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Velez Torres JM, Tjendra Y, Kerr DA. A Triumvirate:: Correlating Thyroid Cytopathology, Molecular Testing, and Histopathology. Surg Pathol Clin 2023; 16:1-14. [PMID: 36739157 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Risk stratification is essential in the preoperative evaluation and management of thyroid nodules, most of which are benign. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing have shed light on the molecular drivers of thyroid cancer. Molecular testing of cytologically indeterminate nodules has helped refine risk stratification, triage patients for surgery, and determine the extent of surgery. Molecular platforms with high negative predictive values can help identify nodules that may be spared surgery and can be managed conservatively. Here we discuss the importance of integrating cytomorphologic, molecular, and histologic features to help avoid errors and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylou M Velez Torres
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1400 NW 12(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. https://twitter.com/JaylouVelez
| | - Youley Tjendra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1400 NW 12(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. https://twitter.com/Y_Tjendra
| | - Darcy A Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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2
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Dum D, Menz A, Völkel C, De Wispelaere N, Hinsch A, Gorbokon N, Lennartz M, Luebke AM, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Fraune C, Möller K, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Clauditz TS, Jacobsen F, Sauter G, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Minner S, Marx AH, Simon R, Burandt E, Krech T. Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 expression in cancer: A tissue microarray study on 15,424 cancers. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 126:104762. [PMID: 35390310 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Combined analysis of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is often used for assessing the origin of metastatic cancer. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CK7 and CK20, tissue microarrays containing 15,424 samples from 120 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CK7 positivity was seen in 52% (8.7% weak, 5.9% moderate, 37% strong) and CK20 positivity in 23% (5.1% weak, 3.4% moderate, 15% strong) of interpretable tumors. Of 8390 positive tumors, 1181 (14%) showed positivity for CK7 and CK20, 5380 (64%) showed positivity for CK7 alone, and 1829 (22%) showed positivity for CK20 alone. CK20 predominated in gastrointestinal tract, urothelial and Merkel cell carcinomas. CK7 was usually negative in prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Combined evaluation of CK7/CK20 revealed the best diagnostic utility in CK20 positive tumors, where CK7 negativity is often linked to colorectal origin while CK7 positivity argues for urothelial origin or mucinous ovarian cancer. Associations with unfavorable tumor features were found for cytokeratin 7 loss in breast cancer of no special type, urothelial and renal cell carcinomas, for CK7 overexpression in high-grade serous ovarian and gastric cancer, and for CK20 overexpression in urothelial carcinoma. CK20 loss was linked to MSI in gastric (p = 0.0291) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (p < 0.0001). These analyses provide comprehensive data on the frequency of CK7 and CK20 immunostaining - alone or in combination - in human cancers. These data facilitate interpretation of CK7/CK20 immunostaining in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cosima Völkel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noémi De Wispelaere
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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3
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Steurer S, Schneider J, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Menz A, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Sauter G, Simon R, Jacobsen F, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Minner S, Burandt E, Krech RH, Dum D, Krech T, Marx AH, Clauditz TS. Immunohistochemically detectable thyroglobulin expression in extrathyroidal cancer is 100% specific for thyroidal tumor origin. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151793. [PMID: 34425503 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin is a secreted 660 kDa glycoprotein produced by thyroid follicular cells used in diagnostic pathology to secure or exclude a thyroidal origin of metastases of unknown primary tumors. This study was performed to estimate specificity of thyroglobulin immunohistochemistry. 9974 tumor samples from 109 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Thyroglobulin was strongly expressed in all normal thyroid samples but not in any other normal tissues. Thyroglobulin immunostaining was detected in 99.1% of 106 thyroid adenomas, 98.1% of 364 papillary, 95.2% of 147 follicular, and 7.5% of 40 anaplastic thyroid cancers. Twelve of 15 thyroid samples that were thyroglobulin negative on TMAs showed at least a weak focal thyroglobulin positivity in corresponding large sections, suggesting higher sensitivity of large section analysis. Thyroglobulin positivity in one diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the thyroid, one chondrosarcoma metastasis to the thyroid, and 42.4% of 92 medullary thyroid cancers was considered to be caused by diffusion of thyroidal colloid from destroyed or even intact adjacent follicles. Thyroglobulin positivity was, however, not seen in 6403 extrathyroidal tumors from 104 different tumor types and subtypes. Our data demonstrate a complete specificity of positive thyroglobulin immunostaining for thyroid origin in tumor tissues obtained from extrathyroidal locations. However, for all tumors located within the thyroid, false positivity can occur as a result of tissue contamination by thyroglobulin rich thyroid colloid from adjacent normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Gianoukakis AG, Giannelli SM, Salameh WA, McPhaul LW. Well differentiated follicular thyroid neoplasia: impact of molecular and technological advances on detection, monitoring and treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:9-20. [PMID: 21094678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for follicular thyroid cell oncogenesis has been advanced significantly in recent years. Specific genetic alterations and the molecular pathways they affect have been associated with particular histologic subtypes of well-differentiated thyroid cancer and are now being evaluated for their utility as clinical tools with diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic relevance. This paper focuses on the most common and clinically relevant genetic alterations shown to be consistently associated with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We review the impact of recent molecular and technological advances on thyroid cancer standard of care and the practice of clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Building RB-1, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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5
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Filie AC, Asa SL, Geisinger KR, Logani S, Merino M, Nikiforov YE, Clark DP. Utilization of ancillary studies in thyroid fine needle aspirates: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 2008; 36:438-41. [PMID: 18478603 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored the NCI Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference on October 22-23, 2007 in Bethesda, MD. The 2-day meeting was accompanied by a permanent informational website and several on-line discussion periods between May 1 and December 15, 2007 (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov). This document summarizes matters regarding the utilization of ancillary studies in thyroid FNA (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/pages/info/agenda/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando C Filie
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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6
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Baloch ZW, Cibas ES, Clark DP, Layfield LJ, Ljung BM, Pitman MB, Abati A. The National Cancer Institute Thyroid fine needle aspiration state of the science conference: a summation. Cytojournal 2008; 5:6. [PMID: 18394201 PMCID: PMC2365970 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6413-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zubair W Baloch
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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7
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Singh K, Sharma MC, Jain D, Kumar R. Melanotic medullary carcinoma of thyroid--report of a rare case with brief review of literature. Diagn Pathol 2008; 3:2. [PMID: 18190715 PMCID: PMC2253502 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanin production in medullary carcinoma is extremely uncommon. Case presentation We report a rare variant of medullary carcinoma of thyroid with melanin production in a 52-year-old woman who presented with swelling in the thyroid of 3 months duration. This tumor recurred thrice in two years after surgery and patient died with metastasis. Microscopic examination showed typical morphology of medullary carcinoma with numerous cells loaded with melanin pigment as confirmed by bleached Fontana-Masson, negative iron and immunohistochemical stains. Tumor cells were diffusely immunopositive for calcitonin, HMB-45, chromogranin, synaptophysin, CEA but showed focal paranuclear dot positivity for cytokeratin. No C-cell hyperplasia was seen in the adjacent thyroid gland. Nature of the pigment was further confirmed on ultra structural examination. Conclusion Melanotic medullary carcinoma is an extremely uncommon entity. There is a need to report more number of cases in the literature for exact categorization and prognostication of this subtype of medullary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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8
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Pilling AM, Jones SA, Endersby-Wood HJ, McCormack NAM, Turton JA. Expression of thyroglobulin and calcitonin in spontaneous thyroid gland tumors in the Han Wistar rat. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:348-55. [PMID: 17455082 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701230270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous follicular and C-cell tumors of the thyroid gland in the Han Wistar rat were examined using two morphologic procedures. Firstly, in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to localize thyroglobulin (TG) and calcitonin (CT) mRNAs. Secondly, the proteins for these markers were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The aim was to study the morphology of the tumors and to examine the usefulness of TG and CT markers in the differential diagnosis of these lesions. Follicular tumors with cystic, papillary and follicular patterns showed relatively consistent expression of TG mRNA by ISH, thereby confirming the diagnostic value of this technique. However, no staining for TG markers was observed in solid lesions. In general, C-cell tumors comprised well-differentiated cells that continued to express CT mRNA and peptides even after embolic spread and metastasis. Therefore, the performance of either ISH or IHC for CT markers can be used for diagnostic confirmation. Additional features noted in C-cell tumors included the appearance of tumor emboli or metastases in association with small primary lesions (less than 5 average follicular diameters in size) and the presence of eosinophilic (amyloid-like) material showing immunopositivity for CT peptides. Finally, evidence is provided for the sequestration of TG protein by proliferating C-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Pilling
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 ODP, United Kingdom.
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9
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Carrizo F, Luna MA. Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in thyroid-like nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma: report of 2 cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005; 9:189-92. [PMID: 16084450 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the cases of 2 pediatric patients with low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma with features suggestive of thyroid origin. Both cases showed strong nuclear immunoreactivity for thyroid transcription factor-1 protein and positive immunostaining for cytokeratins 7 and 19. After thyroid imaging studies, local excision was performed in both patients. The patients remain free of disease 2 and 15 years after treatment, with no evidence of lesions in the thyroid or elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carrizo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P, Vecchini G, Gogou L, Kaldrymides P. Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. HORMONE RESEARCH 2004; 61:300-4. [PMID: 15153799 DOI: 10.1159/000078576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to describe the case of a female patient with a mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma. METHODS The patient underwent thyroidectomy for the treatment of multinodular goiter. A tumor was found which exhibited the features of a mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was positive in the area of the carcinoma for calcitonin and thyroglobulin. She developed extensive metastatic deposits in the bones of the pelvis and in the calvarium causing hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSION A patient with a mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma is described, who had elevated levels of both calcitonin and thyroglobulin and developed metastatic deposits, which could produce thyroid hormones.
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11
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Harmon BG, Kelley LC. Immunohistochemistry of ultimobranchial thyroid carcinomas in seven slaughtered cows and one bull. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13:101-5. [PMID: 11289203 DOI: 10.1177/104063870101300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight thyroid gland epithelial tumors were found in 7 cows and 1 bull in a retrospective study of thyroid gland lesions in slaughtered cattle. All tumors were classified as ultimobranchial thyroid carcinomas based on morphology and immunohistochemistry. All tumors consisted of solid sheets and nests of polygonal to oval epithelial cells, with more sparsely dispersed colloid-filled follicles. Connective tissue separating nests of epithelial cells varied from delicate fibrovascular stroma to dense collagenous stroma. Fusiform epithelial cells with rare neural fibers and ganglion cells were present in 1 tumor. Cells within solid areas of these tumors were immunoreactive for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin. Colloid and follicle cells were immunoreactive for thyroglobulin. Few follicle cells also were reactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Neoplastic cells invaded the fibrous capsules in all 8 cattle. These tumors represented proliferation of a mixed population of undifferentiated cells, C cells, and thyroid follicular epithelial cells, presumably derived from the thyroid ultimobranchial bodies. These ultimobranchial carcinomas in slaughtered cattle are comparable to ultimobranchial tumors described in dairy bulls and the intermediate type of thyroid gland carcinomas (mixed thyroid medullary carcinomas) described in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Harmon
- Pathology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7388, USA
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12
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Volante M, Papotti M, Roth J, Saremaslani P, Speel EJ, Lloyd RV, Carney JA, Heitz PU, Bussolati G, Komminoth P. Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma. Molecular evidence for a dual origin of tumor components. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1499-509. [PMID: 10550306 PMCID: PMC1866972 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mixed medullary-follicular carcinomas (MMFCs) are tumors of the thyroid that display morphological and immunohistochemical features of both medullary and follicular neoplasms. The histogenetic origin and possible molecular mechanisms leading to MMFCs are still unclear. To address these questions, we have isolated the two histological components of 12 MMFCs by (laser-based) microdissection, analyzed them for mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and allelic losses of nine loci on six chromosomes, and studied the clonal composition of MMFCs in female patients. Our results provide strong evidence that the follicular and medullary components in MMFCs are not derived from a single progenitor cell, because the seven tumors amenable for analysis consistently exhibited a different pattern of mutations, allelic losses, and clonal composition. We also demonstrate that follicular structures in MMFCs are often oligo/polyclonal and more frequently exhibit hyperplastic than neoplastic histological features, indicating that at least a subset of MMFCs are composed of a medullary thyroid carcinoma containing hyperplastic follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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Matias-Guiu X. Mixed medullary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. On the search for its histogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1413-8. [PMID: 10550294 PMCID: PMC1866975 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/1999] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Jasani B. Advances in immunocytochemistry of thyroid tumours 1987-1994. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1997; 91:21-36. [PMID: 9018913 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60531-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Jasani
- Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Papotti M, Sambataro D, Pecchioni C, Bussolati G. The Pathology of Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Review of the Literature and Personal Experience on 62 Cases. Endocr Pathol 1996; 7:1-20. [PMID: 12114676 DOI: 10.1007/bf02739911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to analyze the numerous pathological patterns of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) and discuss the problems of differential diagnosis with other thyroid and nonthyroid tumors. In addition, morphological parameters and phenotypic features were related to the clinical outcome. The recent literature was reviewed and compared with the features of 62 MCTs observed at our institution. The most common patterns of growth are trabecular, alveolar and spindle cells, but MCT can mimic virtually all other primary thyroid tumors and some nonthyroid neoplasms. This heterogeneity has no proven implications for prognosis, but is of relevance for diagnostic purposes, as the differential diagnosis of MCT can be difficult in nonclassical cases. In agreement also with the literature data, no relationship between histopathological parameters and outcome was found in our series, although clinically aggressive tumors had a more advanced stage at presentation. Immunocytochemica demonstration of calcitonin is apparently the only valid criterion for a correct typing of MCT. Chromogranin A is an additional sensitive marker of MCT and parallels calcitonin expression in the majority of cases.
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16
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Abstract
In this review article we consecutively address the following issues: differential diagnosis of follicular adenomas and minimally invasive follicular carcinomas, with a special emphasis on the hyalinizing trabecular tumours; differential diagnosis of benign and malignant papillary lesions; individualization of the variants of papillary carcinoma that carry a guarded prognosis; differential diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinomas exhibiting foci of other types of thyroid carcinoma, namely mucoepidermoid and poorly differentiated carcinoma; and, finally, the diagnostic problems raised by the so-called mixed medullary-follicular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Porto, Portugal
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17
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Mizukami Y, Michigishi T, Nonomura A, Noguchi M, Nakamura H. Thyroid carcinoma: clinical, pathologic correlations. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 18:67-102. [PMID: 7695829 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Mizukami
- Pathology Section, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
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Fabien N, Fusco A, Santoro M, Barbier Y, Dubois PM, Paulin C. Description of a human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line. Morphologic study and expression of tumoral markers. Cancer 1994; 73:2206-12. [PMID: 8156527 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2206::aid-cncr2820730828>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of cell lines from thyroid carcinomas can provide an in vitro model of oncogenesis. B-CPAP is a new cell line that has been obtained from a differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. The data presented give a broader characterization and expression of tumoral markers of this cell line and identify the differentiated functions that are preserved. METHODS An ultrastructural study was performed to confirm the thyroid nature of the new cell line. The cellular markers (thyroglobulin, S100, neuron-specific enolase [NSE]) and the oncogenes (mutated p53, H-ras, c-myc, PTC, trk) were studied by immunohistochemistry, Southern blot, or in situ hybridization. RESULTS The cells were of a differentiated ultrastructural thyroid type. All of the cells proved immunoreactive with antibodies specific to thyroglobulin, S100 proteins, NSE, and mutant p53 protein. Mutations of H-ras, PTC, and trk were not observed. The c-myc gene was not amplified. CONCLUSIONS The cell line described in these data provides a suitable model for the study of thyroid carcinogenesis, given that the cells present thyroid characteristics, and metabolic disorders not previously found in such cell lines. In addition, the coexpression of S100 proteins and mutant p53 proteins in the cells should permit the study of the interaction between these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fabien
- CNRS URA 1454, University of Medecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
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