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Mueller LK, Baumruck AC, Zhdanova H, Tietze AA. Challenges and Perspectives in Chemical Synthesis of Highly Hydrophobic Peptides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:162. [PMID: 32195241 PMCID: PMC7064641 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) provides the possibility to chemically synthesize peptides and proteins. Applying the method on hydrophilic structures is usually without major drawbacks but faces extreme complications when it comes to "difficult sequences." These includes the vitally important, ubiquitously present and structurally demanding membrane proteins and their functional parts, such as ion channels, G-protein receptors, and other pore-forming structures. Standard synthetic and ligation protocols are not enough for a successful synthesis of these challenging sequences. In this review we highlight, summarize and evaluate the possibilities for synthetic production of "difficult sequences" by SPPS, native chemical ligation (NCL) and follow-up protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K. Mueller
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Baumruck
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hanna Zhdanova
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alesia A. Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Yoshiya T, Tsuda S, Masuda S. Development of Trityl Group Anchored Solubilizing Tags for Peptide and Protein Synthesis. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1906-1913. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute, Inc. 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi Ibaraki-Shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Shugo Tsuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc. 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi Ibaraki-Shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Shun Masuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc. 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi Ibaraki-Shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
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3
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Paraskevopoulou V, Falcone FH. Polyionic Tags as Enhancers of Protein Solubility in Recombinant Protein Expression. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020047. [PMID: 29882886 PMCID: PMC6027335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of recombinant protein expression in the second half of the 1970s, the growth of the biopharmaceutical field has been rapid and protein therapeutics has come to the foreground. Biophysical and structural characterisation of recombinant proteins is the essential prerequisite for their successful development and commercialisation as therapeutics. Despite the challenges, including low protein solubility and inclusion body formation, prokaryotic host systems and particularly Escherichia coli, remain the system of choice for the initial attempt of production of previously unexpressed proteins. Several different approaches have been adopted, including optimisation of growth conditions, expression in the periplasmic space of the bacterial host or co-expression of molecular chaperones, to assist correct protein folding. A very commonly employed approach is also the use of protein fusion tags that enhance protein solubility. Here, a range of experimentally tested peptide tags, which present specific advantages compared to protein fusion tags and the concluding remarks of these experiments are reviewed. Finally, a concept to design solubility-enhancing peptide tags based on a protein’s pI is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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4
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Brailsford JA, Stockdill JL, Axelrod AJ, Peterson MT, Vadola PA, Johnston EV, Danishefsky SJ. Total Chemical Synthesis of Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (hTSH) β-Subunit: Application of Arginine-tagged Acetamidomethyl (Acm R) Protecting Groups. Tetrahedron 2018; 74:1951-1956. [PMID: 30853725 PMCID: PMC6402344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The β-subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH) has been synthesized as a single glycoform bearing a chitobiose disaccharide at the native glycosylation site. Key to the successful completion of this synthesis was the introduction of an arginine-tagged acetamidomethyl group, which served to greatly facilitate handling of a glycopeptide fragment with poor aqueous solubility. This general solution to the challenge of working with intractable peptides is expected to find wide use in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Brailsford
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer L Stockdill
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Abram J Axelrod
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael T Peterson
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul A Vadola
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric V Johnston
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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5
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Baumruck AC, Tietze D, Steinacker LK, Tietze AA. Chemical synthesis of membrane proteins: a model study on the influenza virus B proton channel. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2365-2375. [PMID: 29719709 PMCID: PMC5897842 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NCL results in the quantitative yield of a membrane protein, where a thioester peptide is formed from an oxo-ester with an in situ cleavable solubilizing tag.
In the present study we have developed and optimized a robust strategy for the synthesis of highly hydrophobic peptides, especially membrane proteins, exemplarily using the influenza B M2 proton channel (BM2(1–51)). This strategy is based on the native chemical ligation of two fragments, where the thioester fragment is formed from an oxo-ester peptide, which is synthesized using Fmoc-SPPS, and features an in situ cleavable solubilizing tag (ADO, ADO2 or ADO-Lys5). The nearly quantitative production of the ligation product was followed by an optimized work up protocol, resulting in almost quantitative desulfurization and Acm-group cleavage. Circular dichroism analysis in a POPC lipid membrane revealed that the synthetic BM2(1–51) construct adopts a helical structure similar to that of the previously characterized BM2(1–33).
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Baumruck
- Darmstadt University of Technology , Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Alarich-Weiss Str. 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany .
| | - D Tietze
- Darmstadt University of Technology , Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - L K Steinacker
- Darmstadt University of Technology , Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Alarich-Weiss Str. 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany .
| | - A A Tietze
- Darmstadt University of Technology , Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Alarich-Weiss Str. 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany .
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6
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Jacobsen MT, Petersen ME, Ye X, Galibert M, Lorimer GH, Aucagne V, Kay MS. A Helping Hand to Overcome Solubility Challenges in Chemical Protein Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11775-82. [PMID: 27532670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although native chemical ligation (NCL) and related chemoselective ligation approaches provide an elegant method to stitch together unprotected peptides, the handling and purification of insoluble and aggregation-prone peptides and assembly intermediates create a bottleneck to routinely preparing large proteins by completely synthetic means. In this work, we introduce a new general tool, Fmoc-Ddae-OH, N-Fmoc-1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclo-hexylidene)-3-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]-propan-1-ol, a heterobifunctional traceless linker for temporarily attaching highly solubilizing peptide sequences ("helping hands") onto insoluble peptides. This tool is implemented in three simple and nearly quantitative steps: (i) on-resin incorporation of the linker at a Lys residue ε-amine, (ii) Fmoc-SPPS elongation of a desired solubilizing sequence, and (iii) in-solution removal of the solubilizing sequence using mild aqueous hydrazine to cleave the Ddae linker after NCL-based assembly. Successful introduction and removal of a Lys6 helping hand is first demonstrated in two model systems (Ebola virus C20 peptide and the 70-residue ribosomal protein L31). It is then applied to the challenging chemical synthesis of the 97-residue co-chaperonin GroES, which contains a highly insoluble C-terminal segment that is rescued by a helping hand. Importantly, the Ddae linker can be cleaved in one pot following NCL or desulfurization. The purity, structure, and chaperone activity of synthetic l-GroES were validated with respect to a recombinant control. Additionally, the helping hand enabled synthesis of d-GroES, which was inactive in a heterochiral mixture with recombinant GroEL, providing additional insight into chaperone specificity. Ultimately, this simple, robust, and easy-to-use tool is expected to be broadly applicable for the synthesis of challenging peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine , 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, United States
| | - Mark E Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine , 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, United States
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 8051 Regents Drive, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742-4454, United States
| | - Mathieu Galibert
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301 , Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans CEDEX 2 45071, France
| | - George H Lorimer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 8051 Regents Drive, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742-4454, United States
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301 , Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans CEDEX 2 45071, France
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine , 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, United States
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Chemuru S, Kodali R, Wetzel R. Improved chemical synthesis of hydrophobic Aβ peptides using addition of C-terminal lysines later removed by carboxypeptidase B. Biopolymers 2016; 102:206-21. [PMID: 24488729 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many amyloidogenic peptides are highly hydrophobic, introducing significant challenges to obtaining high quality peptides by chemical synthesis. For example, while good yield and purity can be obtained in the solid-phase synthesis of the Alzheimer's plaque peptide Aβ40, addition of a C-terminal Ile-Ala sequence to generate the more toxic Aβ42 molecule creates a much more difficult synthesis resulting in low yields and purities. We describe here a new method that significantly improves the Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Aβ peptides. In our method, Lys residues are linked to the desired peptide's C-terminus through standard peptide bonds during the synthesis. These Lys residues are then removed post-purification using immobilized carboxypeptidase B (CPB). With this method we obtained both Aβ42 and Aβ46 of superior quality that, for Aβ42, rivals that obtained by recombinant expression. Intriguingly, the method appears to provide independent beneficial effects on both the total synthetic yield and on purification yield and final purity. Reversible Lys addition with CPB removal should be a generally useful method for making hydrophobic peptides that is applicable to any sequence not ending in Arg or Lys. As expected from the additional hydrophobicity of Aβ46, which is extended from the sequence Aβ42 by a C-terminal Thr-Val-Ile-Val sequence, this peptide makes typical amyloid at rates significantly faster than for Aβ42 or Aβ40. The enhanced amyloidogenicity of Aβ46 suggests that, even though it is present in relatively low amounts in the human brain, it could play a significant role in helping to initiate Aβ amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh Chemuru
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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8
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. The road to the synthesis of "difficult peptides". Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:631-54. [PMID: 26612670 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of peptides as drugs. This progress, together with advances in the structural behavior of peptides, has attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in these molecules as potential APIs. In the past, major peptide-based drugs were inspired by sequences extracted from natural structures of low molecular weight. In contrast, nowadays, the peptides being studied by academic and industrial groups comprise more sophisticated sequences. For instance, they consist of long amino acid chains and show a high tendency to form aggregates. Some researchers have claimed that preparing medium-sized proteins is now feasible with chemical ligation techniques, in contrast to medium-sized peptide syntheses. The complexity associated with the synthesis of certain peptides is exemplified by the so-called "difficult peptides", a concept introduced in the 80's. This refers to sequences that show inter- or intra-molecular β-sheet interactions significant enough to form aggregates during peptide synthesis. These structural associations are stabilized and mediated by non-covalent hydrogen bonds that arise on the backbone of the peptide and-depending on the sequence-are favored. The tendency of peptide chains to aggregate is translated into a list of common behavioral features attributed to "difficult peptides" which hinder their synthesis. In this regard, this manuscript summarizes the strategies used to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the synthesis of known "difficult peptides". Here we evaluate several external factors, as well as methods to incorporate chemical modifications into sequences, in order to describe the strategies that are effective for the synthesis of "difficult peptides". These approaches have been classified and ordered to provide an extensive guide for achieving the synthesis of peptides with the aforementioned features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Semipermanent C-terminal carboxylic acid protecting group: application to solubilizing peptides and fragment condensation. Org Lett 2014; 17:294-7. [PMID: 25545716 DOI: 10.1021/ol5033943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl alcohol (Mmsb-OH) safety-catch linker has been described as a useful tool to overcome two obstacles in peptide synthesis: the solubility and fragment condensation of peptides. The incorporation of the linker into an insoluble peptide target, thereby allowing the conjugation of a poly-Lys as a "solubilizing tag", notably enhanced the solubility of the peptide. The selective conditions that remove that linker favored its incorporation as a semipermanent C-terminal protecting group, thereby allowing fragment condensation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Peigneur S, Paolini-Bertrand M, Gaertner H, Biass D, Violette A, Stöcklin R, Favreau P, Tytgat J, Hartley O. δ-Conotoxins synthesized using an acid-cleavable solubility tag approach reveal key structural determinants for NaV subtype selectivity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35341-50. [PMID: 25352593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins are venom peptides from cone snails with multiple disulfide bridges that provide a rigid structural scaffold. Typically acting on ion channels implicated in neurotransmission, conotoxins are of interest both as tools for pharmacological studies and as potential new medicines. δ-Conotoxins act by inhibiting inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav). Their pharmacology has not been extensively studied because their highly hydrophobic character makes them difficult targets for chemical synthesis. Here we adopted an acid-cleavable solubility tag strategy that facilitated synthesis, purification, and directed disulfide bridge formation. Using this approach we readily produced three native δ-conotoxins from Conus consors plus two rationally designed hybrid peptides. We observed striking differences in Nav subtype selectivity across this group of compounds, which differ in primary structure at only three positions: 12, 23, and 25. Our results provide new insights into the structure-activity relationships underlying the Nav subtype selectivity of δ-conotoxins. Use of the acid-cleavable solubility tag strategy should facilitate synthesis of other hydrophobic peptides with complex disulfide bridge patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- From the Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Catholic University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marianne Paolini-Bertrand
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Gaertner
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Biass
- Atheris Laboratories, 1233 Bernex, Switzerland, and
| | | | | | - Philippe Favreau
- Atheris Laboratories, 1233 Bernex, Switzerland, and the Department of Environment, Transport and Agriculture, Service de Toxicologie de l'Environnement, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tytgat
- From the Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Catholic University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Oliver Hartley
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland,
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11
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. 2-Methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl: a backbone amide safety-catch protecting group for the synthesis and purification of difficult peptide sequences. Chemistry 2014; 20:15031-9. [PMID: 25280354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of 2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl (Mmsb) as a new backbone amide-protecting group that acts as a safety-catch structure is proposed. Mmsb, which is stable during the elongation of the sequence and trifluoroacetic acid-mediated cleavage from the resin, improves the synthetic process as well as the properties of the quasi-unprotected peptide. Mmsb offers the possibility of purifying and characterizing complex peptide sequences, and renders the target peptide after NH4 I/TFA treatment and subsequent ether precipitation to remove the cleaved Mmsb moiety. First, the "difficult peptide" sequence H-(Ala)10-NH2 was selected as a model to optimize the new protecting group strategy. Second, the complex, bioactive Ac-(RADA)4-NH2 sequence was chosen to validate this methodology. The improvements in solid-phase peptide synthesis combined with the enhanced solubility of the quasi-unprotected peptides, as compared with standard sequences, made it possible to obtain purified Ac-(RADA)4-NH2. To extend the scope of the approach, the challenging Aβ(1-42) peptide was synthesized and purified in a similar manner. The proposed Mmsb strategy opens up the possibility of synthesizing other challenging small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028 (Spain), Fax: (+34) 93-4037126; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028 (Spain)
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12
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Paradís-Bas M, Albert-Soriano M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Linear versus branched poly-lysine/arginine as polarity enhancer tags. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7194-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of Lys- and Arg-containing peptides as solubilizing tags were studied to evaluate their influence on polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN
- Networking Centre for Address
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN
- Networking Centre for Address
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN
- Networking Centre for Address
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Harris PWR, Brimble MA. Toward the total chemical synthesis of the cancer protein NY-ESO-1. Biopolymers 2010; 94:542-50. [PMID: 20593475 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During the course of developing a synthetic route for the cancer protein NY-ESO-1 using native chemical ligation, a number of the required thioester polypeptide fragments were unable to be synthesized effectively using Boc solid phase peptide synthesis. Modification of the SPPS protocols to include an arginine tag at the C terminus linked via the thioester resulted in a better purity profile and enhanced solubility, facilitating purification by HPLC. During preparation of another reactive partner for ligation that contained an internal Cys(Acm) residue by Fmoc SPPS, extensive loss of the Acm group occurred during cleavage from the resin while substitution with Cys(tBu) resulted in no loss of protecting group. It was shown that native chemical ligation of N-terminal cysteine peptide 155-180 containing the Cys(tBu) residue with thioester 140-154 was slow, incomplete and led to extensive HPLC column fouling. Subsequent incorporation of a C-terminal arginine tag into the N-terminal NY-ESO-1 155-180 fragment joined by a base labile 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid (HMBA) linker facilitated rapid quantitative ligation. The HMBA linker was demonstrated to be stable to the conditions required for native chemical ligation, subsequent transformations and final purification. Importantly it was effectively removed at pH=10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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14
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Hossain MA, Belgi A, Lin F, Zhang S, Shabanpoor F, Chan L, Belyea C, Truong HT, Blair AR, Andrikopoulos S, Tregear GW, Wade JD. Use of a Temporary “Solubilizing” Peptide Tag for the Fmoc Solid-Phase Synthesis of Human Insulin Glargine via Use of Regioselective Disulfide Bond Formation. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1390-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Alessia Belgi
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Feng Lin
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Suode Zhang
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Linda Chan
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Chris Belyea
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Hue-Trung Truong
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Amy R. Blair
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Sof Andrikopoulos
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Tregear
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
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15
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A new protecting group for tryptophan in solid-phase peptide synthesis which protects against acid-catalyzed side reactions and facilitates purification by HPLC. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wahlström K, Planstedt O, Undén A. Synthesis and purification of aggregation-prone hydrophobic peptides by the incorporation of an Fmoc dipeptide with the peptide bond protected with a modified 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl (Hmb) group. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Johnson EC, Kent SB. Towards the total chemical synthesis of integral membrane proteins: a general method for the synthesis of hydrophobic peptide-thioester building blocks. Tetrahedron Lett 2007; 48:1795-1799. [PMID: 19177172 PMCID: PMC2631171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Modification of a peptide-(α)thioester with a sequence of six arginines on the thioester leaving group can render soluble all peptides derived from a polytopic integral membrane protein. This strategy greatly simplifies the synthesis of peptide-(α)thioester building blocks for the total chemical synthesis of integral membrane proteins by native chemical ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C.B. Johnson
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, 929 E. 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, 929 E. 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen B.H. Kent
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, 929 E. 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, 929 E. 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, 929 E. 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The Human Genome Project and other major sequencing projects have rapidly provided a vast array of new protein sequences. In the postgenomic era, the physical form of many of these gene-encoded sequences will be vital for biomedical research and drug development. In this epoch, the advantages of protein chemical synthesis will complement recombinant-DNA methods, and will be used to provide rapid access to small proteins or functional receptor domains. In this review the key methodological advances that have made the synthesis of long peptides and small proteins more effective will be presented. Focus is given to the issues and goals of contemporary chemical protein synthesis, including (1) the rapid chain assembly of tailored peptide segments for use in ligation strategies, and (2) development of highly efficient and universal chemoselective ligation strategies. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 55: 217-226, 2000
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bourne GT, Meutermans WD, Smythe ML. The development of solid phase protocols for a backbone amide linker and its application to the Boc-based assembly of linear peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Englebretsen DR, Choma CT, Robillard GT. Synthesis of a designed transmembrane protein by thioether ligation of solubilised segments: Nα-haloacetylated peptides survived resin cleavage using TFA with EDT as scavenger. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Choma CT, Robillard GT, Englebretsen DR. Synthesis of hydrophobic peptides: An Fmoc “solubilising tail” method. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tomich JM, Wallace D, Henderson K, Mitchell KE, Radke G, Brandt R, Ambler CA, Scott AJ, Grantham J, Sullivan L, Iwamoto T. Aqueous solubilization of transmembrane peptide sequences with retention of membrane insertion and function. Biophys J 1998; 74:256-67. [PMID: 9449327 PMCID: PMC1299379 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the peptide C-K4-M2GlyR mimics the action of chloride channels when incorporated into the apical membrane of cultured renal epithelial monolayers. C-K4-M2GlyR is one of a series of peptides that were prepared by the addition of lysine residues to the N- or C-terminus of the M2 transmembrane sequence of the brain glycine receptor. This study addresses how such modifications affect physical properties such as aqueous solubility, aggregation, and secondary structure, as well as the ability of the modified peptides to form channels in epithelial monolayers. A graded improvement in solubility with a concomitant decrease in aggregation in aqueous media was observed for the M2GlyR transmembrane sequences. Increases in short-circuit current (I(SC)) of epithelial monolayers were observed after treatment with some but not all of the peptides. The bioactivity was higher for the more soluble, less aggregated M2GlyR peptides. As described in our previous communication, sensitivity of channel activity to diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, a chloride channel blocker, and bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter, was used to assess changes in chloride selectivity for the different assembled channel-forming peptides. The unmodified M2GlyR sequence and the modified peptides with less positive charge are more sensitive to these agents than are the more highly charged forms. This study shows that relatively insoluble transmembrane sequences can be modified such that they are easier to purify and deliver in the absence of organic solvents with retention of membrane association, insertion, and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tomich
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
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