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Morine N, Matsuda S, Izumi Y, Oshiro A, Kudaka J. The Protobothrops flavoviridis Hemorrhagic Metalloproteinase HR2 Is Inhibited by Human Alpha 2-Macroglobulin. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:286-290. [PMID: 29709984 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinations with habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis) venom toxoid were administered to individuals living in Amami Oshima from 1965 to 2002, and its effectiveness was investigated in 1991. The results raised the possibility that normal human serum inherently contains an inhibitor of the hemorrhagic metalloproteinase HR2, considered to be one of the major components of habu venom. In this study, we investigated the interaction between the hemorrhagic metalloproteinases HR1 and HR2 from habu-venom and human alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2M). Hemorrhagic activity of HR2 was completely inhibited by human α2M. However, the hemorrhagic activity of the large molecule HR1a was not inhibited. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that human α2M captured the HR2 molecule and formed a complex with it, thus inhibiting hemorrhagic activity. These results suggest that human α2M plays an important role in the inhibition of hemorrhage induced by HR2 from habu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Morine
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | | | - Yumiko Izumi
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | - Akiko Oshiro
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | - Jun Kudaka
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
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Aird SD, Aggarwal S, Villar-Briones A, Tin MMY, Terada K, Mikheyev AS. Snake venoms are integrated systems, but abundant venom proteins evolve more rapidly. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:647. [PMID: 26315097 PMCID: PMC4552096 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While many studies have shown that extracellular proteins evolve rapidly, how selection acts on them remains poorly understood. We used snake venoms to understand the interaction between ecology, expression level, and evolutionary rate in secreted protein systems. Venomous snakes employ well-integrated systems of proteins and organic constituents to immobilize prey. Venoms are generally optimized to subdue preferred prey more effectively than non-prey, and many venom protein families manifest positive selection and rapid gene family diversification. Although previous studies have illuminated how individual venom protein families evolve, how selection acts on venoms as integrated systems, is unknown. Results Using next-generation transcriptome sequencing and mass spectrometry, we examined microevolution in two pitvipers, allopatrically separated for at least 1.6 million years, and their hybrids. Transcriptomes of parental species had generally similar compositions in regard to protein families, but for a given protein family, the homologs present and concentrations thereof sometimes differed dramatically. For instance, a phospholipase A2 transcript comprising 73.4 % of the Protobothrops elegans transcriptome, was barely present in the P. flavoviridis transcriptome (<0.05 %). Hybrids produced most proteins found in both parental venoms. Protein evolutionary rates were positively correlated with transcriptomic and proteomic abundances, and the most abundant proteins showed positive selection. This pattern holds with the addition of four other published crotaline transcriptomes, from two more genera, and also for the recently published king cobra genome, suggesting that rapid evolution of abundant proteins may be generally true for snake venoms. Looking more broadly at Protobothrops, we show that rapid evolution of the most abundant components is due to positive selection, suggesting an interplay between abundance and adaptation. Conclusions Given log-scale differences in toxin abundance, which are likely correlated with biosynthetic costs, we hypothesize that as a result of natural selection, snakes optimize return on energetic investment by producing more of venom proteins that increase their fitness. Natural selection then acts on the additive genetic variance of these components, in proportion to their contributions to overall fitness. Adaptive evolution of venoms may occur most rapidly through changes in expression levels that alter fitness contributions, and thus the strength of selection acting on specific secretome components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1832-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Shikha Aggarwal
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken, 904-0412, Japan. .,University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
| | - Alejandro Villar-Briones
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Mandy Man-Ying Tin
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Kouki Terada
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and the Environment, Biology and Ecology Group, 2003 Ozato, Ozato, Nanjo-shi, Okinawa, 901-1202, Japan.
| | - Alexander S Mikheyev
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken, 904-0412, Japan. .,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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The occurrence of HR1b in the venom of the snake Okinawa habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:591-4. [PMID: 18256489 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the first isolation of hemorrhagic metalloproteinase HR1b from the venom of Okinawa habu, and its cDNA cloning. The substrate specificity of isolated HR1b definitely differed from that of HR1a, further supporting the presence of a metalloproteinase distinguishable from HR1a in the venom of Okinawa habu. The deduced amino acid sequence of HR1b showed 99.67% identity with HR1b of Amami habu, with only two amino acid residue replacements.
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Neutralization of hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase HR1a from Protobothrops flavoviridis by human monoclonal antibody. Toxicon 2007; 51:345-52. [PMID: 18061641 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against HR1a from Protobothrops (formerly Trimeresurus) flavoviridis venom were obtained by the fusion of SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells and spleen cells from KM mice immunized with purified HR1a. The ability of HuMAbs to neutralize the HR1a was determined by in vitro neutralization assay and by neutralization of the hemorrhagic activity. The initial screening of over 300 hybridoma fusion wells resulted in the establishment of 80 HR1a-reactive hybridomas. Of the reactive clones, HuMAb HR1a-7 and HR1a-18 neutralized both proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity of HR1a. Mapping of epitope recognized by the reactive clones was performed by using an ELISA that measured antibody binding to overlapping peptides (15 amino acid peptide offset frameshifted by three residues) covering the metalloproteinase domain sequence of HR1a. HuMAbs HR1a-7 and HR1a-18 neutralized HR1a by reacting with peptides of EQQRYLNNFRFIELV and IVNTLNETYRYL. The three-dimensional structure of HR1a based on a homology modeling predicted that these two epitopes are surface exposed.
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Clark RF, Davidson TM. Intraarticular envenomation by Trimeresurus flavomaculatus mcgregori resulting in joint destruction. Toxicon 1997; 35:837-42. [PMID: 9241778 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a case of digital intraarticular envenomation from a T. flavomaculatus mcgregori pit viper resulting in severe joint damage. Bites by these snakes are rare in the U.S.A. since this species is only found in collections and zoos. Intraarticular envenomations from crotalids are rare and may result in joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Clark
- Division of Medical Toxicology, San Diego Regional Poison Control Center, CA 92103-8676, USA
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Sánchez EF, Costa MI, Chavez-Olortegui C, Assakura MT, Mandelbaum FR, Diniz CR. Characterization of a hemorrhagic factor, LHF-I, isolated from the bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta muta) venom. Toxicon 1995; 33:1653-67. [PMID: 8866622 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic factor I (LHF-I) was previously purified from the venom of the bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta muta). In terms of biochemical and immunological properties, LHF-I is a glycoprotein (mol. wt 100,000, pI 4.7) consisting of two subunits; it loses its activity following mercaptoethanol treatment. LHF-I contains 0.7 g-atom zinc and 1.2 g-atom calcium per mole protein. The hemorrhagic and the proteinase activities are inhibited by EDTA; subsequent addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ does not reverse the EDTA-induced inhibition of the hemorrhagic activity. The metalloenzyme does not hyrolyze arginine esters and is devoid of phospholipase A2 activity. It hydrolyzes the A alpha- > B beta-chain of fibrinogen without clot formation and hydrolyzes selectively the alpha-chain of fibrin, leaving the B beta- and tau-chains unaffected. Antibodies to the hemorrhagic factor in bushmaster venom were produced by immunizing rabbits with the purified protein. The antibody was purified by protein-A affinity chromatography. This antibody was also used to screen other Crotalinae venom samples for immunologically similar epitopes by ELISA assay. The purified antibody reacted only with LHF-I and two samples of bushmaster venom from different geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Sánchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, M.G., Brazil
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Iha M, Qi ZQ, Kannki T, Tomihara Y, Yonaha K. The primary structure of a hemorrhagic factor, HR2b, from the venom of Okinawa habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis). Toxicon 1995; 33:229-39. [PMID: 7597726 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of a hemorrhagic factor, HR2b, from the venom of Okinawa habu was determined. The hemorrhagic factor was fragmented by CNBr cleavage, trypsin, staphylococcal protease V8 and lysyl endopeptidase digestions. The resulting peptides were purified on high performance chromatography, and sequenced by Edman degradation. HR2b was composed of 204 amino acids with pyroglutamyl residue at the amino terminus, and the calculated mol. wt based on the amino acid composition was 23,335. There are three disulfide linkages in the primary structure. The consensus sequence (His-Glu-Xaa-Xaa-His) for zinc-binding site of zinc-requiring metalloproteinases was found in the structure. The primary structure of HR2b shows a significant similarity with that of HR2a of Amami habu venom; 98.5% identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iha
- Tropical Technology Center Ltd., Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
One of the more significant consequences of crotalid envenomation is hemorrhage. Over the past 50 years of investigation, it is clear that the primary factors responsible for hemorrhage are metalloproteinases present in the venom of these snakes. The biochemical basis for their activity is the proteolytic destruction of basement membrane and extracellular matrix surrounding capillaries and small vessels. These proteinase toxins may also interfere with coagulation, thus complementing loss of blood from the vasculature. Structural studies have shown that these proteinases are synthesized as zymogens and are processed at both the amino and carboxy termini to give the mature protein. The variety of hemorrhagic toxins found in snake venoms is due to the presence of structurally related proteins composed of various domains. The type of domains found in each toxin plays an important role in the hemorrhagic potency of the protein. Recently, structural homologs to the venom hemorrhagic metalloproteinases have been identified in several mammalian reproductive systems. The functional significance of the reproductive proteins is not clear, but in light of the presence of similar domains shared with the venom metalloproteinases, their basic biochemical activities may be similar but with very different consequences. This review discusses the history of hemorrhagic toxin research with emphasis on the Crotalus atrox proteinases. The structural similarities observed among the hemorrhagic toxins are outlined, and the structural relationships of the toxins to the mammalian reproductive proteins are described.
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Ponnudurai G, Chung MC, Tan NH. Isolation and characterization of a hemorrhagin from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper). Toxicon 1993; 31:997-1005. [PMID: 8212052 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90259-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The major hemorrhagin (termed rhodostoxin) of the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration followed by high performance ion exchange chromatography. The purified hemorrhagin also yielded a single peak in reversed-phase HPLC. It had an isoelectric point of 5.3 and a mol. wt of 34,000. Rhodostoxin exhibited potent proteolytic, hemorrhagic and edema-inducing activities but was not lethal to mice at a dose of 6 microgram/g (i.v.). Treatment of rhodostoxin with EDTA eliminated both the proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities completely. The N-terminal sequence of rhodostoxin was determined to be NHEIKRHVDIVVVXDSRFCTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ponnudurai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kini RM, Evans HJ. Structural domains in venom proteins: evidence that metalloproteinases and nonenzymatic platelet aggregation inhibitors (disintegrins) from snake venoms are derived by proteolysis from a common precursor. Toxicon 1992; 30:265-93. [PMID: 1529462 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the structures of a precursor of trigramin (a disintegrin), metalloproteinases, disintegrins and related proteins, suggests the existence of common precursors for metalloproteinases and disintegrins. The proposed common precursor and related proteins have four distinct domains (A-D). Domain B contains the metal binding site and the catalytic Glu residue, which comprise the active site of metalloproteinases. Domain C contains the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence and hence the ability to inhibit the activity of integrins. Domains A and D are unique and their biochemical or biological activity is unknown. The proposed precursor can be proteolytically cleaved at several interdomain sites, releasing the disintegrins and metalloproteinases. A survey of more than 100 venom metalloproteinases and disintegrins strongly supports the existence of precursor proteins and their structural domains. This is also upheld by the co-occurrence occurrence of metalloproteinases and disintegrins in the venoms of several genera of crotalid and viperid snakes. The likelihood of intradomain disulfide bridges, and accessibility of all interdomain cleavage sites also supports our contention. The susceptibility of the cleavage sites appears to be determined by nearby disulfide bridges and glycosylation. Recognition of the proposed structural domains of venom proteinases should help clarify the structure-function relationships of several related proteins, and influence the synthesis of recombinant disintegrins, metalloproteinases and related polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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