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Ma Y, Guo C, Dai N, Shen J, Guan J. Structural characterization and regulation of the mechanical properties of the carapace cuticle in tri-spine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104954. [PMID: 34741983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Horseshoe crab (order Xiphosura) has a large and thick carapace that has evolved as a protective tool to defend against predators and resist impacts from surf-zone turbulence. The naturally occurring spatial variation in the mechanical properties of the carapace cuticle need to be investigated to understand their regulatory mechanism and the underlying design strategies. In this work, we used a combination of high-resolution optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate the multiscale microstructure and elemental composition of the cuticle of tri-spine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). The moduli, ultimate strengths, and failure strains of the three individual layers and the entire cuticle were systematically characterized in both the dry and hydrated states. The failure behaviors and energy absorption of the cuticle involved stress stiffening, toughness mechanism and environmental adaptation were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and then correlated with the morphological features in different cuticle regions. The mechanical properties are primarily influenced by the endocuticle thickness ratio; a higher thickness ratio corresponds to more stacking of the vertical lamellae, leading to a lower modulus, weaker strength, and greater elongation of the endocuticle. Radial energy is absorbed primarily by the endocuticle, with the energy absorbed in the radial direction being nearly twice that absorbed in the circumferential direction. This is attributed to the larger failure strain and relatively small decrease in the stress plateau in the radial direction. The findings provide a deeper understanding of how nature modulates the cuticle's mechanical properties and inspiration for developing high-performance synthetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaopeng Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China; Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China; Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Ning Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Jingyu Shen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China; Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Jigang Guan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China; Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
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Seidl B, Reisecker C, Neues F, Campanaro A, Epple M, Hild S, Ziegler A. The dorsal tergite cuticle of Helleria brevicornis: Ultrastructure, mineral distribution, calcite microstructure and texture. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2021; 5:100051. [PMID: 34337383 PMCID: PMC8313847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the terrestrial Crustacea, isopods have most successfully established themselves in a large variety of terrestrial habitats. As in most Crustacea, their cuticle consists of a hierarchically organised organic phase of chitin-protein fibrils, containing calcium carbonate and some calcium phosphate. In previous studies, we examined the tergite cuticle of Tylos europaeus, which lives on seashores and burrows into moist sand. In this study, we investigate the closely related species Helleria brevicornis, which is completely terrestrial and lives in leaf litter and humus and burrows into the soil. To get deeper insights in relation between the structure of the organic and mineral phase in species living in diverse habitats, we have investigated the structure, and the chemical and crystallographic properties of the tergite cuticle using various preparation techniques, and microscopic and analytical methods. The results reveal long and short epicuticular sensilla with brushed tips on the tergite surface that do not occur in T. europaeus. As in T. europaeus a distal exocuticle, which contains a low number of organic fibres, contains calcite while the subjacent layers of the exo- and endocuticle contain amorphous calcium carbonate. The distal exocuticle contains a polygonal pattern of mineral initiation sites that correspond to interprismatic septa described for decapod crabs. The shape and position of calcite units do not follow the polygonal pattern of the septa. The results indicate that the calcite units form by crystallisation from an amorphous phase that progresses from both margins of the septa to the centres of the polygons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seidl
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Campanaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, I-50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Bogataj U, Praznik M, Mrak P, Štrus J, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Žnidaršič N. Comparative ultrastructure of cells and cuticle in the anterior chamber and papillate region of Porcellioscaber (Crustacea, Isopoda) hindgut. Zookeys 2018:427-458. [PMID: 30564048 PMCID: PMC6288245 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopod hindgut consists of two anatomical and functional parts, the anterior chamber, and the papillate region. This study provides a detailed ultrastructural comparison of epithelial cells in the anterior chamber and the papillate region with focus on cuticle ultrastructure, apical and basal plasma membrane labyrinths, and cell junctions. Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the hindgut epithelial cells was demonstrated by cytochemical localisation. The main difference in cuticle ultrastructure is in the thickness of epicuticle which is almost as thick as the procuticle in the papillate region and only about one sixth of the thickness of procuticle in the anterior chamber. The apical plasma membrane in both hindgut regions forms an apical plasma membrane labyrinth of cytoplasmic strands and extracellular spaces. In the papillate region the membranous infoldings are deeper and the extracellular spaces are wider. The basal plasma membrane is extensively infolded and associated with numerous mitochondria in the papillate region, while it forms relatively scarce basal infoldings in the anterior chamber. The junctional complex in both hindgut regions consists of adherens and septate junctions. Septate junctions are more extensive in the papillate region. Na+/K+-ATPase was located mostly in the apical plasma membranes in both hindgut regions. The ultrastructural features of hindgut cuticle are discussed in comparison to exoskeletal cuticle and to cuticles of other arthropod transporting epithelia from the perspective of their mechanical properties and permeability. The morphology of apical and basal plasma membranes and localisation of Na+/K+-ATPase are compared with other arthropod-transporting epithelia according to different functions of the anterior chamber and the papillate region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Praznik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Dactylopodites of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mrak P, Bogataj U, Štrus J, Žnidaršič N. Cuticle morphogenesis in crustacean embryonic and postembryonic stages. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:77-95. [PMID: 27816526 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The crustacean cuticle is a chitin-based extracellular matrix, produced in general by epidermal cells and ectodermally derived epithelial cells of the digestive tract. Cuticle morphogenesis is an integrative part of embryonic and postembryonic development and it was studied in several groups of crustaceans, but mainly with a focus on one selected aspect of morphogenesis. Early studies were focused mainly on in vivo or histological observations of embryonic or larval molt cycles and more recently, some ultrastructural studies of the cuticle differentiation during development were performed. The aim of this paper is to review data on exoskeletal and gut cuticle formation during embryonic and postembryonic development in crustaceans, obtained in different developmental stages of different species and to bring together and discuss different aspects of cuticle morphogenesis, namely data on the morphology, ultrastructure, composition, connections to muscles and molt cycles in relation to cuticle differentiation. Based on the comparative evaluation of microscopic analyses of cuticle in crustacean embryonic and postembryonic stages, common principles of cuticle morphogenesis during development are discussed. Additional studies are suggested to further clarify this topic and to connect the new knowledge to related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yaraghi NA, Guarín-Zapata N, Grunenfelder LK, Hintsala E, Bhowmick S, Hiller JM, Betts M, Principe EL, Jung JY, Sheppard L, Wuhrer R, McKittrick J, Zavattieri PD, Kisailus D. A Sinusoidally Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6835-44. [PMID: 27238289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A fibrous herringbone-modified helicoidal architecture is identified within the exocuticle of an impact-resistant crustacean appendage. This previously unreported composite microstructure, which features highly textured apatite mineral templated by an alpha-chitin matrix, provides enhanced stress redistribution and energy absorption over the traditional helicoidal design under compressive loading. Nanoscale toughening mechanisms are also identified using high-load nanoindentation and in situ transmission electron microscopy picoindentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nicolás Guarín-Zapata
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lessa K Grunenfelder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Eric Hintsala
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Betts
- TESCAN USA Inc, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leigh Sheppard
- Advanced Materials Characterization Facility, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (R&D) Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard Wuhrer
- Advanced Materials Characterization Facility, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (R&D) Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo D Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Ayari A, Raimond M, Souty-Grosset C, Nasri-Ammar K. Hierarchical organization of the cuticle of the subsocial desert isopod, Hemilepistus reaumurii. J Struct Biol 2016; 193:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Mrak P, Znidaršič N, Zagar K, Ceh M, Strus J. Exoskeletal cuticle differentiation during intramarsupial development of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:423-439. [PMID: 25051210 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeletal crustacean cuticle is a calcified apical extracellular matrix of epidermal cells, illustrating the chitin-based organic scaffold for biomineralization. Studies of cuticle formation during molting reveal significant dynamics and complexity of the assembly processes, while cuticle formation during embryogenesis is poorly investigated. This study reveals in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, the ultrastructural organization of the differentiating precuticular matrices and exoskeletal cuticles during embryonic and larval intramarsupial development. The composition of the epidermal matrices was obtained by WGA lectin labelling and EDXS analysis. At least two precuticular matrices, consisting of loosely arranged material with overlying electron dense lamina, are secreted by the epidermis in the mid-stage embryo. The prehatching embryo is the earliest developmental stage with a cuticular matrix consisting of an epicuticle and a procuticle, displaying WGA binding and forming cuticular scales. In newly hatched marsupial larva manca, a new cuticle is formed and calcium sequestration in the cuticle is evident. Progression of larval development leads to the cuticle thickening, structural differentiation of cuticular layers and prominent cuticle calcification. Morphological characteristics of exoskeleton renewal in marsupial manca are described. Elaborated cuticle in marsupial larvae indicates the importance of the exoskeleton in protection and support of the larval body in the marsupium and during the release of larvae in the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nada Znidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Zagar
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Ceh
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Strus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ultrastructure and mineral composition of the cornea cuticle in the compound eyes of a supralittoral and a marine isopod. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:158-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ruangchai S, Reisecker C, Hild S, Ziegler A. The architecture of the joint head cuticle and its transition to the arthrodial membrane in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber. J Struct Biol 2013; 182:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hild S, Marti O, Ziegler A. Spatial distribution of calcite and amorphous calcium carbonate in the cuticle of the terrestrial crustaceans Porcellio scaber and Armadillidium vulgare. J Struct Biol 2008; 163:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The hinge structure in the podocopan ostracode Loxconcha pulchra was examined throughout its molt cycle using ultrastructural and histological procedures. The structure consists of ligament and hingement, and develops along the attached margin of the right and left valves. In Stage C the hingement of both valves interdigitates beneath the ligament, and a series of outer epidermal cells (dorsal epidermal cells), exhibiting abundant granules, underlie the hinge structure. Apolysis occurs at Stage D1, and electron-dense granular materials of variable diameter are seen within the ecdysial space. Epicuticle formation begins at Stage D2 and is complete before Stage D4. In Stage D2 the new epicuticle appears as a dotted line consisting of numerous grain-like materials. The dorsal epidermal cells, which actively secrete the numerous granules during molting, increase their size and reveal the electron-dense substances in the cytoplasm from Stage D2. At early Stage D3 the procuticle deposition of ligament commences inside the epicuticle, and is completed in Stage D4. In Stage D4 the uncalcified procuticle is secreted under the whole area of carapace, and the new carapace is then ready for ecdysis. After ecdysis, calcification of the carapace commences from the dorsal and ventral marginal areas towards the central area. During Stage A there is no further cuticle deposition in the ligament, although the dorsal epidermal cells secrete as actively in the postmolt stage as in premolt. The dorsal epidermal cells begin to form the hingement just after ecdysis. Cuticle deposition of the hingement proceeds asynchronously in the two valves: the hingement of the right valve is formed prior to that of left one in L. pulchra. The right hingement functions as a mold for the left hingement to form the precise interdigitated structure in L. pulchra. These observations suggest that the ostracode ligament is a unique cuticle, which should not be confused with the cuticles of other arthropods. The work establishes, for the first time, a description of the formation of the hingement in podocopan ostracodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamada
- Geosphere and Biosphere Science Group, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Priester C, Dillaman RM, Gay DM. Ultrastructure, histochemistry, and mineralization patterns in the ecdysial suture of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2005; 11:479-99. [PMID: 17481327 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927605050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The ecdysial suture is the region of the arthropod exoskeleton that splits to allow the animal to emerge during ecdysis. We examined the morphology and composition of the intermolt and premolt suture of the blue crab using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The suture could not be identified by routine histological techniques; however 3 of 22 fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectins tested (Lens culinaris agglutinin, Vicia faba agglutinin, and Pisum sativum agglutinin) differentiated the suture, binding more intensely to the suture exocuticle and less intensely to the suture endocuticle. Back-scattered electron (BSE) and secondary electron observations of fracture surfaces of intermolt cuticle showed less mineralized regions in the wedge-shaped suture as did BSE analysis of premolt and intermolt resin-embedded cuticle. The prism regions of the suture exocuticle were not calcified. X-ray microanalysis of both the endocuticle and exocuticle demonstrated that the suture was less calcified than the surrounding cuticle with significantly lower magnesium and phosphorus concentrations, potentially making its mineral more soluble. The presence or absence of a glycoprotein in the organic matrix, the extent and composition of the mineral deposited, and the thickness of the cuticle all likely contribute to the suture being removed by molting fluid, thereby ensuring successful ecdysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Priester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, USA
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Microscopical and functional aspects of calcium-transport and deposition in terrestrial isopods. Micron 2005; 36:137-53. [PMID: 15629645 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea) are excellent model organisms to study epithelial calcium-transport and the regulation of biomineralization processes. They molt frequently and resorb cuticular CaCO(3) before the molt to prevent excessive loss of Ca(2+) ions when the old cuticle is shed. The resorbed mineral is stored in CaCO(3) deposits within the ecdysial gap of the first four anterior sternites. After the molt, the deposits are quickly resorbed to mineralise the posterior part of the new cuticle. The deposits contain numerous small spherules composed of an organic matrix and amorphous CaCO(3), which has a high solubility and, therefore, facilitates quick mobilization of Ca(2+) and HCO(3)(-) ions. During the formation and resorption of the deposits large amounts of Ca(2+), HCO(3)(-) and H(+) are transported across the anterior sternal epithelial cells. Within the last years, various light and electron microscopical techniques have been used to characterize the CaCO(3) deposits and the cellular mechanisms involved in biomineralization. The work on the CaCO(3) deposits includes studies on the ultrastructure of the deposits, the sequence of events during deposit formation and dissolution, and the mineral composition of the sternal deposits. The differentiation of the anterior sternal epithelial cells and the mechanisms of epithelial ion transport required for the mineralization and demineralisation of the deposits was studied using various analytical light and electron microscopical techniques including polarized light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, electron microprobe analysis, electron energy loss spectroscopy and electron spectroscopic imaging. Comparative analysis of deposit morphology and the differentiation of the sternal epithelia provide information on the evolution of CaCO(3) deposit formation in relation to the degree of adaptation to terrestrial environments.
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Dillaman R, Hequembourg S, Gay M. Early pattern of calcification in the dorsal carapace of the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus. J Morphol 2005; 263:356-74. [PMID: 15688443 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of calcium carbonate deposition was observed in the dorsal carapace of premolt (D2-D3) and early postmolt (0-48 h) blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Samples of dorsal carapace for SEM were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, subsequently lyophilized, and viewed using secondary and backscattered electrons as well as X-ray maps of calcium. Pieces of lyophilized cuticle were also embedded in epoxy resin and subsequently sectioned and viewed with TEM and SEM. Fresh pieces of dorsal carapace for TEM were also fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer followed by postfixation in 1% OsO4 in cacodylate buffer. Calcium concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and quantitative X-ray microanalysis. Calcium accumulation began in the cuticle at 3 h postmolt at the epicuticle/exocuticle boundary and at the distal and proximal margins of the interprismatic septa (IPS). The bidirectional calcification of the IPS continued until the two fronts met at 5-8 h postmolt. The roughly hexagonal walls of the IPS formed a honeycomb-like structure that resulted in a rigid cuticle. The walls of the canal containing sensory neurons also calcified at 3 h, thereby imparting rigidity to the structure and additional strength to the cuticle. Examination of thin sections of lyophilized cuticle and fixed cuticle revealed that the first mineral deposited is more soluble than calcite and is probably amorphous calcium carbonate. The amorphous calcium carbonate is transformed to calcite along a front that follows the original deposition and is probably controlled by a specialized matrix within the IPS. Since amorphous calcium carbonate is isotropic, it would also make the mineral in the exocuticle stronger by an equal distribution of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dillaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USA.
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Schofield RMS, Nesson MH, Richardson KA, Wyeth P. Zinc is incorporated into cuticular "tools" after ecdysis: the time course of the zinc distribution in "tools" and whole bodies of an ant and a scorpion. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:31-44. [PMID: 12770014 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the developmental course of specialized accumulations in the cuticular "tools" of arthropods will give clues to the chemical form, function and biology of these accumulations as well as to their evolutionary history. Specimens from individuals representing a range of developmental stages were examined using MeV - Ion microscopy. We found that zinc, manganese, calcium and chlorine began to accumulate in the mandibular teeth of the ant Tapinoma sessile after pre-ecdysial tanning, and the zinc mostly after eclosion; peak measured zinc concentrations reached 16% of dry mass. Accumulations in the pedipalp teeth, tarsal claws, cheliceral teeth and sting (aculeus) of the scorpion Vaejovis spinigeris also began after pre-ecdysial tanning and more than 48 h after ecdysis of the second instars. Zinc may be deposited in the fully formed cuticle through a network of nanometer scale canals that we observed only in the metal bearing cuticle of both the ants and scorpions. In addition to the elemental analyses of cuticular "tools", quantitative distribution maps for whole ants were obtained. The zinc content of the mandibular teeth was a small fraction of, and independent of, the total body content of zinc. We did not find specialized storage sites that were depleted when zinc was incorporated into the mandibular teeth. The similarities in the time course of zinc, manganese and calcium deposition in the cuticular "tools" of the ant (a hexapod arthropod) and those of the scorpion (a chelicerate arthropod) contribute to the evidence suggesting that heavy metal-halogen fortification evolved before these groups diverged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M S Schofield
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Pratoomchat B, Sawangwong P, Guedes R, Reis Md MDL, Machado J. Cuticle Ultrastructure Changes in the Crab Scylla serrata Over the Molt Cycle. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2002; 293:414-26. [PMID: 12210124 DOI: 10.1002/jez.90002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and chemical studies on the cuticle during the molt cycle of the crab Scylla serrata were performed in order to understand the layer formation. Cuticle ultrastructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence analysis were used for identification of the elements and phases in the inner surface of the cuticle. In the first stage (A) of cuticle formation, a thin pellicle organized as an irregular fragmented structure is built. It is composed mainly of alpha-chitin/protein beta-keratin-like complexes where heterogeneous mineral nucleation occur. It is impregnated by ferric concretions, responsible for the brown colour of the carapace. At the beginning of the mineralization process, a spheroidal inorganic phase appears consisting of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) Ca/P=1.00, octacalcium phosphate (OCP) Ca/P=1.33 associated with hydromagnesite and bromapatite traces. During further cuticle development in the remaining A stage and in the beginning of the B stage, calcite and magnesian calcite are formed from the precursor calcium phosphate phase. The next development in the C stages is characterized by intense calcareous thickening consisting mainly of calcite and of magnesian calcite, which become the major mineral fraction of the cuticle. Organic-inorganic complex precipitations exhibit different aspects as spongiform, filamentary helicoidal, and concentric radial arrangements during C1, C2, and C3, respectively. During different stages of the cuticle formation in Scylla serrata, these mineral deposits may partially result from the balance among different organic contents, mainly between alpha-chitin and protein beta-keratin-like compounds. On the other hand, the calcium crystallization on apatite and calcite polymorphic structures may be influenced by variations of physico-chemical factors in the cuticle compartment. J. Exp. Zool. 293:414-426, 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonyarath Pratoomchat
- Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131 Thailand
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Ziegler A, Merz E. Membrane particle distribution in the sternal epithelia of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber latr. (Crustacea, oniscidea) during CaCO(3) deposit formation and resorption, a freeze-etch analysis. J Struct Biol 1999; 127:263-78. [PMID: 10544052 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1999.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anterior sternal epithelium of terrestrial isopods transports cuticular Ca(2+) to and from large sternal CaCO(3) deposits. We analyzed the anterior and posterior sternal epithelium by the means of the freeze-etch technique and measured the size distribution and density of intramembrane particles (IMPs) during three different molting stages. At least three IMP size classes around 4.5, 7.7, and 9.4 nm can be distinguished on the P-face of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane. An additional size class of around 12.8 nm is restricted to the apical compartment. In the anterior sternal epithelium, the density of these large particles changes by a factor of 1.9 during the molt cycle, suggesting a role in CaCO(3) formation and/or resorption. The density of the smaller IMPs rises transiently by a factor of 1.3 in the posterior sternal epithelium only. The IMP density of the basolateral plasma membrane increases significantly by a factor of 1.4 and 1.3 in the anterior and posterior sternal epithelia, respectively. The results indicate that increases in the IMP density contribute to the differentiation to an increased transport activity during the cyclic enlargements of the plasma membrane surface area in the anterior sternal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ziegler
- Sektion Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, 89069, Germany
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Compère P, Thorez A, Goffinet G. Fine structural survey of old cuticle degradation during pre-ecdysis in two European Atlantic crabs. Tissue Cell 1998; 30:41-56. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(98)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1997] [Accepted: 09/08/1997] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of the porous channels (PC) of the postcervical sclerite (SPC), which provides additional head fixation to the neck in adult odonates, was studied using TEM and high resolution SEM microscopy. Single chitin-protein microfibrils, about 0.14 micron thick, are arranged into channels with cylinder-like shapes. The axial rod of the chitin fiber (0.04 micron thick) is located in the center of the cylinder. The orientation of the axial rods was three-dimensionally demonstrated after dissolving the protein cover with NaOH. The PCs are arranged vertically to the surface and pass from the epidermal cells through all the cuticular layers to the surface of the cuticle. In the exo- and endocuticle, the PCs are usually oval in cross-section and about 0.3 micron thick. In the endocuticle, the cross-sectional area of the PCs varies widely, from 0.01-0.15 micron2. The shape of the PC is determined by the macromolecular organization of the chitin-protein microfibrils: the long axis of the channel is orientated parallel to the axis of the preferred orientation of the cuticular microfibrils. The microfibrils tend to follow the line of the channel very closely. In fractures orientated perpendicular to the surface, the PC resembles a ribbon-like construction, which was clearly demonstrated by casts. The strongly parallel orientation of PCs in the deep layers of the cuticle changes within the microtrichia (MT), and they begin to be curved. Numerous PCs pass through the microtrichium, and most of them end on its side wall. PCs usually contain channel filaments about 0.09 micron thick. Usually, a single channel contained one filament, but channels located in the deep layers of the endocuticle have from one to five single filaments. The filaments were observed in the intact cuticle and in the cuticle enzymatically treated with chitinase, while in the cuticle treated with NaOH filaments were absent. The porous channel system of the odonate arrester is interpreted as a device transporting adhesive excretions from the epidermal cells to the cuticular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Gorb
- MPI für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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Ziegler A. Ultrastructural changes of the anterior and posterior sternal integument of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber Latr. (Crustacea) during the moult cycle. Tissue Cell 1997; 29:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/1996] [Accepted: 09/09/1996] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Fine structure and morphogenesis of the sclerite epicuticle in the Atlantic shore crab Carcinus maenas. Tissue Cell 1995; 27:525-38. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(05)80061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1994] [Accepted: 05/11/1995] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Comp�re P, Morgan JA, Goffinet G. Ultrastructural location of calcium and magnesium during mineralisation of the cuticle of the shore crab, as determined by the K-pyroantimonate method and X-ray microanalysis. Cell Tissue Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00314555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ultrastructural diversity in the pore canal systems of amphipod crustaceans. Tissue Cell 1992; 24:417-36. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(92)90058-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/1991] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Greenaway P, Farrelly C. Trans-epidermal Transport and Storage of Calcium inHolthuisana transversa(Brachyura; Sundathelphusidae) During Premoult. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1991.tb00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Compere P, Wanson S, Pequeux A, Gilles R, Goffinet G. Ultrastructural changes in the gill epithelium of the green crab Carcinus maenas in relation to the external salinity. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:299-318. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1988] [Revised: 12/29/1988] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Compére P, Goffinet G. Ultrastructural shape and three-dimensional organization of the intracuticular canal systems in the mineralized cuticle of the green crab Carcinus maenas. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:839-57. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/1987] [Revised: 08/28/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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