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Brubaker-Purkey BJ, Woodruff RI. Vitellogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster: antagonists demonstrate that the PLC, IP3/DAG, PK-C pathway is triggered by calmodulin. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:68. [PMID: 24228869 PMCID: PMC3835028 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster M. (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a phospholipase-C to proteininase-C signal cascade leads to the endocytic uptake of yolk precursor molecules. The data suggest that D. melanogaster has a phospholipase-C/proteinkinase-C signaling pathway similar to that previously shown to be required for vitellogenesis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Calmodulin, derived from epithelial cells and transported to the oocytes via gap junctions, may trigger this pathway. To investigate this, a series of known antagonists to various elements of the pathway were used. W-7 (which prevents calmodulin binding to phospholipase-C), U-73122 (which prevents activation of phospholipase-C), verapamil (which blocks Ca(2+) release by IP3), HAG (which blocks diacylglycerol), and staurosporine (which inactivates proteinkinase-C) were each shown to inhibit endocytosis, thereby blocking formation of nascent yolk spheres.
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2
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Brown PT, Woodruff RI. Trans-order yolk protein can stimulate endocytic activity in Drosophilaoocytes. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2011.574843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Brown PT, Herbert P, Woodruff RI. Vitellogenesis in Oncopeltus fasciatus: PLC/IP(3), DAG/PK-C pathway triggered by CaM. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1300-1305. [PMID: 20416320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Oncopeltus fasciatus, evidence shown here indicates it is calmodulin (CaM) that activates phospholipase-C (PLC), beginning a signalling pathway necessary for endocytic uptake of yolk precursor molecules. Epithelial cell-produced CaM, transported to oocytes via gap junctions, has been shown to be required for receptor-mediated endocytic uptake of vitellogenins (Vgs, the protein precursors of yolk). To determine if CaM was directly or indirectly stimulating the phospholipase-C (PLC) signalling cascade and thus controlling Vg endocytosis we used a series of molecules known to inactivate various elements of the pathway. W-7 prevents CaM from interacting with other molecules. Neomycin isolates PIP(2) from PLC. U-73122 directly inactivates PLC. 2-APB blocks IP(3) receptors which would otherwise cause release of Ca(2+). Verapamil and CdCl(2) block Ca(2+) release channels. Staurosporin and calphostin are inhibitors of PK-C. 1-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl glycerol (HAG) binds to diacylglycerol (DAG). Through the use of these antagonists we show here that: (1) the activation of phospholipase-C in this system requires CaM. (2) Stimulated phospholipase-C converts PIP(2) into IP(3) and DAG. (3) IP(3) causes increase in cytosolic Ca(2+). (4) DAG and Ca(2+) each stimulate phosphokinase-C, resulting in endocytosis of Vgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Brown
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
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Bennettová B, Slaninová J, Vlasáková V, Hlaváček J, Holík J, Tykva R. Study of oostatic peptide uptake and metabolism in developing ovaries of the flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2010; 10:48. [PMID: 20572785 PMCID: PMC3014797 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.4801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and metabolism of the oostatic pentapeptide analogue of trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), H-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Ala-Pro-OH (5P), in ovaries of Neobellieria bullata (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were analyzed during their developmental stages. During selected stages of yolk deposition, the fate of [3HPro(3)]5P after its in vivo injection was compared to its uptake after in vitro incubation of dissected ovaries. The ovaries were analyzed from 30 s to 180 min after incubation. A detection sensitivity of 60-100 fmol of the labeled 5P was achieved using radio-high performance liquid chromatography. While the uptake of the applied radioactivity strongly depended on the stage of vitellogenesis, especially for the in vitro experiment, degradation of 5P was very quick and independent of whether the label was injected or incubated with the ovaries, regardless of the developmental stage of ovaries. No tracers of 5P were detected at 30 s after applying the labeled 5P in all tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Bennettová
- Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Slaninová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Vlasáková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hlaváček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holík
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Tykva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Cieniewicz AM, Woodruff RI. Importance of molecular configuration in gap junctional permeability. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1293-1300. [PMID: 18691596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions between insect oocytes and follicular epithelial cells allow transit of elongate Ca(2+)-binding proteins Calmodulin (CaM, 17 kDa) and Troponin-C (Trop-C, 18 kDa), but not multi-branched dextran (10 kDa) nor the Ca(2+)-binding protein Osteocalcin (Osteo, 6 kDa). By microinjection of fluorescently labeled versions of each of these molecules we were able to obtain visual evidence that, despite their lesser molecular weight, molecules with greater cross-sections were unable to transit these gap junctions, while heavier but elongate molecules could. While CaM had previously been shown to pass through gap junctions from oocytes to their surrounding epithelial cells, the ability of CaM and Trop-C to transit the gap junctions between adjacent epithelial cells had not been demonstrated. Evidence shown here demonstrates that the homologous gap junctions among epithelial cells, like the heterologous gap junctions between epithelial cells and the oocyte they surround, allow transit of elongate molecules up to at least 18 kDa. Furthermore, the evidence for four different molecules of differing molecular weights and configurations supports the hypothesis that it is molecular configuration, not chemical activity, that primarily determines the observed permeability of gap junctions to molecules 5-6 times larger than the molecular weight limit previously acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Cieniewicz
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States
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Woodruff RI. Calmodulin transit via gap junctions is reduced in the absence of an electric field. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:843-52. [PMID: 15935371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctional transport of Calmodulin (CaM) from epithelial cells to insect oocytes is enhanced by alignment of the molecules via an electric field. It has recently been shown that CaM is needed for uptake of vitellogenins, is produced in the epithelial cells and reaches oocytes via gap junctions. For CaM to transit the gap junctions something must align these elongated molecules with the lumina of the gap junctions. This might be accomplished by the electric field that exists at the membrane of any cell with an Em of >0 mV. Fluorescently labeled CaM was injected into oocytes. At t=0, the epithelial cell/oocyte "fluorescence" ratio showed epithelial cells to be 24%+/-1.5% as bright as the injected oocyte. In follicles which maintained an electric field for one hour the epithelial cell/oocyte fluorescence ratio had risen to 79%+/-1.4%, while for follicles in which the field was cancelled by holding Em at 0 mV the ratio was only 45%+/-1.7%. After termination of the holding current follicles regained their original Em and their original electric field. At the end of a second hour of incubation the ratio had risen to 76%+/-1.2%, very close to what was observed in the untreated control follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Woodruff
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA.
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Brooks RA, Woodruff RI. Calmodulin transmitted through gap junctions stimulates endocytic incorporation of yolk precursors in insect oocytes. Dev Biol 2004; 271:339-49. [PMID: 15223338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In ovarian follicles of Oncopeltus fasciatus, and of Xylocopa virginica, calmodulin (CaM) of epithelial cell origin is required by oocytes for endocytic uptake of yolk precursor molecules. Furthermore, this 17-19 kDa protein is normally transported to the oocytes via gap junctions. Downregulation of gap junctions by treatment with 1 mM octanol or separation of the epithelial cells from their oocytes terminated precursor uptake, and this activity could be rescued by microinjection of 60 microM CaM, but not by injections of incubation medium, nor solutions of other molecular species tested. That endogenous CaM is required was confirmed by incubating otherwise untreated follicles in physiological salt solution (PSS) containing either calmidazolium or W-7, both known antagonists of CaM. By radioimmunoprecipitation, we show that the epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte synthesized 15 times as much calmodulin as did the oocytes they encircled. Neither octanol-treated follicles nor denuded oocytes incubated in medium containing calmodulin were able to resume endocytosis, arguing against an extracellular route. However, fluorescently labeled calmodulin microinjected into oocytes is shown to have crossed through gap junctions, making epithelial cells distinctly fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amy Brooks
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383-2130, USA
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Waksmonski SL, Woodruff RI. For uptake of yolk precursors, epithelial cell-oocyte gap junctional communication is required by insects representing six different orders. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 48:667-675. [PMID: 12770077 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For uptake of vitellogenin protein into nascent yolk spheres, communication through open gap junction channels between the follicle epithelium and oocyte is required by six different insects representing six different orders. It was recently shown in the hemipteran, Oncopeltus fasciatus, that endocytic uptake of yolk protein resulting in the formation of nascent yolk spheres depended upon an intact epithelium communicating with the oocyte through patent gap junctions. Following treatment with octanol, which down-regulated gap junctions below the level of dye coupling, vitellogenin uptake was terminated. Yet, for another hemipteran, Dysdercus intermedius, it has been shown that yolk spheres can form even when all epithelial cells have been stripped from the oocyte. To determine if the mechanism seen in Oncopeltus is present in other insects, we utilized the same techniques to study nascent yolk sphere production in a dipteran, Drosophila melanogaster, a lepidopteran, Actias luna, a hymenopteran, Xylocopa virginica, a coleopteran, Tenebrio molitor and an orthopteran, Acheta domesticus. In each of these, when gap junctions were down-regulated yolk uptake quickly stopped. That six different insects from six different orders all required a gap junctionally transmitted chemical signal of epithelial cell origin suggests that this mechanism is widespread throughout the insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Waksmonski
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, PA 19383-2130, West Chester, USA
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Anderson KL, Woodruff RI. A gap junctionally transmitted epithelial cell signal regulates endocytic yolk uptake in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dev Biol 2001; 239:68-78. [PMID: 11784019 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For endocytic uptake of vitellogenins, developing oocytes of Oncopeltus require a soluble, diffusible molecular signal from their surrounding epithelial cells, and this signal must be transmitted through open gap junctions. Hormonal stimulation triggering synthesis and processing of vitellogenins into mature insect yolk spheres has been intensely studied, and follicle epithelial cells are known in several insects to contribute to the blood products which are endocytosed along with vitellogenins synthesized in the fat bodies. However, there has been little evidence that direct gap junctional communication is a requirement for endocytic activity by oocytes. In untreated control follicles, both electrical and dye coupling occur, and follicles incubated in vitro in physiological salt solution containing small amounts of blood and fluorescent dye produce fluorescently labeled nascent yolk spheres. Labeled yolk spheres were visible in both sectioned material, and, with (Laser) Confocal Scanning, in living material. Dye coupling was abolished by treatment with either 1 mM octanol, 0.5 mM ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or cytoplasmic acidification, with coupling coefficients also being affected as each of these gap junction antagonists down-regulated the connexons. With each of these treatments, after gap junctions were down-regulated, receptor-mediated endocytic uptake of blood-born vitellogenins came to a halt. Furthermore, Oncopeltus follicles with endocytic activity blocked in this manner could be rescued by microinjection of the soluble fraction of lysed epithelial cell cytoplasm, confirming that the process depended upon a molecular signal from the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Anderson
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383-2130, USA
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Costa-Filho A, Werneck CC, Nasciutti LE, Masuda H, Atella GC, Silva LF. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans from ovary of Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 31:31-40. [PMID: 11102832 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized sulfated glycosaminoglycans from ovaries of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, and determined parameters of their synthesis and distribution within this organ by biochemical and histochemical procedures. The major sulfated glycosaminoglycan is heparan sulfate while chondroitin 4-sulfate is a minor component. These glycosaminoglycans are concentrated in the ovarian tissue and are not found inside the oocytes. Besides this, we detected the presence of a sulfated compound distinguished from sulfated glycosaminoglycans and possibly derived from sulfated proteins. Conversely to the compartmental location of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, the unidentified sulfated compound is located in the ovarian tissue as well as inside the oocytes. Based on these and other findings, the possible roles of ovarian sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the process of oogenesis in these insects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Adler EL, Woodruff RI. Varied effects of 1-octanol on gap junctional communication between ovarian epithelial cells and oocytes of Oncopeltus fasciatus, Hyalophora cecropia, and Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 43:22-32. [PMID: 10613960 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(200001)43:1<22::aid-arch4>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In insect gap junctions, species-specific differences occur in response to the purported gap junction uncoupling agent, 1-octanol. Changes in gap junctional communication between oocytes and their epithelial cells following treatment with 1-octanol were assayed in Oncopeltus fasciatus (the milkweed bug), Hyalophora cecropia (the American silk moth), and Drosophila melanogaster. In all three species, microinjection of untreated control follicles with Lucifer yellow CH revealed extensive dye coupling among epithelial cells and between epithelial cells and their oocytes. Also for all three species, treatment with octanol appeared to completely block dye coupling and increase oocyte input resistance. The effect on electrical coupling varied. In Drosophila, octanol diminished the electrical coupling from 64% (0.64 coupling coefficient) in controls to 53% in treated follicles. In Hyalophora, the coupling ratio remained the same following treatment. In Oncopeltus, octanol actually increased the electrical coupling ratio from 84% in controls to 94% in treated follicles. While 0.5 mM octanol left some Oncopeltus epithelial cells dye coupled to the oocyte, the electrical coupling ratio was increased slightly more by this concentration than by 1 or 5 mM octanol solutions, although the differences were not significant. While input resistance (R(o )) increased in all three following treatment with octanol, there was considerable difference in the magnitude of the response. Average oocyte R(o ) for Oncopeltus increased the least of the three species, rising from 196-240 kOhm. Both Hyalophora, with a nearly fourfold increase from 230-900 kOhm or more, and Drosophila, with a twofold increase from 701 kOhm to over 1.2 MegOhm showed much larger changes. Results shown here indicate that insect gap junctions have more varied responses to this common gap junction antagonist than have been reported for their vertebrate counterparts. Arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Adler
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383-8102, USA
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12
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Fleig R. Role of the follicle cells for yolk uptake in ovarian follicles of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(95)98841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Structural organization of ovarian follicle cells in the cotton bug (Dysdercus intermedius) and the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Cell Tissue Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Hurd H, Arme C. Hymenolepis diminuta: effect of infection upon the patency of the follicular epithelium in the intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor. J Invertebr Pathol 1987; 49:227-34. [PMID: 3585048 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(87)90052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Ma W, Ramaswamy S. Histological changes during ovarian maturation in the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de beauvois) (Hemiptera : Miridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(87)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Nutritive cord connection and dye-coupling of the follicular epithelium to the growing oocytes in the telotrophic ovarioles inOncopeltus fasciatus, the milkweed bug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 193:158-163. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1983] [Accepted: 10/19/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Feldlaufer MF, Bowers WS, Soderlund DM, Evans PH. Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid skeleton of juvenile hormone 3 byDysdercus fasciatus corpora allata in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402230311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huebner E, Injeyan H. Follicular modulation during oocyte development in an insect: formation and modification of septate and gap junctions. Dev Biol 1981; 83:101-13. [PMID: 7239004 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(81)80012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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