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Wallace E, Hendrickson D, Tolli N, Mehaffy C, Peña M, Nick JA, Knabenbaur P, Watkins J, Simpson A, Amin AG, Chatterjee D, Dobos KM, Lahiri R, Adams L, Strong M, Salfinger M, Bradford R, Stedman TT, Riojas MA, Hazbón MH. Culturing Mycobacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2314:1-58. [PMID: 34235647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Building upon the foundational research of Robert Koch, who demonstrated the ability to grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the first time in 1882 using media made of coagulated bovine serum, microbiologists have continued to develop new and more efficient ways to grow mycobacteria. Presently, all known mycobacterial species can be grown in the laboratory using either axenic culture techniques or in vivo passage in laboratory animals. This chapter provides conventional protocols to grow mycobacteria for diagnostic purposes directly from clinical specimens, as well as in research laboratories for scientific purposes. Detailed protocols used for production of M. tuberculosis in large scale (under normoxic and hypoxic conditions) in bioreactors and for production of obligate intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium leprae and "Mycobacterium lepromatosis" using athymic nude mice and armadillos are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - María Peña
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Phillip Knabenbaur
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jackson Watkins
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anne Simpson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anita G Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Linda Adams
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Michael Strong
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Max Salfinger
- College of Public Health & Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Lastória JC, Abreu MAMMD. Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - part 1. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:205-18. [PMID: 24770495 PMCID: PMC4008049 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and has been known since biblical times. It
is still endemic in many regions of the world and a public health problem in Brazil.
The prevalence rate in 2011 reached 1.54 cases per 10,000 inhabitants in Brazil. The
mechanism of transmission of leprosy consists of prolonged close contact between
susceptible and genetically predisposed individuals and untreated multibacillary
patients. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway
secretion. The nasal mucosa is the main entry or exit route of M. leprae. The deeper
understanding of the structural and biological characteristics of M. leprae, the
sequencing of its genome, along with the advances in understanding the mechanisms of
host immune response against the bacilli, dependent on genetic susceptibility, have
contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis, variations in the clinical
characteristics, and progression of the disease. This article aims to update
dermatologist on epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic leprosy aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Carlos Lastória
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Sheela R, Ilangumaran S, Muthukkaruppan VR. Flow cytometric analysis of CD2 modulation on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes by Dharmendra preparation of Mycobacterium leprae. Scand J Immunol 1991; 33:203-9. [PMID: 1673263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb03750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported previously that Mycobacterium leprae modulated CD2 on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and that this modulation was accompanied by a marked reduction in the proliferative response of these cells to mitogens and antigens. In this study, we report that treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals with Dharmendra preparation of M. leprae inhibited their ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Flow cytometric analysis of Dharmendra lepromin-treated cells showed that, in addition to CD2, CD4 and CD8 were modulated while the surface expression of CD3 was not affected. The specificity of CD2 modulation was confirmed by similar effects of Dharmendra lepromin on thymocytes and lymph node cells from human CD2 transgenic mice. The modulatory effect of Dharmendra lepromin was not observed at lower temperatures. Dharmendra lepromin treatment of activated T cells resulted in reduced binding of monoclonal antibodies to IL-2R and D66 epitope of CD2. The modulatory effects were not observed with Dharmendra preparation of BCG or other preparations of M. leprae. Our results indicate that certain M. leprae factor(s) specifically modulate(s) CD2, CD4, CD8 and IL-2R but not CD3 on T lymphocytes. The suppressive effect of Dharmendra lepromin on the T-cell proliferative response reported earlier may be explained by its modulatory effect on a number of T-cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sheela
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, India
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Chiodini RJ. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2:90-117. [PMID: 2644025 PMCID: PMC358101 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.2.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic granulomatous ileocolitis, of unknown etiology, which generally affects the patient during the prime of life. Medical treatment is supportive at best, and patients afflicted with this disorder generally live with chronic pain, in and out of hospitals, throughout their lives. The disease bears the name of the investigator who convincingly distinguished this disease from intestinal tuberculosis in 1932. This distinction was not universally accepted, and the notion of a mycobacterial etiology has never been fully dismissed. Nevertheless, it was 46 years after the distinction of Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis before research attempting to reassociate mycobacteria and Crohn's disease was published. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the possible association of mycobacteria and Crohn's disease due largely to the isolation of genetically identical pathogenic Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from several patients with Crohn's disease in the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, and France. These pathogenic organisms have been isolated from only a few patients, and direct evidence for their involvement in the disease process is not clear; however, M. paratuberculosis is an obligate intracellular organism and strict pathogen, which strongly suggests some etiologic role. Immunologic evidence of a mycobacterial etiology, as assessed by humoral immune determinations, has been conflicting, but evaluation of the more relevant cellular immunity has not been performed. Data from histochemical searches for mycobacteria in Crohn's disease tissues have been equally conflicting, with acid-fast bacilli detected in 0 to 35% of patients. Animal model studies have demonstrated the pathogenic potential of isolates as well as elucidated the complexity of mycobacterial-intestinal interactions. Treatment of Crohn's disease patients with antimycobacterial agent has not been fully assessed, although case reports suggest efficacy. The similarities in the pathology, epidemiology, and chemotherapy of Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses are discussed. The issue is fraught with controversy, and the data generated on the association of mycobacteria and Crohn's disease are in their infantile stages so that a general conclusion on the legitimacy of this association cannot be made. While no firm evidence clearly implicates mycobacteria as an etiologic agent of Crohn's disease, the notion is supported by suggestive and circumstantial evidence and a remarkable similarity of Crohn's disease to known mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Chiodini
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
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Efficacy of a cell-mediated reaction to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the disposal of Mycobacterium leprae from human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:5210-4. [PMID: 2969108 PMCID: PMC281718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a delayed-type cell-mediated immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen on the Mycobacterium leprae load in the skin of leprosy patients. Twelve patients with the lepromatous form of leprosy have been injected intradermally with 5 units of the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Ten individuals responded with areas of induration ranging from 12 to 21 mm in diameter, and two were unresponsive (less than 10 mm). Twenty-one days thereafter, the injected and control sites were biopsied, and the histology, number of acid-fast bacilli, nature and phenotype of the emigrant cells, and ultrastructural characteristics of the lesions were evaluated. Eight of the 10 responding patients showed reductions in the number of acid-fast bacilli by factors ranging from 5 to 10,000. Two responders and both nonresponders exhibited no discernible decline in the number of organisms. The reduction in bacillary load was correlated with an intense mononuclear cell infiltrate, the maintenance of a high CD4+ T-cell/CD8+ T-cell ratio, the formation of granulomata, and the extensive destruction of previously parasitized macrophages.
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Portaels F, De Ridder K, Pattyn SR. Cultivable mycobacteria isolated from organs of armadillos uninoculated and inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGIE 1985; 136A:181-90. [PMID: 3890695 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2609(85)80057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria were cultivated from 16 out of 32 samples of tissues from armadillos inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae. Three out of 7 samples from non-inoculated armadillos held in captivity were also positive for cultivable mycobacteria. Some isolated strains belonged to the M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex, while others were identified as M. gordonae and M. terrae. Unclassified mycobacteria were isolated from M. leprae-inoculated armadillos only. Taxonomic studies confirmed that these new armadillo-derived mycobacteria (ADM) are different from all presently known species of mycobacteria, including M. leprae. The same new species were isolated from different armadillo colonies and were never found in non-inoculated animals. Different factors influence the isolation of these ADM in primary culture. Analysis of some specific markers of these ADM has been suggested in order to quantitatively determine the proportion of these ADM to M. leprae in armadillo tissues. No mycobacteria were cultivated from Nude mouse footpads infected with M. leprae.
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