Synthesis of hydrazinopeptides using solid phase N-amination. Application to chemical ligation

α-Oxo aldehyde or glyoxylyl group chemistry in peptide bioconjugation

Since the 1990s, α-oxo aldehyde or glyoxylic acid chemistry has inspired a vast array of synthetic tools for tailoring peptide or protein structures, for developing peptides endowed with novel physicochemical properties or biological functions, for assembling a large diversity of bioconjugates or hybrid materials, or for designing peptide-based micro or nanosystems. This past decade, important developments have enriched the α-oxo aldehyde synthetic tool box in peptide bioconjugation chemistry and explored novel applications. The aim of this review is to give a large overview of this creative field.

Tartric acid-based linker for the solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes

A novel linker, based on the anchoring of (+)-dimethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-tartrate to PEGA or PEG-PS solid supports, was developed for the solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes. Peptide elongation was performed using the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl/t-Bu chemistry. The peptide and the 1,2-diol were deprotected on the solid phase. Then, a periodic oxidation of the fully deprotected peptidyl-resin led to the simultaneous cleavage of the product from the solid support and to the generation of the alpha-oxo aldehyde moiety. The methodology allowed the distance between the alpha-oxo aldehyde and the peptide to be easily modulated. The C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes synthesized in this study were found to be useful partners in hydrazone, thiazolidine, and oxime chemical ligations.

Synthesis of clustered glycoside-antigen conjugates by two one-pot, orthogonal, chemoselective ligation reactions: scope and limitations

Major histocompatibility class II antigens have been bound to clustered glycosides for selective targeting of the dendritic cell mannose receptor. Di-, tetra-, and octavalent glycoside-antigen conjugates have been obtained after two, orthogonal, hydrazone/thioether ligations, performed by using thio derivatives of D-mannose, D-galactose, or D(-)-quinic acid, glyoxylyl (or hydrazino)-N-chloroacetylated lysinyl trees, and N-terminal hydrazino (or glyoxylyl) peptide antigens. Successful one-pot condensations have been developed to account for the nature of the antigens and the valency of the trees.

Synthesis of hydrazinopeptides using solid-phase N-electrophilic amination: extension to the Fmoc/tert-butyl strategy and chemistry of the N-N bond in strong acid media

The synthesis of hydrazinopeptides using solid-phase N-electrophilic amination was extended to the Fmoc/tert-butyl strategy. Both Boc/benzyl and Fmoc/tert-butyl strategies led to the isolation of by-products arising from the partial instability of the N-N bond during the final cleavage and deprotection step. Two paths of decomposition have been shown: the cleavage of the N-N bond leading to the regeneration of the amine and a Hofmann-type elimination yielding original dianisyl adducts. Our data suggest that the Fmoc/tert-butyl strategy is better suited for the synthesis of hydrazinopeptides.

Reactivity of Lys(NH2)-containing peptides toward endopeptidases

Lys(NH2)-containing peptides were subjected to various proteolytic enzymes which were selected for their well-documented specificity for arginyl and/or lysyl peptide bonds. Lys(NH2)-containing peptides were cleaved more rapidly by clostripain than the corresponding lysyl peptides. On the other hand, they proved to be resistant to Achromobacter protease I hydrolysis. The modified peptides synthesized in this study were more stable than the arginyl and lysyl analogues when incubated with trypsin or thrombin. The same tendency was observed when Lys(NH2)-containing peptides were incubated in diluted human serum, suggesting that the replacement of Arg or Lys by Lys(NH2) could be used to increase the stability of peptides in vivo.

Synthesis of lipopeptides using hydrazone chemical ligation

In this paper we report that a hydrazinopeptide synthesized using solid-phase N-electrophilic amination with N-Boc-3-(4-cyanophenyl)oxaziridine reacted with a lipophilic peptide aldehyde to give the corresponding hydrazone plus an unexpected 1,3,4-oxadiazolidinopeptide containing two peptide aldehyde units. This methodology allows the synthesis of large lipopeptides.

Recent publications in solid-phase chemistry: Part 1

Recent literature in solid-phase organic and inorganic chemistry has been reviewed. Papers have been collated according to the compounds prepared on the solid phase and the types of transformations performed. Covered are more than 40 chemical transformations as well as the preparation of more than 50 functional groups.