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Kim T, Kassim AM, Botejue A, Zhang C, Forte J, Rozzell D, Huffman MA, Devine PN, McIntosh JA. Hemoprotein-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation En Route to the Chiral Cyclopropanol Fragment of Grazoprevir. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1129-1132. [PMID: 30666768 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that were once the exclusive province of synthetic catalysts can increasingly be addressed using biocatalysis. Through discovery of unnatural enzyme reactions, biochemists have significantly expanded the reach of enzymatic catalysis to include carbene transfer chemistries including olefin cyclopropanation. Here we describe hemoprotein cyclopropanation catalysts derived from thermophilic bacterial globins that react with diazoacetone and an unactivated olefin substrate to furnish a cyclopropyl ketone, a previously unreported reaction for enzyme catalysts. We further demonstrate that the resulting cyclopropyl ketone can be converted to a key cyclopropanol intermediate that occurs en route to the anti-hepatitis C drug grazoprevir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kim
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Amude M Kassim
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ajit Botejue
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Jared Forte
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - David Rozzell
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Mark A Huffman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Paul N Devine
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - John A McIntosh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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Koeller KM, Wong CH. Synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates: enzyme-based and programmable one-pot strategies. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4465-94. [PMID: 11749355 DOI: 10.1021/cr990297n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koeller
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Elling L. Glycobiotechnology: enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 58:89-144. [PMID: 9103912 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates, as constituting part of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, hormones, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites, play an active role in inter- and intracellular communication. The aim of "glycobiotechnology" as an upcoming interdisciplinary research field is to develop highly efficient synthesis strategies, including in vivo and in vitro approaches, in order to bring such complex molecules into analytical and therapeutic studies. The enzymatic synthesis of glycosidic bonds by Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an efficient strategy for obtaining saccharides with absolute stereo- and regioselectivity in high yields and under mild conditions. There are, however, two obstacles hindering the realization of this process on a biotechnological scale, namely the production of recombinant Leloir-glycosyltransferases and the availability of enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars (the glycosyltransferase donor substrates). The present review surveys some synthetic targets which have attracted the interest of glycobiologists as well as recombinant expression systems which give Leloir-glycosyltransferase activities in the mU and U range. The main part summarizes publications concerned with the complex pathways of primary and secondary nucleotide sugars and the availability and use of these enzymes for synthesis applications. In this context, a survey of our work will demonstrate how enzymes from different sources and pathways can be combined for the synthesis of nucleotide deoxysugars and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elling
- Institut für Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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Kittelmann M, Klein T, Kragl U, Wandrey C, Ghisalba O. CMP-N-acetyl neuraminic-acid synthetase from Escherichia coli: fermentative production and application for the preparative synthesis of CMP-neuraminic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 44:59-67. [PMID: 8579837 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In an optimized sorbitol/yeast extract/mineral salt medium up to 12 U/l CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic-acid (Neu5Ac) synthetase was produced by Escherichia coli K-235 in shake-flask culture. A colony mutant of this strain, E. coli K-235/CS1, was isolated with improved enzyme formation: in shake flasks with a yield of up to 20.8 U/l and 54 mU/mg protein in the cell extract. With this strain 26500 U CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase was produced with a high specific activity (0.128 U/mg) by fed-batch fermentation on 230-l scale. On a 10-1 scale the enzyme yield was 191 U/l culture medium. The enzyme was partially purified by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol resulting in a three- to fourfold enrichment and a recovery rate of more than 80%; most of the CTP hydrolysing enzymes were removed. The native synthetase was deactivated completely by incubation at 45 degrees C for 10 min, but could be stabilized remarkably by glycerol and different salts. The enzyme was used for the preparative synthesis of CMP-Neu5Ac with a conversion yield of 87% based on CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kittelmann
- Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Basel, Switzerland
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