1
|
Mahor D, Cong Z, Weissenborn MJ, Hollmann F, Zhang W. Valorization of Small Alkanes by Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101116. [PMID: 34288540 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of alkanes into valuable chemical products is a vital reaction in organic synthesis. This reaction, however, is challenging, owing to the inertness of C-H bonds. Transition metal catalysts for C-H functionalization are frequently explored. Despite chemical alternatives, nature has also evolved powerful oxidative enzymes (e. g., methane monooxygenases, cytochrome P450 oxygenases, peroxygenases) that are capable of transforming C-H bonds under very mild conditions, with only the use of molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as electron acceptors. Although progress in alkane oxidation has been reviewed extensively, little attention has been paid to small alkane oxidation. The latter holds great potential for the manufacture of chemicals. This Minireview provides a concise overview of the most relevant enzyme classes capable of small alkanes (C<6 ) oxyfunctionalization, describes the essentials of the catalytic mechanisms, and critically outlines the current state-of-the-art in preparative applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durga Mahor
- National Innovation Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Martin J Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- National Innovation Center for Synthetic Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elumalai P, Parthipan P, Karthikeyan OP, Rajasekar A. Enzyme-mediated biodegradation of long-chain n-alkanes (C 32 and C 40) by thermophilic bacteria. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:116. [PMID: 28567628 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of long-chain hydrocarbons and n-alkanes from oil-contaminated environments are mere important to reduce the ecological damages, while bio-augmentation is a very promising technology that requires highly efficient microbes. In present study, the efficiency of pure isolates, i.e., Geobacillus thermoparaffinivorans IR2, Geobacillus stearothermophillus IR4 and Bacillus licheniformis MN6 and mixed consortium on degradation of long-chain n-alkanes C32 and C40 was investigated by batch cultivation test. Biodegradation efficiencies were found high for C32 by mixed consortium (90%) than pure strains, while the pure strains were better in degradation of C40 than mixed consortium (87%). In contrast, the maximum alkane hydroxylase activities (161 µmol mg-1 protein) were recorded in mixed consortium system that had supplied with C40 as sole carbon source. Also, the alcohol dehydrogenase (71 µmol mg-1 protein) and lipase activity (57 µmol mg-1 protein) were found high. Along with the enzyme activities, the hydrophobicity natures of the bacterial strains were found to determine the degradation efficiency of the hydrocarbons. Thus, the study suggested that the hydrophobicity of the bacteria is a critical parameter to understand the biodegradation of n-alkanes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mishra S, Singh SN. Microbial degradation of n-hexadecane in mineral salt medium as mediated by degradative enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 111:148-154. [PMID: 22405754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, n-hexadecane degradation in MSM was investigated by three bacteria identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSA5, Rhodococcus sp. NJ2 and Ochrobactrum intermedium P2, isolated from petroleum sludge. During 10 days of incubation, n-hexadecane was degraded to 99% by P. aeruginosa PSA5, 95% by Rhodococcus sp. NJ2 and 92% by O. intermedium P2. During degradation process, the induction of catabolic enzymes alkane hydroxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase and lipase were also examined. Among these enzymes, the highest activities of alkane hydroxylase (185 μmol mg(-1) protein) and alcohol dehydrogenase (75.78 μmol mg(-1) protein) were recorded in Rhodococcus sp. NJ2 while lipase activity was highly induced in P. aeruginosa PSA5 (48.71 μmol mg(-1) protein). Besides, accumulation of n-hexadecane in inclusion bodies was found to be maximum 60.8 g l(-1) in P. aeruginosa PSA5, followed by Rhodococcus sp. NJ2 (56.1 g l(-1)) and the least (51.6 g l(-1)) was found in O. intermedium P2. Biosurfactant production by bacterial strains was indicated by the reduction in surface tension and induction of cell surface hydrophobicity and pseudosolubilization which facilitated n-hexadecane degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- Environmental Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saratale G, Kalme S, Bhosale S, Govindwar S. Biodegradation of kerosene by Aspergillus ochraceus NCIM-1146. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 47:400-5. [PMID: 17910104 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200710337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus ochraceus NCIM-1146 was found to degrade kerosene, when previously grown mycelium (96 h) was incubated in the broth containing kerosene. Higher levels of NADPH-DCIP reductase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and kerosene biodegradation activities were found to be present after the growth in potato dextrose broth for 96 h, when compared with the activities at different time intervals during the growth phase. NADPH was the preferred cofactor for enzyme activity, which was inhibited by CO, indicating cytochrome P450 mediated reactions. A significant increase in all the enzyme activities was observed when mycelium incubated for 18 h in mineral salts medium, containing cholesterol, camphor, naphthalene, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, phenobarbital, n-hexane, kerosene or saffola oil as inducers. Acetaldehyde produced by alcohol dehydrogenase could be used as an indicator for the kerosene biodegradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Saratale
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Callaghan AV, Gieg LM, Kropp KG, Suflita JM, Young LY. Comparison of mechanisms of alkane metabolism under sulfate-reducing conditions among two bacterial isolates and a bacterial consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4274-82. [PMID: 16751542 PMCID: PMC1489600 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02896-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that fumarate addition and carboxylation are two possible mechanisms of anaerobic alkane degradation. In the present study, we surveyed metabolites formed during growth on hexadecane by the sulfate-reducing isolates AK-01 and Hxd3 and by a mixed sulfate-reducing consortium. The cultures were incubated with either protonated or fully deuterated hexadecane; the sulfate-reducing consortium was also incubated with [1,2-13C2]hexadecane. All cultures were extracted, silylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We detected a suite of metabolites that support a fumarate addition mechanism for hexadecane degradation by AK-01, including methylpentadecylsuccinic acid, 4-methyloctadecanoic acid, 4-methyloctadec-2,3-enoic acid, 2-methylhexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid. By using d34-hexadecane, mass spectral evidence strongly supporting a carbon skeleton rearrangement of the first intermediate, methylpentadecylsuccinic acid, was demonstrated for AK-01. Evidence indicating hexadecane carboxylation was not found in AK-01 extracts but was observed in Hxd3 extracts. In the mixed sulfate-reducing culture, however, metabolites consistent with both fumarate addition and carboxylation mechanisms of hexadecane degradation were detected, which demonstrates that multiple alkane degradation pathways can occur simultaneously within distinct anaerobic communities. Collectively, these findings underscore that fumarate addition and carboxylation are important alkane degradation mechanisms that may be widespread among phylogenetically and/or physiologically distinct microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy V Callaghan
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Foran Hall, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kohno T, Sugimoto Y, Sei K, Mori K. Design of PCR Primers and Gene Probes for General Detection of Alkane-Degrading Bacteria. Microbes Environ 2002. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.17.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kohno
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
| | - Yoshiro Sugimoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
| | - Kazuhiro Mori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Oxidoreductases comprise the large class of enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation/reduction reactions. Because many chemical and biochemical transformations involve oxidation/reduction processes, developing practical biocatalytic applications of oxidoreductases has long been an important goal in biotechnology. During the past year, significant progress has been made in the development of oxidoreductase-based diagnostic tests and improved biosensors, in the design of innovative systems for regeneration of essential coenzymes, in the construction bioreactors for biodegradation of pollutants and for biomass processing, and in the development of oxidoreductase-based approaches for synthesis of polymers and oxyfunctionalized organic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W May
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Napolitano R, Juárez MP. Entomopathogenous fungi degrade epicuticular hydrocarbons of Triatoma infestans. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 344:208-14. [PMID: 9244399 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to analyze the ability of entomopathogenous fungi to degrade insect hydrocarbons. Strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenic to the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans were grown on hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon insect lipid extracts and on synthetic hydrocarbon-enriched media as the sole carbon source. Entomopathogenous fungi were shown to utilize hydrocarbons as the only carbon source for their growth. Insect-derived hydrocarbons served more efficiently as metabolic fuel rather than synthetic compounds of similar structure. [3H]n-Pentacosane, [11,12-3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane, and [14C]n-hexadecane were catabolized into different amounts of polar lipids, free fatty acids, and acylglycerols. In experiments using the branched alkane, labeled hydrocarbons of different chain length than the precursor were also synthesized. Evidence of complete catabolism was obtained by a significant release of 14CO2 from [1-14C]n-hexadecane. 14CO2 production might be used as a simple method to compare hydrocarbon utilization by fungal strains. These data demonstrate that entomopathogenous fungi are able to transform a variety of hydrocarbon structures into different lipid products, part of which may be subsequently utilized for energy production and for the biosynthesis of cellular components. These data are the first evidence of hydrocarbon catabolism and synthesis in entomopathogenous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Napolitano
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biocatalysis has always been a key focus area in biotechnology and new approaches for the utilization of biocatalysts have continued to emerge over the past year. Significant progress has been made in the biocatalytic production of both synthetic and natural polymers, in the generation of novel biocatalysts using genetic and biochemical approaches or through identification of new biological sources, in the immobilization of biocatalysts and their modification with amphiphilic polymers, and in the modulation of the stereochemistry of enzymatic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SW May
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maeng JH, Sakai Y, Tani Y, Kato N. Isolation and characterization of a novel oxygenase that catalyzes the first step of n-alkane oxidation in Acinetobacter sp. strain M-1. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:3695-700. [PMID: 8682768 PMCID: PMC178149 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.13.3695-3700.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Finnerty pathway for n-alkane, oxidation in Acinetobacter sp., n-alkanes are postulated to be attacked by a dioxygenase and the product, n-alkyl hydroperoxide, is further metabolized to the corresponding aldehyde via the peroxy acid [W. R. Finnerty, P. 184-188, in A. H. Applewhite (ed.), Proceedings of the World Conference on Biotechnology for the Fats and Oil Industry, 1988]. However, no biochemical evidence regarding the first-step reaction is available. In this study, we found a novel n-alkane-oxidizing enzyme that requires only molecular oxygen, i.e., not NAD(P)H, in our isolate, Acinetobacter sp. strain M-1, and purified it to apparent homogeneity by gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme is a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 134 kDa, contains 1 mol of flavin adenine dinucleotide per mol of subunit, and requires CU2+ for its activity. The enzyme uses n-alkanes ranging in length from 10 to 30 carbon atoms and is also active toward n-alkenes (C12 to C20) and some aromatic compounds with substituted alkyl groups but not toward a branched alkane, alcohol, or aldehyde. Transient accumulation of n-alkyl hydroperoxide was detected in the course of the reaction, and no oxygen radical scavengers affected the enzyme activity. From these properties, the enzyme is most probably a dioxygenase that catalyzes the introduction of two atoms of oxygen to the substrate, leading to the formation of the corresponding n-alkyl hydroperoxide. The enzymatic evidence strongly supports the existence of an n-alkane oxidation pathway, which is initiated by a dioxygenase reaction, in Acinetobacter spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Maeng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|