsmann H, Peters K, von Schnering HG. Silylene and Disilene Additions to Hexa-2,4-diyne: Formation of a Propynylsilirene and of Bicyclic Compounds1. Organometallics 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/om970791m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heinrich Marsmann
- Fachbereich Chemie der Universität (GH) Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33095 Paderborn, Germany
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28
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Shaw JT, Woerpel K. Preparation and synthetic utility of oxasilacyclopentane acetals derived from siliranes. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)01039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bodnar PM, Palmer WS, Ridgway BH, Shaw JT, Smitrovich JH, Woerpel KA. Stereo- and Regioselectivity of Reactions of Siliranes with Aldehydes and Related Substrates. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo970263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bodnar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Wylie S. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Brian H. Ridgway
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | | | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Weidenbruch M, Kirmaier L, Marsmann H, Jones PG. Silylene Reactions with N-Methylpyrrole: Cycloadditions and Rearrangements1,2. Organometallics 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/om970043x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Weidenbruch
- Fachbereich Chemie der Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Kirmaier
- Fachbereich Chemie der Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Marsmann
- Fachbereich Chemie der Universität (GH) Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33095 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 33 29, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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Weidenbruch M, Will P, Peters K. 1,3,2-Diazasiloles by Silylene Addition to Trifluoroacetonitrile. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19966221102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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