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Zhou J, Zhu XS, Cai ZH. The impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryonic development. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:443-450. [PMID: 20970156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryonic development were investigated by exposing the fertilized eggs to four different concentrations of BPA (0.05, 0.2, 2 and 10 μg mL(-1)). Toxicity endpoints including the embryo development parameters, the physiological features and the expression profile of several reference genes (prohormone convertase 1, PC1; cyclin B, CB; and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, CDK1) were assessed. The results showed that BPA could markedly reduce embryo hatchability, increase developmental malformation, and suppress the metamorphosis behavior of larvae. The possible toxicological mechanisms hidden behind of these effects (i.e. disturbing the embryogenesis) might result from three aspects: (1) BPA disturbance the cellular ionic homeostasis and osmoregulation of abalone embryos by changing the Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase levels; (2) BPA induced oxidative damage of embryos by significantly altering the peroxidase (POD) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) production; and (3) the RT-PCR analysis further demonstrated that BPA perturbed the cellular endocrine regulation and cell cycle progression by down-regulating the PC1 gene, as well as over-expressing the CB and CDK1 genes. This is the first comprehensive study on the developmental toxicity of BPA to the marine abalone at morphological, physiological and molecular levels. The results in this study also indicated that the embryo tests can contribute to the ecological risk assessment of the endocrine disruptors in marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Life Sciences Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
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Tilak JC, Adhikari S, Devasagayam TPA. Antioxidant properties of Plumbago zeylanica, an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin. Redox Rep 2005; 9:219-27. [PMID: 15479566 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225005976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plumbago zeylanica (known as "Chitrak") is a useful Indian medicinal plant. The root of the plant and its constituents are credited with potential therapeutic properties including anti-atherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. To examine possible mechanisms of action of P. zeylanica (Chitrak), in relation to its reported beneficial properties, antioxidant effects of the aqueous/alcoholic extracts of root, corresponding to medicinal preparations, and the active ingredient, plumbagin, were studied. Methods used included: ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria induced by different agents, and estimating phenolic and flavonoid content. In FRAP/DPPH assays, boiled ethanolic extracts were the most effective, while in the ABTS assay boiled aqueous extracts were the most efficient. These extracts also significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by cumene hydroperoxide, ascorbate-Fe(2+) and peroxynitrite and contained high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids. To examine the mechanisms of action in detail, antioxidant and pulse radiolysis studies with plumbagin were conducted. The hydroxyl (.OH), alkyl peroxyl (CCl(3)OO.), linoleic acid peroxyl (LOO.), and glutathiyl (GS.) radicals generate a phenoxyl radical upon reaction with plumbagin. The bimolecular rate constants were: .OH, 2.03 x 10(9) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); CCl(3)OO., 1.1 x 10(9) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); LOO., 6.7 x 10(7) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); and GS., 8.8 x 10(8) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1). In conclusion, our studies reveal that extracts of P. zeylanica and its active ingredient plumbagin have significant antioxidant abilities that may possibly explain some of the reported therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai C Tilak
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Plewka A, Kamiński M, Plewka D, Nowaczyk G. Glucose-6-phosphatase and age: biochemical and histochemical studies. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 113:49-59. [PMID: 10708249 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes the final reactions in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. It occurs mainly in glycogenic tissues, such as the liver, where it plays an important role in the synthesis of glucose, a carbohydrate essential for tissue functioning. The effect of age on liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity was evaluated in male Wistar rats treated with mixed function oxidase system (MFO) inducers. The rats were divided into the following age groups: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20 and 28 months of age. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was evaluated biochemically and histochemically. Biochemical glucose-6-phosphatase activity increased up to the 20th month of rat life and then decreased rapidly. A similar tendency was observed in inducer-treated groups, though only dexamethasone stimulated this enzyme activity in all age groups studied. Histochemical glucose-6-phosphatase activity was strongest in the periportal zones. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity decreased significantly at month 8 and then it increased significantly until month 20. In the oldest age group, glucose-6-phosphatase activity decreased again. On histochemical analysis, the inducers used variably affected glucose-6-phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plewka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Silesian School of Medicine, Katowice-Ligota, Poland.
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Martínez M, Ferrándiz ML, De Juan E, Miquel J. Age-related changes in glutathione and lipid peroxide content in mouse synaptic mitochondria: relationship to cytochrome c oxidase decline. Neurosci Lett 1994; 170:121-4. [PMID: 8041486 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the contribution of lipid peroxides and glutathione to brain aging, we have carried out a comparative study of their contents in synaptic mitochondria from young (10-week-old), adult (24-week-old), and senescent (72-week-old) mice. In synaptic mitochondria, there is a significant decline in lipid peroxide content (P < 0.01) and cytochrome c oxidase activity (P < 0.001) in senescent as compared to adult and young mice. By contrast, glutathione concentration showed an increase in senescent (P < 0.05) in comparison to the other age groups. Moreover, there was a significant inverse correlation between age and lipid peroxide content (r = -0.5, P < 0.001) or cytochrome c oxidase-specific activity (r = -0.58, P < 0.001). We suggest that this age-dependent decrease in lipid peroxide content in synaptic mitochondria may be the result of an age-related decline in the activity of the electron transport chain, with concomitant decrease in oxyradical production, in the senescent organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
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Pushpendran CK, Subramanian M, Devasagayam TP. Developmental changes in the peroxidation potential of rat brain homogenate and mitochondria. Mech Ageing Dev 1994; 73:197-208. [PMID: 8057690 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation, one of the most common expressions of oxidative stress, may be altered during normal physiological states including development. We have examined the changes in lipid peroxidation in rat brain, a tissue highly susceptible to oxidative damage, during this physiological state. In vivo lipid peroxidation was moderate in the foetal and neonatal period and increased during the postnatal development. Lipid peroxidation potential in brain homogenate and mitochondria, in Tris-HCl buffer or with exogenous cofactors, such as ascorbate-Fe2+, NADPH ADP-Fe3+ and cumene hydroperoxide, showed significant changes during pre- and postnatal development. In general, brain as well as liver (used as a standard tissue for comparison) seem to have low peroxidation potential in the foetal and neonatal period which then increases at different rates during development to reach adult values at different days. The low peroxidation potential corresponds to the rapid phase of cell proliferation. These results taken together with similar earlier finding in other systems may indicate a possible occurrence of a 'permissible period' during which the low levels of lipid peroxidation may be able to yield only low amounts of cytostatic aldehydes and peroxides as byproducts, thereby allowing rapid proliferation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Pushpendran
- Radiation Biology and Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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López-Torres M, Pérez-Campo R, Rojas C, Cadenas S, Barja G. Simultaneous induction of sod, glutathione reductase, GSH, and ascorbate in liver and kidney correlates with survival during aging. Free Radic Biol Med 1993; 15:133-42. [PMID: 8375690 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90052-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Catalase was continuously inhibited with aminotriazole in the liver and kidney during 33 months in large populations of old and young frogs in order to study the effects of the modification of the tissue antioxidant/prooxidant balance on the life span of a vertebrate species showing an oxygen consumption rate similar to that of humans. Free-radical-related parameters were measured during three consecutive years at 2.5, 14.5, and 26.5 months of experimentation. Aging per se did not decrease antioxidant enzymes and did not increase peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid positive substances, or high-pressure liquid chromatography [HPLC]-malondialdehyde), either cross sectionally or longitudinally. Long-term catalase inhibition leads to time-dependent increases (100-900%) of endogenous superoxide dismutase, GSH, ascorbate, and especially glutathione reductase at 2.5 and 14.5 months of experimentation. This was positively correlated with a higher survival of treated animals (91% in treated versus 46% in controls at 14.5 months of experimentation). The loss of those inductions after 26.5 months leads to a sharp increase in mortality rate. The results show for the first time that simultaneous induction of various tissue antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic antioxidants can increase the mean life span of a vertebrate animal. It is concluded that the tissue antioxidant/prooxidant balance is a strong determinant of mean life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Torres
- Department of Animal Biology-II (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Kretzschmar M, Müller D. Aging, training and exercise. A review of effects on plasma glutathione and lipid peroxides. Sports Med 1993; 15:196-209. [PMID: 8451550 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199315030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Changes in plasma glutathione (reduced form: GSH; oxidised form: GSSG) and lipid peroxides (LPO) levels occur with aging, training and acute physical exercise. Sources of plasma GSH, GSSG and LPO include the liver and skeletal muscle. Aging appears to be accelerated because of a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of tissues reflected in a decreased plasma GSH level. This age-dependent change could be partly compensated by physical training. Skeletal muscle appears to be able to deliver GSH into circulation with the adaptation of muscle to exercise training reflected in an increased plasma GSH level in the trained subject. Decreased plasma GSH concentration following physical exercise demonstrates increased GSH consumption in skeletal muscle resulting in a reduced export rate from muscle into plasma. The GSH system is able to effectively protect tissues against lipid peroxidation initiated by oxygen-derived free radicals produced in the intermediate metabolism during exercise. It can be assumed that the rate of this free radical production is a function of oxygen flow through organ and muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kretzschmar
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Barja de Quiroga G, López-Torres M, Pérez-Campo R. Relationship between antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and aging. EXS 1992; 62:109-23. [PMID: 1450578 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7460-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiments performed on species as different as flies, rats and frogs are not conclusive about the possibility that antioxidant defenses decrease in old animals. Even when these decreases are found, their physiological meaning is far from clear. Furthermore, a constancy of antioxidant capacity in old age is consistent with the fact that aging is a progressive phenomenon which occurs at a rather constant rate from the mature young to the very old animal, without showing a great acceleration rate in the aged. Nevertheless, experimental results strongly suggest that the maintenance of an appropriate antioxidant/prooxidant balance does have an important role in maintaining health in the aging animal. It is possible that the continuous presence of small amounts of free radicals in the adult tissues of both mature adults and old animals is an important factor in aging (a progressive phenomenon) and susceptibility to disease. Since, similarly to what occurs in procariota, the whole antioxidant system seems to be under homeostatic control in vertebrates, it is imperative to perform comprehensive and detailed studies on the effects of carefully controlled doses of antioxidants on biomarkers of health as well as on the different endogenous cellular antioxidant and prooxidant systems. These studies should have as a final goal the knowledge of which doses of antioxidants are high enough to increase antioxidant protection but low enough to avoid feedback depression of other endogenous antioxidants; this could further improve the health state of humans situated in the middle and last phases of their life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barja de Quiroga
- Departamento de Biología Animal-II (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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López-Torres M, Pérez-Campo R, Barja de Quiroga G. Effect of natural ageing and antioxidant inhibition on liver antioxidant enzymes, glutathione system, peroxidation, and oxygen consumption in Rana perezi. J Comp Physiol B 1991; 160:655-61. [PMID: 2045545 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of the physiological role of oxygen free radicals in relation to the ageing process was performed using the liver of Rana perezi, an animal with a moderate rate of oxygen consumption and a life span substantially longer than that of laboratory rodents. Among the five different antioxidant enzymes only superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed an age-dependent decrease. Cytochrome oxidase (COX), glutathione status, in vivo and in vitro liver peroxidation, and metabolic rate did not vary as a function of age. Long-term (2.5 months) treatment with aminotriazole and diethyldithiocarbamate depleted catalase (CAT) activity and did not change both glutathione peroxidases (GPx), COX, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, or metabolic rate. This treatment resulted in great compensatory increases in SOD (to 250-460% of controls) and glutathione reductase (GR) (to 200%) which are possibly responsible for the lack of increase of in vivo and in vitro liver peroxidation and for the absence of changes in survival rate. The comparison of these results with previous data from other species suggests the possibility that decreases in antioxidant capacity in old age are restricted to animal species with high metabolic rates. Nevertheless, ageing can still be due to the continuous presence of small concentrations of O2 radicals in the tissues throughout life in animals with either high or low metabolic rates, because radical scavenging can not be 100% effective. Compensatory homeostasis among antioxidants seems to be a general phenomenon in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Torres
- Department of Animal Biology-II, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Barja de Quiroga G, Pérez-Campo R, López Torres M. Anti-oxidant defences and peroxidation in liver and brain of aged rats. Biochem J 1990; 272:247-50. [PMID: 2176082 PMCID: PMC1149684 DOI: 10.1042/bj2720247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Old rats (28 months), when compared with young adults (9 months), did not show differences in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or selenium-dependent and -independent glutathione peroxidases (GPx), or in levels of GSH, GSSG, GSSG/GSH and endogenous peroxidation in liver and brain. Rates of stimulated peroxidation in vitro were decreased in the livers of old rats. Old animals showed decreased levels of hepatic catalase and glutathione reductase. Nevertheless, when enzyme activities were referred to cytochrome oxidase activity these decreases disappeared, and GPx and SOD (brain) were even increased in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barja de Quiroga
- Departamento de Biologia Animal-II, Fisiologia Animal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Rough and smooth microsomes of brain in senescent rats showed less sensitivity to ascorbate-, NADPH- and cumene hydroperoxide-induced peroxidative damage compared with those of young adults. The observed decrease in peroxidative potential in senescent rats seemed to be due to decrease in the substrate for peroxidation in the form of phospholipids and increase in the level of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Devasagayam
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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Devasagayam TP, Tarachand U. Decreased lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney during gestation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 145:134-8. [PMID: 3593335 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal malonaldehyde content and lipid peroxidation, induced by ascorbate, NADPH and cumene hydroperoxide, are significantly decreased during gestation in rats. Lipid peroxidation tends to reach normal levels in the kidney post partum. In the renal mitochondria lipid peroxidation without co-factors and that induced by cumene hydroperoxide, ascorbate and NADPH is decreased during pregnancy. However, in the microsomes, only lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH and cumene hydroperoxide is affected. The observed decrease in lipid peroxidation during gestation is reflected by low levels of total lipid and phospholipid. Endogenous inhibitors of lipid peroxidation also increase during pregnancy.
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Devasagayam TP. Senescence-associated decrease of NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. FEBS Lett 1986; 205:246-50. [PMID: 3091402 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is associated with decrease in the NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate as well as rough and smooth microsomes of female rats. In the microsomal fractions, sensitivity to NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation is high in young adults (3-month-old), decreases in middle aged (12-month-old) and reaches lowest levels in senescent (30-month-old) rats. Increasing the concentration of co-factors or time of incubation does not alter this resistance observed in the senescent rats. Major factors responsible for this resistance in senescent rats seem to be low levels of substrate in the c reductase, cytochrome P-450 and high cholesterol:phospholipid ratios besides enhanced levels of superoxide dismutase, alpha-tocopherol and reduced glutathione.
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