Genetic analysis of the cloned genome of phage Mu

The bacteriophage Mu com gene appears to specify a translation factor required for mom gene expression

Expression of the bacteriophage Mu mom gene is subject to a variety of regulatory controls. Both the host Dam DNA-adenine methylase and the phage Mu C protein are required for mom gene transcription. In addition, the Mu com gene product is required for production of the mom protein. Because the com and mom genes overlap on the same mRNA transcript (with com being located proximal to the 5' end), it is likely that Com function is exerted after transcription initiation. To study the role of Com, two segments of Mu were cloned in both orientations (+ and -) into the HindIII site of the galactokinase expression vector, pKG1800; the HindIII site is located between the galK structural gene and its promoter. In (+) plasmids, the Mu DNA inserts were transcribed from the gal promoter in the same orientation as in the phage genome; (-) plasmids had the Mu DNA inserted in the reverse orientation. Each Mu insert contained the same segment of the mom gene from the 3' terminus, but differed in the extent of com gene included at the 5' terminus; one contained a truncated com gene and the other a complete com gene, as well as upstream Mu regulatory sequences. The results are summarized as follows: (1) both (-) plasmids produced only about 10% as much galactokinase activity following fucose induction as the parental vector, pKG1800; (2) plasmid pGTVH(+), with an intact com gene produced about 30% as much galactokinase as pKG1800; (3) plasmid pMTVH(+), with a truncated com gene, produced only about 10% as much enzyme as pKG1800.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A truncated form of the bacteriophage Mu B protein promotes conservative integration, but not replicative transposition, of Mu DNA

The phage-encoded proteins required for conservative integration of infecting bacteriophage Mu DNA were investigated. Our findings show that functional gpA, an essential component of the phage transposition system, is required for integration. The Mu B protein, which greatly enhances replicative transposition of Mu DNA, is also required. Furthermore, a truncated form of gpB lacking 18 amino acids from the carboxy terminus is blocked in replicative transposition, but not conservative integration. Our results point to a more prominent role for gpB than simply a replication enhancer in Mu DNA transposition. The ability of a truncated form of B to function in conservative integration, but not replicative transposition, also suggests a key role for the carboxy-terminal domain of the protein in the replicative reaction. The existence of a shortened form of gpB, which uncouples conservative integration from replicative transposition, should be invaluable for future dissection of Mu DNA transposition.

Regulation and expression of the bacteriophage mu mom gene: mapping of the transactivation (dad) function to the C region

Expression of the bacteriophage Mu mom gene is under tight regulatory control. One of the factors required for mom gene expression is the trans-acting function (designated Dad) provided by another Mu gene. To facilitate studies on the signals mediating mom regulation, we have constructed a mom-lacZ fusion plasmid which synthesizes beta-galactosidase only when the Mu Dad transactivating function is provided. lambda pMu phages carrying different segments of the Mu genome have been assayed for their ability to transactivate beta-galactosidase expression by the fusion plasmid. The results of these analyses indicated that the Dad transactivation function is encoded between the leftmost EcoRI site and the lys gene of Mu; this region includes the C gene, which is required for expression of all Mu late genes. Cloning of an approx. 800-bp fragment containing the C gene produced a plasmid which could complement MuC- phages for growth and could transactivate the mom-lacZ fusion plasmid to produce beta-galactosidase. These results suggest that the C gene product mediates the Dad transactivation function.

S1 nuclease mapping of the phage Mu mom gene promoter: a model for the regulation of mom expression

The mom gene of bacteriophage Mu encodes a DNA modification function. Expression of this modification requires the host Escherichia coli Dam (DNA-adenine methylase) function and the transacting phage Mu Dad function. The mom gene was subcloned into a variety of sites on plasmid pBR322. Insertions were made into the HincII and PvuI sites within the amp gene and into the ClaI site of the tet gene promoter. The only clones found were those in which the orientation of the mom gene prevents its transcription from the vector promoter(s), suggesting that constitutive expression of mom from a foreign promoter can occur independently of Dad function but is lethal for the cell. Employing S1 nuclease mapping, we have identified two Mu mRNA transcripts: (1) the gin transcript extends into the gin-mon intercistronic divide and terminates downstream from the BclI site; and (2) the mom transcript appears to initiate about 74 bp upstream from the BclI site, 12 bp downstream from a promoter-like sequence. Production of the mom transcript is dependent on the host Dam activity and on Dad transactivation. In contrast, the gin transcript is produced independently of Dam and Dad functions; the gin transcript may extend into the mom gene, but it appears to be either degraded at the 3' end or differentially terminated. We propose that regulation of mom gene transcription involves both positive and negative regulatory proteins, and that binding of the Dad protein (a "late" Mu protein) is required for transcription initiation by the host RNA polymerase. However, Dad protein action may be inhibited by prior binding of a repressor to the mom operator, located farther upstream. We propose that this repressor (encoded by a phage or host gene) binds to the operator only when there is no active Dam enzyme present, i.e., when there is no methylation of (or methylase binding to) the G-A-T-C sites within the mom operator.

Expression of the gin and mom genes of bacteriophage Mu

The gin and mom genes are located in the rightmost 1.6-kb segment, designated the beta segment, of bacteriophage Mu DNA. The gin gene is responsible for the inversion of the G segment of Mu, whereas the mom gene is involved in an unusual modification of the DNA. We have analyzed recombinant plasmids carrying one or both ends of Mu DNA for the expression of the Gin and Mom functions. The Gin protein and the presumptive Mom protein are not always detected in minicells, even though the plasmids being tested have the gin- and mom-containing segment of Mu DNA. However, some plasmids, in which the right end segment of Mu DNA is confined to the 1.6-kb beta segment, do give rise to these gene products in minicells. It seems that synthesis of the Gin and Mom proteins is inhibited in minicells, but this inhibition is lifted if most of the DNA to the left of the beta segment is eliminated from the plasmids. The most prominent Mu product detected in minicells is a 23-25-kDal polypeptide, termed here the zeta (zeta) protein. The function of the zeta protein remains unknown. In vitro transcription of Mu DNA with purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is limited to only two regions of the genome. The early region of Mu DNA is transcribed at a relatively high efficiency, whereas the beta region is transcribed at a low efficiency. This low-efficiency transcription appears to be specific for the gin gene; the mom gene transcript cannot be detected.

DNA methyltransferase-dependent transcription of the phage Mu mom gene

The phage Mu mom gene controls an unusual DNA modification. Expression of the mom function requires an active host (dam+) DNA adenine methylase [S-adenosyl-L-methionine:DNA (6-aminopurine)-methyltransferase]; in dam- hosts, Mu development is normal except that the viral DNA does not undergo the mom modification. The present communication compares transcription of the mom gene in dam+ versus dam- cells. 32P-labeled probes were prepared by nick-translation of a purified mom gene-containing restriction fragment and of virion DNA, respectively. These probes were hybridized with various RNAs blotted onto nitrocellulose filters (after fractionation by agarose gel electrophoresis). The salient findings are: (i) mom-specific RNA was readily detected in dam+ lysogenic cells, but only after induction of the Mu prophage; (ii) the level of mom RNA was decreased at least to 1/20th in induced dam- Mu lysogens; and (iii) little difference, if any, was observed between dam+ and dam- cells with respect to total Mu transcripts produced after prophage induction. These results are in accord with the known pattern of mom gene expression and Mu development. They show that the host (dam+) DNA adenine methylase activity is required for transcription of the mom gene. This represents a unique example where a DNA methylase exerts a positive regulatory role in mRNA transcription; alternative mechanisms for this process will be discussed.

Cloning and characterization of the Escherichia coli chromosomal region surrounding the dnaG Gene, with a correlated physical and genetic map of dnaG generated via transposon Tn5 mutagenesis

A 24 kilobase pair region of the E. coli chromosome surrounding the dnaG gene has been cloned and characterized. A lambda phage library was constructed by ligating a Sau3A( decreases GATC) partial DNA digest of the entire E. coli chromosome into the lambda BamHI(G decreases GATCC) cloning vector charon 28. Partial digestion was performed to generate overlapping chromosomal fragments and to allow one to walk along the chromosome. This library was probed with a nick-translated plasmid (pRRBl) containing the rpoD gene, which maps adjacent to dnaG at 66 min. Four bacteriophages: lambda 3, lambda 4, lambda 5, lambda 6 that hybridized to the probe were isolated from the 2,500 plaques screened. One phage recombinant lambda 4, was shown to contain the dnaG gene. Three recombinant plasmids containing dnaG: pGL444, pGL445, pBS105, were constructed via subcloning of lambda 4 using different restriction of fragments. Plasmids pGL444 and pBS10 5 were subjected to transposon Tn5 mutagenesis and 88 Tn5 inserts into the cloned region were isolated. The location of the Tn5 inserts were mapped by restriction enzyme analysis of the plasmids and the insertion mutations were checked for ability to complement of dnaGts chromosomal marker at nonpermissive 40 degrees C. In this manner a correlated physical and genetic map of dnaG was determined. A large number of Tn5 inserts map to a specific 900 b.p. region which we propose may be involved in the regulation of dnaG gene expression.

Stabilization of a degradable protein by its overexpression in Escherichia coli

Synthesis of proteins in Escherichia coli using recombinant DNA methodology has become an important tool for isolating and studying proteins. However, the E. coli protein degradation systems can interfere with the expression of cloned genes. To examine the effect of protein degradation, we have cloned the X90 allele of the E. coli lacZ gene. The X90 allele, an ochre mutant, codes for beta-galactosidase lacking approx. 12 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus. The X90 protein is rapidly degraded in wild-type E. coli. Randomly sheared DNA fragments from lambda placZ-X90 were inserted into the EcoRI site of the plasmid pOP203-UV5-3, a derivative of pMB9 containing the lactose operator-promoter region. Recombinant plasmids that carry the lacZ-X90 gene were identified by the Lac+ phenotype of their transformants in an ochre-suppressor-containing host and the Lac- phenotype in Su degrees or supE hosts. One recombinant plasmid, p41, with an insert of 7.6 kb codes for the synthesis of the X90 promoter at a quantity equal to or greater than 50% of the total cellular protein of several strains. In contrast to the normal situation, the X90 molecules synthesized in great excess from the plasmid are stable in Su degrees hosts and can be recovered primarily from the 10 000 X g pellets of sonication lysates. The surprising stability of the overproduced X90 protein may be due to the formation of proteinaceous aggregates.

In vitro and in vivo manipulations of bacteriophage Mu DNA: cloning of Mu ends and construction of mini-Mu's carrying selectable markers

Recombinant plasmids carrying one or both ends of the bacteriophage Mu genome were constructed by molecular cloning. Transposable mini-Mu's with selectable markers (ampicillin resistance, kanamycin resistance or the entire lac operon of Escherichia coli) inserted between the Mu ends were also constructed. As a source of lac operon DNA, a pBR322 derivative with a 27 kb insert containing the lac operon was constructed. The plasmids with both ends of Mu (mini-Mu's) conferred full Mu immunity upon the host cells. However, the same mini-Mu's containing kan or lac inserts were defective in immunity. A summary of the construction and physical characterization, including restriction endonuclease cleavage maps and some of the biological properties of the plasmids, is presented.