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Cheng S, Yuan L, Li-Gao R, Chen S, Li H, Du M. Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease: The Potential Role of Marine Bioactive Proteins and Peptides in Thrombosis Prevention. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6815-6832. [PMID: 38523314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Thrombus and cardiovascular diseases pose a significant health threat, and dietary interventions have shown promising potential in reducing the incidence of these diseases. Marine bioactive proteins and peptides have been extensively studied for their antithrombotic properties. They can inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by binding to key receptors on the platelet surface. Additionally, they can competitively anchor to critical enzyme sites, leading to the inhibition of coagulation factors. Marine microorganisms also offer alternative sources for the development of novel fibrinolytic proteins, which can help dissolve blood clots. The advancements in technologies, such as targeted hydrolysis, specific purification, and encapsulation, have provided a solid foundation for the industrialization of bioactive peptides. These techniques enable precise control over the production and delivery of bioactive peptides, enhancing their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to note that further research and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of marine bioactive proteins and peptides in mitigating thrombotic events. The challenges and future application perspectives of these bioactive peptides also need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Cheng
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lushun Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Siru Chen
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Du
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
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Hillberg AK, Smith MK, Lausen BS, Suwansa-ard S, Johnston R, Mitu SA, MacDonald LE, Zhao M, Motti CA, Wang T, Elizur A, Nakashima K, Satoh N, Cummins SF. Crown-of-thorns starfish spines secrete defence proteins. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15689. [PMID: 37637177 PMCID: PMC10448888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS; Acanthaster species) is a slow-moving corallivore protected by an extensive array of long, sharp toxic spines. Envenomation can result in nausea, numbness, vomiting, joint aches and sometimes paralysis. Small molecule saponins and the plancitoxin proteins have been implicated in COTS toxicity. Methods Brine shrimp lethality assays were used to confirm the secretion of spine toxin biomolecules. Histological analysis, followed by spine-derived proteomics helped to explain the source and identity of proteins, while quantitative RNA-sequencing and phylogeny confirmed target gene expression and relative conservation, respectively. Results We demonstrate the lethality of COTS spine secreted biomolecules on brine shrimp, including significant toxicity using aboral spine semi-purifications of >10 kDa (p > 0.05, 9.82 µg/ml), supporting the presence of secreted proteins as toxins. Ultrastructure observations of the COTS aboral spine showed the presence of pores that could facilitate the distribution of secreted proteins. Subsequent purification and mass spectrometry analysis of spine-derived proteins identified numerous secretory proteins, including plancitoxins, as well as those with relatively high gene expression in spines, including phospholipase A2, protease inhibitor 16-like protein, ependymin-related proteins and those uncharacterized. Some secretory proteins (e.g., vitellogenin and deleted in malignant brain tumor protein 1) were not highly expressed in spine tissue, yet the spine may serve as a storage or release site. This study contributes to our understanding of the COTS through functional, ultrastructural and proteomic analysis of aboral spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Hillberg
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Meaghan K. Smith
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Blake S. Lausen
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-ard
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Ryan Johnston
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Shahida A. Mitu
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Leah E. MacDonald
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Cherie A. Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Cheng S, Wu D, Liu H, Xu X, Zhu B, Du M. A comprehensive method to explore inhibitory kinetics and mechanisms of an anticoagulant peptide derived from Crassostrea gigas. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Cheng S, Wu D, Liu H, Xu X, Zhu B, Du M. A novel anticoagulant peptide discovered from Crassostrea gigas by combining bioinformatics with the enzymolysis strategy: inhibitory kinetics and mechanisms. Food Funct 2021; 12:10136-10146. [PMID: 34528647 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel anticoagulant peptide (IEELEEELEAER) derived from oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was discovered by combining the emerging bioinformatics with the classical enzymolysis approach. The anticoagulant peptide drastically reduced the extrinsic clotting activity (49% residual PT activity) and impaired the intrinsic clotting activity (77% residual PT activity). Consistent with the clotting data, the thrombin peak height reduced to 88.7 from 123.4 nM, and the thrombin generation time delayed to 5.32 from 4.42 min when an extrinsic trigger was applied. The inhibitory kinetics of FXIa, FIXa, FXa, FIIa, and APC in a purified component system rationally explained the reduction of the extrinsic clotting activity and impairment of thrombin generation. Besides the inhibition of FXa and FIIa activity, the activation processes of FX and FII by an intrinsic/extrinsic tenase complex and prothrombinase were also damaged. The anticoagulant activity in the plasma system was the result of comprehensive inhibition of various factors. The research provided a frame for anticoagulant evaluation and inhibitory mechanism of bioactive peptides from food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hanxiong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xianbing Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ming Du
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China.
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L Venkatraman K, A Syed A, Indumathi P, Mehta A. VITPOR AI, A Coagulation Factor XIIa Inhibitor from Porphyra yezoensis: In Vivo Mode of Action and Assessment of Platelet Function Analysis. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:243-250. [PMID: 31738131 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191026111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis represents as the prime contributor to the burden of diseases, worldwide. Conventional anticoagulants for thrombosis therapy have a common bleeding side effect. Bioactive peptides are studied to be an effective alternative for currently available therapeutic drugs. OBJECTIVE In this study, VITPOR AI peptide, a previously reported coagulation FXIIa inhibitor from Nori (Porphyra yezoensis), was assessed for its inhibitory activity against FXIIa and its in vivo mode of action. METHODS In vivo efficacy as well as the antithrombotic property of the peptide was evaluated in mice model by ex vivo activated Partial Thromboplastin Time assay, tail transection model and whole blood clotting time. The enzyme kinetics was studied using chromogenic substrate assay. RESULTS The kinetic behaviour of VITPOR AI showed that the peptide is a competitive inhibitor of FXIIa. Peptide showed significant inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation. VITPOR AI exhibited significant antithrombotic activity. Furthermore, ex vivo activated Partial Thromboplastin Time assay revealed that VITPOR AI exhibited potent anticoagulant activity in vivo. Tail bleeding assay revealed that the peptide did not prolong bleeding time in mice even at a higher dose of 5 mg/kg. Cytotoxicity studies of the peptide against human blood leukocytes indicated the safety of the peptide. CONCLUSION VITPOR AI could be prospected as a potent anticoagulant with Factor XIIa inhibition, antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activity. It was also studied to have no bleeding side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkooru L Venkatraman
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Azeemullah A Syed
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parimelazhagan Indumathi
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Mehta
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rodrigo AP, Costa PM. The hidden biotechnological potential of marine invertebrates: The Polychaeta case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:270-280. [PMID: 30928858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotechnology is under the spotlight, as researchers and industrialists become aware that bioprospecting through the oceans' vast biodiversity can replace the painstaking process of designing synthetic compounds. Millions of years of Natural Selection provided an almost inexhaustible source of marine products that can interfere with specific bioprocesses while being cost-effective, safer and more environmentally friendly. Still, the number of commercial applications of marine compounds, especially from eumetazoans, can seem disappointing. In most part, this results from the challenges of dealing with an immense biodiversity and with poorly known organisms with uncanny physiology. Consequently, shifting the current perspective from descriptive science to actually proposing applications can be a major incentive to industry. With this in mind, the present review focuses on one of the least studied but most representative group of marine animals: the Polychaeta annelids. Occupying nearly every marine habitat, from the deep sea to the intertidal, they can offer a wide array of natural products that are just beginning to be understood, showing properties compatible with anaesthetics, fluorescent probes, and even antibiotics and pesticides, for instance. Altogether, they are a showcase for the ocean's real biotechnological deterrent, albeit our still wispy knowledge on this vast and ancient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Rodrigo
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Pedro M Costa
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Antithrombotics from the Sea: Polysaccharides and Beyond. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030170. [PMID: 30884850 PMCID: PMC6471875 DOI: 10.3390/md17030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms exhibit some advantages as a renewable source of potential drugs, far beyond chemotherapics. Particularly, the number of marine natural products with antithrombotic activity has increased in the last few years, and reports show a wide diversity in scaffolds, beyond the polysaccharide framework. While there are several reviews highlighting the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides, reports including other molecules are sparse. Therefore, the present paper provides an update of the recent progress in marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides and quotes other scaffolds that are being considered for investigation due to their antithrombotic effect.
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Needleman RK, Neylan IP, Erickson TB. Environmental and Ecological Effects of Climate Change on Venomous Marine and Amphibious Species in the Wilderness. Wilderness Environ Med 2018; 29:343-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chemical Ecology of Chemosensation in Asteroidea: Insights Towards Management Strategies of Pest Species. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:147-177. [PMID: 29362949 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Within the Phylum Echinodermata, the class Asteroidea, commonly known as starfish and sea stars, encompasses a large number of benthos inhabiting genera and species with various feeding modalities including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and detritivores. The Asteroidea rely on chemosensation throughout their life histories including hunting prey, avoiding or deterring predators, in the formation of spawning aggregations, synchronizing gamete release and targeting appropriate locations for larval settlement. The identities of many of the chemical stimuli that mediate these physiological and behavioural processes remain unresolved even though evidence indicates they play pivotal roles in the functionality of benthic communities. Aspects of chemosensation, as well as putative chemically-mediated behaviours and the molecular mechanisms of chemoreception, within the Asteroidea are reviewed here, with particular reference to the coral reef pest the Crown-of-Thorns starfish Acanthaster planci species complex, in the context of mitigation of population outbreaks.
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von Reumont BM, Campbell LI, Jenner RA. Quo vadis venomics? A roadmap to neglected venomous invertebrates. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3488-551. [PMID: 25533518 PMCID: PMC4280546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomics research is being revolutionized by the increased use of sensitive -omics techniques to identify venom toxins and their transcripts in both well studied and neglected venomous taxa. The study of neglected venomous taxa is necessary both for understanding the full diversity of venom systems that have evolved in the animal kingdom, and to robustly answer fundamental questions about the biology and evolution of venoms without the distorting effect that can result from the current bias introduced by some heavily studied taxa. In this review we draw the outlines of a roadmap into the diversity of poorly studied and understood venomous and putatively venomous invertebrates, which together represent tens of thousands of unique venoms. The main groups we discuss are crustaceans, flies, centipedes, non-spider and non-scorpion arachnids, annelids, molluscs, platyhelminths, nemerteans, and echinoderms. We review what is known about the morphology of the venom systems in these groups, the composition of their venoms, and the bioactivities of the venoms to provide researchers with an entry into a large and scattered literature. We conclude with a short discussion of some important methodological aspects that have come to light with the recent use of new -omics techniques in the study of venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lahcen I Campbell
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
| | - Ronald A Jenner
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
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Lee CC, Hsieh HJ, Hsieh CH, Hwang DF. Spine venom of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) induces antiproliferation and apoptosis of human melanoma cells (A375.S2). Toxicon 2014; 91:126-34. [PMID: 25159188 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a venomous starfish. In this study, the extraction of A. planci spine venom (ASV) was performed by phosphate saline buffer, followed by assaying the cytotoxicity on human normal and tumor cells. It was found that human melanoma cells (A375.S2) were the most sensitive to the ASV solution. The cells, after incubation with ASV, significantly appeared to decrease cell viability and increase lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release with a dose-dependent relationship. The extract of spine promoted loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and induced inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in human melanoma cells. The cells exhibited apoptosis by using propidium iodide (PI) staining of DNA fragmentation; it was then determined by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). The molecular cytotoxicity of ASV was tested through evaluation of the apoptosis/necrosis ratio by double staining with annexin V and PI assay. The A. planci spine venom showed significant antiproliferation. The human melanoma cells revealed apoptosis at low dose (1.25 μg/ml), and necrosis occurred at high dose (5 μg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chiu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hernyi Justin Hsieh
- Penghu Marine Biology Research Center, Fishery Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Magong, Penghu 880, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deng-Fwu Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lee CC, Hsieh HJ, Hwang DF. Cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the plancitoxin I from the venom of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) on A375.S2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:407-17. [PMID: 25047904 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a cytotoxic toxin derived from the venom of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (CAV). The protein toxin was isolated through both ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrum analyzes. The CAV was identified as plancitoxin I protein. The mechanistic role of the CAV toxin was explored in human malignant melanoma A375.S2 cell death. The results indicated that after incubation with CAV toxin, cells significantly decreased in A375.S2 cell viability and increased in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in a dose-dependent manner. The assays indicated that CAV toxin promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, induced nitric oxide (NO) formation, lost mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and induced inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in A375.S2 cells. The molecular cytotoxicity of the CAV toxin was tested through evaluation of the apoptosis/necrosis ratio by double staining with annexin V-FITC and a propidium iodide (PI) assay. The results suggested that CAV toxin induced a cytotoxic effect in A375.S2 cells via the apoptotic procedure, and may be associated with the regulation of the p38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chiu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, 202, Taiwan, ROC
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Lee CC, Tsai WS, Hsieh HJ, Hwang DF. Hemolytic activity of venom from crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci spines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2013; 19:22. [PMID: 24063308 PMCID: PMC3852018 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is a venomous species from Taiwan whose venom provokes strong hemolytic activity. To understand the hemolytic properties of A. planci venom, samples were collected from A. planci spines in the Penghu Islands, dialyzed with distilled water, and lyophilized into A. planci spine venom (ASV) powder. Results Both crude venom and ASV cause 50% hemolysis at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The highest hemolytic activity of ASV was measured at pH 7.0-7.4; ASV-dependent hemolysis was sharply reduced when the pH was lower than 3 or greater than 8. There was almost no hemolytic activity when the Cu2+ concentration was increased to 10 mM. Furthermore, incubation at 100°C for 30 to 60 minutes sharply decreased the hemolytic activity of ASV. After treatment with the protease α-chymotrypsin, the glycoside hydrolase cellulase, and the membrane component cholesterin, the hemolytic activity of ASV was significantly inhibited. Conclusions The results of this study provide fundamental information about A. planci spine venom. The hemolytic activity was affected by pH, temperature, metal ions, EDTA, cholesterin, proteases, and glycoside hydrolases. ASV hemolysis was inhibited by Cu2+, cholesterin, α-chymotrypsin, and cellulose, factors that might prevent the hemolytic activity of venom and provide the medical treatment for sting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chiu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Butzke D, Luch A. High-molecular weight protein toxins of marine invertebrates and their elaborate modes of action. EXS 2010; 100:213-32. [PMID: 20358685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular weight protein toxins significantly contribute to envenomations by certain marine invertebrates, e.g., jellyfish and fire corals. Toxic proteins frequently evolved from enzymes meant to be employed primarily for digestive purposes. The cellular intermediates produced by such enzymatic activity, e.g., reactive oxygen species or lysophospholipids, rapidly and effectively mediate cell death by disrupting cellular integrity. Membrane integrity may also be disrupted by pore-forming toxins that do not exert inherent enzymatic activity. When targeted to specific pharmacologically relevant sites in tissues or cells of the natural enemy or prey, toxic enzymes or pore-forming toxins even may provoke fast and severe systemic reactions. Since toxin-encoding genes constitute "hot spots" of molecular evolution, continuous variation and acquirement of new pharmacological properties are guaranteed. This also makes individual properties and specificities of complex proteinaceous venoms highly diverse and inconstant. In the present chapter we portray high-molecular weight constituents of venoms present in box jellyfish, sea anemones, sea hares, fire corals and the crown-of-thorns starfish. The focus lies on the latest achievements in the attempt to elucidate their molecular modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Butzke
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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SATO H, TSURUTA Y, YAMAMOTO YI, ASATO Y, TAIRA K, HAGIWARA K, KAYO S, IWANAGA S, UEZATO H. Case of skin injuries due to stings by crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci). J Dermatol 2008; 35:162-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ota E, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K, Sakurai T, Kojima C, Waalkes MP, Himeno S. Caspase-independent apoptosis induced in rat liver cells by plancitoxin I, the major lethal factor from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci venom. Toxicon 2006; 48:1002-10. [PMID: 16973201 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plancitoxin I, the major lethal factor from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci venom, is quite unique not only in exhibiting potent hepatotoxicity but also in sharing high sequence homology with mammalian deoxyribonulease II. In this study, morphological and biochemical changes in rat liver epithelial cells (TRL 1215 cells) treated with the toxin were examined to understand the mechanism by which plancitoxin I displays hepatotoxicity. AlamarBlue assay established that plancitoxin I is cytolethal to TRL 1215 cells. This cytolethalithy was ascribable to apoptotic cell death. Nuclear fragmentation evidenced by either Diff-Quick or Hoechst 33258 staining, DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay and electrophoretic analysis on agarose gel and phosphatidylserine externalization by flow cytometric analysis of annexin V-FITC stained cells were all characteristics of apoptosis. The observed apoptosis was shown to be independent of the caspase 3 cascade that is generally accepted as the effector of the apoptotic process. Very interestingly, experiments using FITC-labeled plancitoxin I proved that the toxin can enter the nucleus of TRL 1215 cells. Our results suggested that plancitoxin I induces apoptosis of TRL 1215 cells through the following procedure: binding to a specific receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane, entering the cell, entering the nucleus and degrading DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ota
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Ota E, Nagai H, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Molecular cloning of two toxic phospholipases A2 from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci venom. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 143:54-60. [PMID: 16275035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 10/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNAs encoding two toxic phospholipases A2 (AP-PLA2-I and -II) from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci venom were individually cloned by RT-PCR, 3'RACE and 5'RACE. In common with both AP-PLA2s, the precursor protein is composed of a signal peptide, a propeptide and a mature protein (136 and 135 residues for AP-PLA2-I and -II, respectively). The four motifs (Ca2+-binding loop, Ca2+-binding site, active site and catalytic network) characteristic of groups I and II PLA2s are well conserved in both AP-PLA2s. In addition to this, the presence of the elapid and pancreatic loops and the involvement of a propeptide in the precursors suggested that AP-PLA2s are highly analogous to the group IB PLA2s. However, when compared to the amino acid sequence of bovine pancreatic PLA2, the representative group IB PLA2, AP-PLA2s require some amino acid insertions and deletions in the region 76-100, as previously observed for the starfish Asterina pectinifera PLA2s. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree made clearly demonstrated that AP-PLA2s and A. pectinifera PLA2s are distinguishable from the group IB PLA2s as well as other PLA2s, being classified into a new group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ota
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Abstract
More than 6,500 species have been recorded in the phylum Echinodermata. A variety of biologically active substances have been isolated from the echinoderm species: saponins, glycolipids, carotenoids, porphyrins, naphthoquinones, venoms and others. Several substances unique to the echinoderm have also been reported and some of them showed high potentiality as a new medicament. This chapter gives an overview of the history of the exploitation of echinoderm species in the Orient, presents studies on the biologically active substance obtained from them, and discusses questions related to the exploitation of the echinoderm and prospects of development of new medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yokota
- Department of Applied Information Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Aichi 480-1198, Japan.
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Shiomi K, Midorikawa S, Ishida M, Nagashima Y, Nagai H. Plancitoxins, lethal factors from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, are deoxyribonucleases II. Toxicon 2004; 44:499-506. [PMID: 15450924 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two lethal factors (named plancitoxins I and II for major and minor toxins, respectively) with the same LD50 (i.v. injection into mice) of 140 microg/kg were purified from spines of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Injection of a sublethal dose of plancitoxin I or II into mice remarkably elevated serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, demonstrating that both toxins are potently hepatotoxic. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed that both plancitoxins are composed of two subunits (alpha-subunit of 10 kDa and beta-subunit of 27 kDa) bridged by a disulfide bond. Based on the determined N-terminal amino acid sequences of alpha- and beta-subunits, the full-length cDNA (1820 bp) encoding plancitoxin I was cloned by RT-PCR, 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE. alpha-Subunit (92 amino acid residues) and beta-subunit (240 residues) are coded in this order by the same cDNA. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequence of plancitoxin I showed 40-42% homologies with mammalian deoxyribonucleases II (DNases II). In addition, plancitoxin I exhibited DNA degrading activity with an optimum pH of 7.2. Plancitoxin I is the first example of toxic DNases II whose structures have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Shiomi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, 108-8477, Japan.
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Koyama T, Noguchi K, Aniya Y, Sakanashi M. Analysis for sites of anticoagulant action of plancinin, a new anticoagulant peptide isolated from the starfish Acanthaster planci, in the blood coagulation cascade. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 31:277-82. [PMID: 9688472 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Effects of plancinin, a new anticoagulant peptide, on the human blood coagulation cascade were investigated. 2. Plancinin prolonged both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, and it significantly inhibited factor X activation by both intrinsic (factor IXa-factor VIIIa-phospholipids-Ca2+) and extrinsic (factor VIIa-tissue factor-phospholipids-Ca2+) tenase complexes and prothrombin activation by prothrombinase complex (factor Xa-factor Va-phospholipids-Ca2+) to 13.8%, 4.8% and 10.5% of control value, respectively. 3. Results indicate that sites of anticoagulant action of plancinin may be located in activation steps of prothrombin and factor X.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Shiomi KA, Kazama A, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y. Purification and properties of phospholipases A2 from the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) venom. Toxicon 1998; 36:589-99. [PMID: 9643471 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two phospholipases A < inf2 (named AP-PLA2-I and II) were purified from the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) venom. Both enzymes were confirmed to be PLA2s, based on the results that they showed hemolytic activity only in the presence of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and also released fluorescent fatty acids from PC with labeled fatty acids at the sn-2 position. The enzyme activity of both PLA2s was enhanced by Ca2+ but reduced by Cu2+ and Zn2+. The molecular mass of AP-PLA2-I was estimated to be 28 kDa by gel filtration and 15 kDa by SDS-PAGE, indicating that AP-PLA2-I is a dimer composed of the same subunit. In contrast, AP-PLA2-II was judged to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 12 kDa (gel filtration) or 15 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The amino acid compositions of the two enzymes were comparable to each other; Asx, Glx and Gly were rich in both molecules, while Met, His and Trp were poor. Analyses by a sequencer determined the first 62 amino acid residues for both PLA2s. In the AP-PLA2-I preparation, minor amino acids were additionally found at 17 positions, suggesting the coexistence of another PLA2-component. As compared to the N-terminal sequences of the known PLA2s, both AP-PLA2-I and II were identified as class I enzymes not only because they have Cys-11 and lack Cys-51 but also because they contain the elapid loop in the region 53-61.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shiomi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan
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