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Taneja P, Frazier DP, Kendig RD, Maglic D, Sugiyama T, Kai F, Taneja NK, Inoue K. MMTV mouse models and the diagnostic values of MMTV-like sequences in human breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:423-40. [PMID: 19580428 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transgenic mice are excellent models for breast cancer as they allow for the targeted expression of various oncogenes and growth factors in neoplastic transformation of mammary glands. Numerous MMTV-LTR-driven transgenic mouse models of breast cancer have been created in the past three decades, including MMTV-neu/ErbB2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Ras, Myc, int-1 and c-rel. These transgenic mice develop mammary tumors with different latency, histology and invasiveness, reflecting the oncogenic pathways activated by the transgene. Recently, homologous sequences of the env gene of MMTV have been identified in approximately 40% of human breast cancers, but not in normal breast or other types of cancers, suggesting possible involvement of mammary tumor virus in human breast carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the association of MMTV provirus with progesterone receptor, p53 mutations and advanced-stage breast cancer. Thus, the detection of MMTV-like sequences may have diagnostic value to predict the clinical outcome of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Taneja
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Mant C, Hodgson S, Hobday R, D'Arrigo C, Cason J. A Viral Aetiology for Breast Cancer: Time to Re-Examine the Postulate. Intervirology 2004; 47:2-13. [PMID: 15044830 DOI: 10.1159/000076636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, no aetiologic factor(s) for human breast cancer has been identified and the search for a causal agent has all but been abandoned during the past thirty years. Over 60 years ago, it was demonstrated that breast tumours in mice are caused by an oncornavirus, murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Whilst many at that time postulated a similar virus might be the causative agent of human breast cancer, genetic evidence was difficult to obtain primarily because of the occurrence of endogenous human retrovirus (HER) sequences within the human genome that share extensive regions of nucleotide homology with MMTV. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the possibility that a significant proportion of human breast cancers may be caused by viral infections. Two candidate viruses have been proposed, a human retroviral analogue of MMTV (which differs significantly in sequence and characteristics from HERs) and, the Epstein-Barr virus (gamma-herpes virus). These two viruses have been reported to occur in up to 37 and 50% of breast cancer cases, respectively. Here we present the background to the infectious hypothesis for the aetiology of breast cancer and review recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mant
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Guy's College and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Callahan R, Smith GH. MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis: gene discovery, progression to malignancy and cellular pathways. Oncogene 2000; 19:992-1001. [PMID: 10713682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has provided important insights into the mechanisms of gene transcription regulation by steroid hormones, the mode of action of heritable super antigens and the progressive nature of neoplastic transformation in the mammary gland. Here we describe the current situation with respect to the latter aspect of MMTV biology and the prospects for further advance in our understanding of breast cancer in humans that may be expected from a continued study of MMTV-induced mammary neoplasia. MMTV is a heritable somatic mutagen whose target range is limited. Commonly, the tumorigenic capacity of MMTV is restricted to mammary gland, whereas infection is found in a variety of cell types. In order to replicate, proviral DNA must be inserted into the cell DNA and cell division is required to fix the mutation. Yet only in the mammary epithelium does this lead to neoplastic transformation. This suggests a unique relationship between MMTV and mammary epithelium. In evaluating this relationship, we and others have discovered genes and potential gene pathways that are pertinent in mammary differentiation and neoplasia. In addition, the clonal nature of these progressive events from normal to malignant phenotype has become increasingly clear. The weight of these observations compel us to conclude that mammary neoplasms arise from multipotent mammary epithelial cells through a process of acquired mutations that are reflected in the increasingly malignant nature of the population of progeny produced by these damaged stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/epidemiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch4
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Notch
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Replication
- Wnt Proteins
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- R Callahan
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus: Immunological Interplays between Virus and Host **This article was accepted for publication on 1 October 1996. Adv Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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6
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Mietz JA, Kuff EL. Intracisternal A-particle-specific oligonucleotides provide multilocus probes for genetic linkage studies in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:447-51. [PMID: 1643306 DOI: 10.1007/bf00356154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes representing distinct intracisternal A-particle (IAP) subfamilies were derived from the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of transcriptionally active IAP genes in normal mouse cells. These probes were used to examine the distribution of IAP proviral elements in the genomic DNA of several inbred mouse strains. Each oligonucleotide probe identified multiple polymorphisms between the different strains. The distribution of polymorphic restriction fragments among the CXB set of recombinant inbred (RI) strains demonstrates the feasibility of using these probes for chromosome mapping. These and other subset-specific IAP probes can provide a useful series of multilocus markers for genomic mapping and genetic analysis in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mietz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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7
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Moen CJ, van der Valk MA, Snoek M, van Zutphen BF, von Deimling O, Hart AA, Demant P. The recombinant congenic strains--a novel genetic tool applied to the study of colon tumor development in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1991; 1:217-27. [PMID: 1686571 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of tumors in mice is under multigenic control, but, in spite of considerable efforts, the identification of the genes involved has so far been unsuccessful, because of the insufficient resolution power of the available genetic tools. Therefore, a novel genetic tool, the RC (Recombinant Congenic) strains system, was designed. In this system, a series of RC strains is produced from two inbred strains, a "background" strain and a "donor" strain. Each RC strain contains a different small subset of genes from the donor strain and the majority of genes from the background strain. As a consequence, the individual genes of the donor strain which are involved in the genetic control of a multigenic trait, become separated into different RC strains, where they can be identified and studied individually. One of the RC strains series which we produced is made from the parental strains BALB/cHeA (background strain) and STS/A (donor strain). We describe the genetic composition of this BALB/cHeA-C-STS/A (CcS/Dem) series and show, using 45 genetic autosomal markers, that it does not deviate from the theoretical expectation. We studied the usefulness of the CcS/Dem RC strains for analysis of the genetics of colon tumor development. The two parental strains, BALB/cHeA and STS/A, are relatively resistant and highly susceptible, respectively, to the induction of colon tumors by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The individual RC strains differ widely in colon tumor development after DMH treatment; some are highly susceptible, while others are very resistant. This indicates that a limited number of genes with a major effect are responsible for the high susceptibility of the STS strain. Consequently, these genes can be mapped by further analysis of the susceptible RC strains. The differences between the RC strains were not limited to the number of tumors, but the RC strains differed also in size of the tumors and the relative susceptibility of the two sexes. Our data indicate that the number of tumors and the size of tumors are not controlled by the same genes. The genetics of these different aspects of colon tumorigenesis can also be studied by the RC strains. The DMH-treated mice of the parental strains and the RC strains also developed anal tumors and haemangiomas in varying numbers. The strain distribution pattern (SDP) of susceptibility for each of the three types of tumors induced by DMH is different, indicating that development of these tumors is under control of different, largely non-overlapping, sets of genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Moen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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8
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Marchetti A, Robbins J, Campbell G, Buttitta F, Squartini F, Bistocchi M, Callahan R. Host genetic background effect on the frequency of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced rearrangements of the int-1 and int-2 loci in mouse mammary tumors. J Virol 1991; 65:4550-4. [PMID: 1712864 PMCID: PMC248904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4550-4554.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency with which int-1 and int-2 are rearranged in mouse mammary tumors by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-induced insertional mutagenesis is a consequence of the host genetic background. In 75% of C3H mammary tumors, int-1 is rearranged by MMTV insertion, whereas only 30% of BALB/cfC3H tumors contain a virus-induced rearrangement of int-1. This difference is significant (P less than 0.005) and could not be accounted for by the potentially additive effect of the genetically transmitted Mtv-1-encoded virus in C3H mice. Similarly, MMTV-induced rearrangement of the int-2 gene in mammary tumors of the R111 mouse strain (59%) occurred at a significantly (P less than 0.025) higher frequency than in BALB/cfR111 (25%) mammary tumors. Moreover, in BALB/cfR111 mammary tumors, there is evidence that rearrangement of int-1 and int-2 does not occur independently (P less than 0.025). These results suggest that the long history of inbreeding for high tumor incidence of C3H and R111 mouse strains has selected for the fixation of host mutations which either complement the action of the particular int gene or affect the sensitivity of specific subpopulations of mammary epithelium to infection by particular strains of MMTV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Inbreeding
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Poly A/analysis
- RNA/analysis
- RNA, Messenger
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchetti
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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9
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Blank R, Eppig J, Fiedorek FT, Frankel WN, Friedman JM, Huppi K, Jackson I, Mock B. Mouse chromosome 4. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S51-78. [PMID: 1799812 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Blank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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10
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Frankel WN, Rudy C, Coffin JM, Huber BT. Linkage of Mls genes to endogenous mammary tumour viruses of inbred mice. Nature 1991; 349:526-8. [PMID: 1846948 DOI: 10.1038/349526a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T cells that recognize self antigen are clonally deleted in the thymus--a maturation process that occurs in the context of histocompatibility molecules and the T-cell receptor. The minor lymphocyte stimulation antigens (Mls) effect these deletions through interactions with the V beta portion of the T-cell receptor, thus mimicking bacterial 'superantigens'. Intrigued by the fact that each known Mls gene maps to the same chromosomal region as an endogenous mouse mammary tumour virus (Mtv), we reevaluated the linkage relationships between the two gene families. Here we report perfect concordance in inbred and recombinant inbred mice between the presence of four Mtv proviruses with the expression of Mls gene products. These data suggest a general model in which mammary tumour virus gene products themselves are the ligands that shape a considerable portion of the immunological repertoire of common laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Frankel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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12
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Lee BK, Eicher EM. Segregation patterns of endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses in five recombinant inbred strain sets. J Virol 1990; 64:4568-72. [PMID: 2166832 PMCID: PMC247930 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4568-4572.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified mouse mammary tumor proviral loci in the AKR/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, DBA/2J, and SWR/J inbred mouse strains and determined their segregation patterns in the AKXD, AKXL, BXD, BXH, and SWXL recombinant inbred strain sets. Two new Mtv loci, Mtv-29 and Mtv-30, were identified. Mtv-30 was genetically mapped to chromosome 12. Additionally, two previously identified Mtv loci, Mtv-14 and Mtv-23, were genetically mapped to chromosome 4 and chromosome 6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lee
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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13
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Matsuzawa A, Sayama K, Tsubura A, Murakami A. A congenic line of the DDD mouse strain, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2: establishment and mammary tumorigenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81:639-44. [PMID: 1976120 PMCID: PMC6504069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A single dominant gene on chromosome 18, Mtv-2, controls both the early appearance of mammary tumors and expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in the milk. A congenic DDD mouse strain, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2 (DDD-Mtv-2), was developed by introducing this gene from GRS/AJms (GR) into DDD/1 mice by repeating 12 backcrosses and subsequent inbreeding using mammary tumors as a marker for selection. Southern blot analysis of the liver DNA from the resulting congenic mice with EcoRI and MMTV-U3 prove revealed that two DNA fragments corresponding to Mtv-2 were specifically transferred from GR to congenic mice. Detection of MMTV-gp52 antigen in the mammary gland and mammary tumor development in DDDfDDD-Mtv-2 mice demonstrated the production of infectious mature MMTV by Mtv-2 in congenic mice. About 80% of breeding DDD-Mtv-2 females developed mammary tumors in the course of one-year follow-up. The tumor incidence was lower and the tumor age higher than those in GR mice, suggesting less active functioning of the gene on the DDD genetic background. About 70% of these tumors were morphologically classified as pale cell and type P carcinomas peculiar to GR mice. The gene seemed to control the histologic features of mammary tumors. Congenic mice carried an MMTV provirus in an incomplete form on Y chromosome. The DDD-Mtv-2-strain will provide a new model for biological and molecular researches into mouse mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuzawa
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo
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14
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Hainaut P, Vaira D, Francois C, Calberg-Bacq CM. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection in SWISS and RIII mice. Correlation between resistance to exogenous infection and anti-MMTV serum response. Arch Virol 1990; 113:35-52. [PMID: 2167058 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-virus relationships were examined in mice from the two mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-infected strains SWISS MB+ and RIII, which harbour the same MMTV variant, and from the derived sublines Swiss MB- and RIIIf, which were freed of milk-borne MMTV by foster-nursing. These two strains are not phylogenetically related, the SWISS strain bearing the endogenous Mtv-3 locus in its DNA. In RIII and SWISS MB+ mice, the incidence of early mammary tumors, which was of 96% and 8%, respectively, was correlated to the level of MMTV expression in milk. In the SWISS MB-line, a non-coordinate expression of the provirus associated with the Mtv-3 locus was observed in the mammary glands, the salivary glands and the spleen. This expression was not tumorigenic and was characterized by the presence of the p28 gag antigen and the absence of the gp52 env antigen, except, however, in mammary glands of elder mice where traces of gp52 were found. In the mammary glands of SWISS MB+ mice, the expression of the Mtv-3 locus was masked by large amounts of antigens resulting from exogenous virus expression. RIIIf mice were MMTV-negative. Viral antigens coexisted with anti-MMTV antibodies in the serum of infected and tumor-bearing mice, but not in the form of immune complexes as verified by a method that allowed to detect specific antigen-containing-soluble immune complexes. An anti-MMTV serum reactivity was also detected in SWISS MB- and RIIIf mice. However, the serum response was higher in the two SWISS lines than in the two RIII lines. Except in tumor-bearing mice, the anti-MMTV response was not significantly modified by the presence of exogenous virus and thus resulted essentially from exposure to endogenous MMTV expression. In experimental infection studies, RIII mice were more susceptible to MMTV infection than SWISS mice. The correlation between resistance to MMTV infection and serum response to endogenous MMTV expression, suggests that the non-tumorigenic expression of an endogenous provirus can protect at least partially, against exogenous MMTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hainaut
- Département de Microbiologie, Université de Liège, Belgium
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15
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Iwai M, Okumoto M, Nishikawa R, Iwai Y, Takamori Y, Imai S. DNA rearrangements of the int region in spontaneous mouse mammary tumors of SHN/S and SLN/S mice. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26:9-15. [PMID: 2156546 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(90)90249-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SHN and SLN mice originating from the same Swiss albino stock are genetically very close to each other. The incidence and latent period of mammary tumor development in SHN mice were higher and shorter than those in SLN. To elucidate these differences in the behavior of mammary tumorigenesis, the frequency of insertion of mammary tumor viral genes within the int-1 and int-2 regions in spontaneous mammary tumors from their two substrains, SHN/S and SLN/S, were compared. The frequency of provirus integration into either int-1 or int-2 in DNAs from mammary tumors was 52% (11/21) in SHN/S and 45% (5/11) in SLN/S. The frequency of insertion within int-1 or int-2 could not account for the different susceptibilities of SHN/S and SLN/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwai
- Department of Medical Biology and Hygiene, Osaka Prefectural Radiation Research Institute, Japan
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16
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Nakamura S, Ikegami S, Dairiki K, Kochiya M, Fujimori T, Tamaoki N, Tada N. Biochemical similarity of Ly-19, Ly-32, and Lyb-2 alloantigens encoded in the gene cluster on mouse chromosome 4. Immunogenetics 1988; 28:314-9. [PMID: 3169880 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse lymphocyte alloantigens Ly-19 and Ly-32 are controlled by the genes tightly linked to the Lyb-2 locus on chromosome 4. Despite the similarity in mouse strain distribution patterns, Ly-19 and Ly-32 antigens which have been detected on both B- and T-cell lineages are distinct from Lyb-2 antigen whose expression is restricted to the B cells. In this report, the close linkage of these three loci was confirmed by the typings of three sets of recombinant inbred mice including BXD, CXS, and OXA. Furthermore, the biochemical characterization of these Lyb-2-linked proteins, i.e., Ly-19, Ly-32, and Lyb-2, demonstrated their similarities on a molecular level. Two polypeptides of 45,000 and 95,000 were the components of these three alloantigens. Furthermore, sequential immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the three alloantigenic determinants were located on the same molecular components. These findings may provide insight into the complexities and functional roles of Lyb-2 gene-cluster products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Meiji Institute of Health Science, Odawara, Japan
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17
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Sluyser M, Moncharmont B, van der Valk MA, de Goeij CC, Evers SG. Different int-1 region DNA rearrangements within different zones of a single mouse mammary tumor. Virology 1988; 163:11-8. [PMID: 2831652 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragments were taken from separate parts of hormone-dependent (HD) primary GR mouse mammary tumors and serially transplanted in estrone plus progesterone treated or hormonally untreated castrated mice. The transplants were examined with respect to int-1 DNA rearrangement, proviral integrations of the murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and estrogen and progesterone receptor content. One of the fragments (b) taken from the primary tumor of line TSI 96 produced transplants that showed int-1 rearrangement in one allele and also MMTV proviral integrations not at the int-1 gene, whereas transplants from another fragment (a) only had the normal germ-line int-1 arrangement and no extra MMTV provirus. These respective genotypes were retained when the tumors became hormonally independent during further transplantations. The results indicate that int-1 rearrangement was not present in the originally transformed cell but occurred in a HD cell during growth of the tumor. Furthermore they indicate that loss of hormonal dependence in GR mammary tumors is due to a mutational event, unrelated to int-1 rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sluyser
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salmons
- Medical College of Georgia, Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Augusta 30912
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19
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Kozak C, Peters G, Pauley R, Morris V, Michalides R, Dudley J, Green M, Davisson M, Prakash O, Vaidya A. A standardized nomenclature for endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses. J Virol 1987; 61:1651-4. [PMID: 3033291 PMCID: PMC254148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1651-1654.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a revised standardized nomenclature for endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses based on characterization by molecular cloning techniques and genetic segregation data.
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20
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Salinas J, Zerial M, Filipski J, Crepin M, Bernardi G. Nonrandom distribution of MMTV proviral sequences in the mouse genome. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:3009-22. [PMID: 3031617 PMCID: PMC340712 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.7.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated sequences of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) have been localized in the genomes of five inbred mouse strains (Balb/c, C3H, DBA/2, A.TH, 129-SV) and one mammary tumor cell line (GR). Two major classes of MMTV sequences have been detected in mouse DNA fractions as obtained by Cs2SO4/BAMD (3,6-bis-(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane) density gradient centrifugation. The first one corresponds to previously described endogenous sequences (Mtv loci), whereas the second one corresponds to endogenous sequences not previously known, and/or recently acquired; in the case of GR cells exogenous sequences may also be present in this class. The genome distribution is somewhat different for the two classes of sequences, the first one being practically only present in the lightest DNA segments of the mouse genome (GC congruent to 38%); the second one being also represented in heavier segments (GC congruent to 43%). This integration pattern suggests that "ancient" endogenous sequences are practically only localized in genome segments of roughly matching composition, whereas exogenous and recently acquired endogenous MMTV sequences may also be present in heavier fractions.
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21
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Kimura S, Tada N, Furze J, Festenstein H. Ly-33: a new lymphocyte alloantigen controlled by a gene linked to Ly-17 locus on mouse chromosome 1. Immunogenetics 1987; 26:315-6. [PMID: 3653943 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kimura
- Department of Immunology, London Hospital Medical College, England
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22
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Sarkar A, Günzburg WH. Spleen specific expression of an MMTV related transcript associated with the Mtv-6 locus in BALB/c mice. Virology 1986; 154:233-9. [PMID: 3019005 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have detected an MMTV related transcript which is expressed in a spleen specific manner in BALB/cHeA mice. Using a recombinant inbred series between BALB/cHeA and STS/A mice (C X S RI series) we have identified RNA associated with the Mtv-3 locus of the STS/A strain. This transcript initiates at the same site in the MMTV LTR as already reported for Mtv-2 and Mtv-8. The novel spleen specific MMTV transcript in the BALB/cHeA strain has a different structure as compared to the transcripts associated with the Mtv-2, Mtv-3, or Mtv-8 loci. We have tentatively identified the Mtv-6 locus as the source of these unique transcripts.
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Morris DW, Young LJ, Gardner MB, Cardiff RD. Transfer, by selective breeding, of the pathogenic Mtv-2 endogenous provirus from the GR strain to a wild mouse line free of endogenous and exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol 1986; 58:247-52. [PMID: 3009842 PMCID: PMC252907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.247-252.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The GR laboratory mouse strain has five endogenous proviral copies of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). One of these, Mtv-2, is unique because it causes mammary carcinomas in virtually 100% of breeding GR females prior to 1 year of age. To facilitate studies of this locus in particular, and mammary tumorigenesis in general, we genetically tailored a new mouse line, WXG-2, which bears Mtv-2 as its only endogenous MMTV provirus. The WXG-2 line was constructed by making hybrids between the GR strain and a wild mouse line free of both endogenous and exogenous MMTV, backcrossing to the MMTV-free line, and fixing the Mtv-2 locus in a population with the desired genotype. Mammary tumors were observed in 5 of the 20 hybrid females carrying the endogenous Mtv-2 provirus. The WXG-2 line represents a new model system for studying MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis in the absence of multiple endogenous proviruses.
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Gonez LJ, Sandrin MS, Henning MM, Hilgers J, McKenzie IF. Ly-29: a locus closely linked to Mtv-20 on chromosome 4 codes for a new mouse lymphocyte surface alloantigen. Immunogenetics 1985; 22:305-8. [PMID: 3876282 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hilgers J, van Nie R, Iványi D, Hilkens J, Michalides R, de Moes J, Poort-Keesom R, Kroezen V, von Deimling O, Kominami R. Genetic differences in BALB/c sublines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 122:19-30. [PMID: 2994956 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70740-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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