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Liu Y, Li M, Zhang M, Yang Z, Chen X, Wu X. Evolution and expression analysis of carotenoid cleavage oxygenase gene family in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128475. [PMID: 38029894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) plays a pivotal role in various biological activities, including antioxidant and immune functions in animals. This paper investigates the evolution and expression of CCO genes based on three chordates and 27 arthropods. Aquatic animals exhibit a higher abundance of CCO genes. Despite this, research on CCO in crustaceans has been notably limited, with a complete absence of any previous studies on the CCO genes for the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). In this study, six CCO genes were identified in the E. sinensis genome database. Results reveal that the evolution of the CCO gene family in Crustacea is primarily characterized by purifying selection, with a preference for employing similar codons. EsCCO1 and EsCCO3 were mainly expressed in the epidermal layer, and EsCCO4 was mainly expressed in the hindgut. Meanwhile, EsCCO5 and EsCCO6 were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and endometrium. A notable detail that different EsCCO genes demonstrate distinct expression patterns within various tissues of E. sinensis. The findings of this study offer fundamental insights that could serve as a basis for further exploration into the functions and regulatory mechanisms of CCO genes in crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zonglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Doherty CTM, Laidre ME. Doors to the Homes: Signal Potential of Red Coloration of Claws in Social Hermit Crabs. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad018. [PMID: 37323238 PMCID: PMC10263385 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Red coloration on a signaler's body may be an informative signal in many animals. For species that inhabit architecture (e.g., burrows, nests, or other structures), certain parts of the body are more exposed than others, potentially serving as superior platforms for signaling via coloration. Yet whether animals differentially advertise red coloration on body parts that are more versus less exposed from their architecture remains to be tested. Here, we systematically quantified red coloration in social hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus). These crabs inhabit architecturally remodeled shells and have claws that visibly block the shell entrance, like doors to their homes. We hypothesized that red coloration of claws may be a signal of resource-holding potential (RHP). Consistent with this RHP signaling hypothesis, we found that within the same individuals' bodies, exposed claws showed significantly greater red coloration than unexposed carapaces. Furthermore, larger body size predicted greater red coloration of claws. Competing hypotheses (e.g., interspecific signaling, camouflage, and UV protection), while not explicitly tested, nevertheless appear unlikely based on natural history. Red claw coloration may therefore function as a signal to conspecifics, and experiments are now needed to test recipient responses. Broadly, relative to surrounding architecture, exposed body surfaces offer rich potential as signaling platforms for coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T M Doherty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK
| | - M E Laidre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Gan Y, Kou Y, Yan F, Wang X, Wang H, Song X, Zhang M, Zhao X, Jia R, Ge H, Yang S. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Analysis Reveals the Adaptive Molecular Mechanism of Yellow-Green Leaf in Rosa beggeriana 'Aurea'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:845662. [PMID: 35401615 PMCID: PMC8987444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.845662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rosa beggeriana 'Aurea' is a yellow-green leaf (yl) mutant and originated from Rosa beggeriana Schrenk by 60Co-γ irradiation, which is an important ornamental woody species. However, the molecular mechanism of the yl mutant remains unknown. Herein, comparative transcriptome profiling was performed between the yl type and normal green color type (WT) by RNA sequencing. A total of 3,372 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 1,585 upregulated genes and 1,787 downregulated genes. Genes that took part in metabolic of biological process (1,090), membrane of cellular component (728), catalytic (1,114), and binding of molecular function (840) were significantly different in transcription level. DEGs involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, carotenoids biosynthesis, cutin, suberine, wax biosynthesis, photosynthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) components, CO2 fixation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis related genes were downregulated. Meanwhile, linoleic acid metabolism, siroheme biosynthesis, and carbon source of pigments biosynthesis through methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways were upregulated. Moreover, a total of 147 putative transcription factors were signification different expression, involving NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB and AP2/ERF, C2H2, GRAS, and bZIP family gene. Our results showed that the disturbed pigments biosynthesis result in yl color by altering the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids in yl mutants. The yl mutants may evoke other metabolic pathways to compensate for the photodamage caused by the insufficient structure and function of chloroplasts, such as enhanced MEP pathways and linoleic acid metabolism against oxidative stress. This research can provide a reference for the application of leaf color mutants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gan
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Kou
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yan
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongqian Wang
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshang Song
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruidong Jia
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ge
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- National Center of China for Flowers Improvement, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ecological effects on female bill colour explain plastic sexual dichromatism in a mutually-ornamented bird. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14970. [PMID: 34294752 PMCID: PMC8298529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in ornamentation are common and, in species with conventional sex roles, are generally thought of as stable, due to stronger sexual selection on males. Yet, especially in gregarious species, ornaments can also have non-sexual social functions, raising the possibility that observed sex differences in ornamentation are plastic. For example, females may invest in costly ornamentation more plastically, to protect body and reproductive ability in more adverse ecological conditions. We tested this hypothesis with experimental work on the mutually-ornamented common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), supplementing their diets either with pigmentary (lutein, a carotenoid) or non-pigmentary (vitamin E) antioxidants, or alleviating winter cold temperature. We found that both lutein and vitamin E supplementation increased red bill colour saturation in females, reaching the same mean saturation as males, which supports the hypothesis that female bill colour is more sensitive to environmental or physiological conditions. The effect of vitamin E, a non-pigment antioxidant, suggests that carotenoids were released from their antioxidant functions. Alleviating winter cold did not increase bill colour saturation in either sex, but increased the stability of female bill colour over time, suggesting that female investment in bill colour is sensitive to cold-mediated stress. Together, results show that waxbill bill sexual dichromatism is not stable. Instead, sexual dichromatism can be modulated, and even disappear completely, due to ecology-mediated plastic adjustments in female bill colour.
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Abraham ME, Weimer SL, Scoles K, Vargas JI, Johnson TA, Robison C, Hoverman L, Rocheford E, Rocheford T, Ortiz D, Karcher DM. Orange corn diets associated with lower severity of footpad dermatitis in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101054. [PMID: 33744614 PMCID: PMC8005823 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Footpad dermatitis (FPD), damage and inflammation of the plantar surface of the foot, is of concern for poultry because FPD affects the birds' welfare and production value. Footpad dermatitis is painful and causes costly chicken paw downgrades, carcass condemnations, and reduced live weights. However, a universal preventative has not been found. The hypothesis was that diets containing orange corn, when compared with diets containing yellow or white corn, would reduce the severity of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens on wet litter. When compared with yellow and white corn, orange corn contains higher quantities of carotenoids, antioxidant pigments, believed to play a role in skin and feather health. This experiment was a randomized block, 3 × 2 factorial design: orange, yellow, and white corn diets with birds raised on wet or dry litter (control group). Female Ross 708 broilers (n = 960) were used to create 4 replicates of each diet x litter treatment combination. Footpads were scored at day 19, 27, 35, and 42, following the Global Animal Partnership standard's 0-2 scale of visual increasing severity: 0 indicates minimal damage and 1 and 2 indicate mild to severe lesions and ulceration, dark papillae, and/or bumble foot. At 42 d of age, birds on the wet litter had greater severity of FPD, scores 1 and 2, compared with the control group (88 vs. 13% respectively; P < 0.0001). At 42 d of age, prevalence of more severe footpad scores, 1 or 2, was lowest on the orange corn diet (33%), followed by white corn (56%) and yellow corn (63%). Birds fed the orange corn diet had higher BW throughout the study (P = 0.004) and had fat pads and livers with higher yellow pigment deposition (P < 0.005). Litter moisture content altered microbiome composition but corn type did not. In conclusion, the main determinant of FPD in this study was exposure to wet litter. When compared with yellow and white corn, orange corn was associated with improved bird growth and reduced severity of footpad dermatitis, especially at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abraham
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - S L Weimer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - K Scoles
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - J I Vargas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - T A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - C Robison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-2604, USA
| | - L Hoverman
- NutraMaize, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | | | - T Rocheford
- NutraMaize, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - D Ortiz
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - D M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA.
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Sun J, Li M, Tang Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Sun Z. Effects of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fermentation product on the laying performance, egg quality, jejunal mucosal morphology and intestinal microbiota of hens. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:54-64. [PMID: 31562827 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa solid-state fermentation product (RSFP) on the laying performance, egg quality and intestinal microbial flora of hens. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 40-week-old Roman laying hens (n = 216) were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: the control (CON) group, fed 87.5% basal diet +12.5% fermentation substrate; the 0.5% RSFP group, fed 87.5% basal diet +12.0% fermentation substrate +0.5% RSFP; the 2.5% RSFP group, fed 87.5% basal diet +10.0% fermentation substrate +2.5% RSFP; and the 12.5% RSFP group, fed 87.5% basal diet +12.5% RSFP. The effect of each treatment was analysed in six replicates of nine hens. The experimental period was 31 days, which included a 3-day adaptation period. After 31 days of feeding, one hen from each replicate was randomly selected and killed, and the jejunum and digesta in the cecum were collected for the determination of the intestinal morphology and microbial flora respectively. Daily egg mass in the 2.5 and 12.5% RSFP groups and egg production and feed conversion ratio in the 12.5% RSFP group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). The yolk colour was improved in hens fed RSFP-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Hens fed RSFP-supplemented diet showed a decrease in the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Helicobacteraceae, Helicobacter and Lachnospiraceae UCG-002, but an increase in the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-001 in the cecum (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary RSFP supplementation improved the laying performance, egg quality and intestinal microflora of hens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Dietary supplementing diet with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa solid-state fermentation product, which is rich in carotenoids, improved the yolk colour and increased the carotenoid content, thereby improving the intestinal health of hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Zhang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Weaver RJ, Santos ESA, Tucker AM, Wilson AE, Hill GE. Carotenoid metabolism strengthens the link between feather coloration and individual quality. Nat Commun 2018; 9:73. [PMID: 29311592 PMCID: PMC5758789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty years of research has made carotenoid coloration a textbook example of an honest signal of individual quality, but tests of this idea are surprisingly inconsistent. Here, to investigate sources of this heterogeneity, we perform meta-analyses of published studies on the relationship between carotenoid-based feather coloration and measures of individual quality. To create color displays, animals use either carotenoids unchanged from dietary components or carotenoids that they biochemically convert before deposition. We hypothesize that converted carotenoids better reflect individual quality because of the physiological links between cellular function and carotenoid metabolism. We show that feather coloration is an honest signal of some, but not all, measures of quality. Where these relationships exist, we show that converted, but not dietary, carotenoid coloration drives the relationship. Our results have broad implications for understanding the evolutionary role of carotenoid coloration and the physiological mechanisms that maintain signal honesty of animal ornamental traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Eduardo S A Santos
- BECO do Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Anna M Tucker
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 3301 SFWS Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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A pH control strategy for increased β-carotene production during batch fermentation by recombinant industrial wine yeast. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Enhancement of β-Carotene Production by Over-Expression of HMG-CoA Reductase Coupled with Addition of Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors in Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Microbiol 2011; 64:159-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yan GL, Liang HY, Duan CQ, Han BZ. Enhanced production of β-carotene by recombinant industrial wine yeast using grape juice as substrate. Curr Microbiol 2011; 64:152-8. [PMID: 22080204 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, both recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73-63 and FY-09 derived from the industrial wine yeast T73-4 and laboratory yeast FY1679-01B, respectively, were constructed and compared for their β-carotene production in real grape juice. The results showed that highest β-carotene content (5.89 mg/g) was found in strain T73-63, which was 2.1 fold higher than that of strain FY-09. Although the cell growth was inhibited by the metabolic burden induced by the production of heterogeneous β-carotene, the pigment yield in T73-63 was still 1.7 fold higher than that of FY-09. Furthermore, high contents of ergosterol and fatty acid were also observed in T73-63. These results suggest that industrial wine yeast has highly active metabolic flux in mevalonate pathway, which leads to more carbon flux into carotenoid branch compared to that of laboratory yeast. The results of this study collectively suggest that in the application of recombinant strains to produce carotenoid using agro-industrial by-products as substrate, the suitable host strains should have active mevalonate pathway. For this purpose, the industrial wine yeast is a suitable candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-liang Yan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Malisorn C, Suntornsuk W. Improved β-carotene production of Rhodotorula glutinis in fermented radish brine by continuous cultivation. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dunne PG, Monahan FJ, O'Mara FP, Moloney AP. Colour of bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue: A review of contributory factors, associations with carcass and meat quality and its potential utility in authentication of dietary history. Meat Sci 2008; 81:28-45. [PMID: 22063959 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The colour of bovine subcutaneous (sc) adipose tissue (carcass fat) depends on the age, gender and breed of cattle. Diet is the most important extrinsic factor but its influence depends on the duration of feeding. Cattle produced under extensive grass-based production systems generally have carcass fat which is more yellow than their intensively-reared, concentrate-fed counterparts and this is caused by carotenoids from green forage. Although yellow carcass fat is negatively regarded in many countries, evidence suggests it may be associated with a healthier fatty acid profile and antioxidant content in beef, synonymous with grass feeding. Nonetheless, management strategies to reduce fat colour of grass-fed cattle are sought after. Current research suggests that yellow colour of this tissue is reduced if pasture-fed cattle are converted to a grain-based diet, which results in accretion of adipose tissue and dilution of carotenoids. Colour changes may depend on the initial yellow colour, the carotene and utilisable energy in the finishing diet, the duration of finishing, the amount of fat accumulated during finishing and the rate of utilisation of carotene from body fat. Differences in nutritional strategies which cause differences in fatty acid composition may be reflected by differences in fat colour and carotenoid concentration. Fat colour and carotenoids are prominent among a panoply of measurements which can aid the authentication of the dietary history and thus to some extent, the origin of beef, although this potential utility is complicated by the simultaneous rather than discrete use of forages and concentrates in real production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Dunne
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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Malisorn C, Suntornsuk W. Optimization of beta-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis DM28 in fermented radish brine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:2281-7. [PMID: 17587568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A face-centered central composite design was applied to optimize a cultivation condition for improved beta-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis DM28 in a stirred tank reactor using 30 g/l total soluble solid of fermented radish brine as a sole substrate. The experiments were performed with regression models, where temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were considered as variables. Results showed that an optimum condition for beta-carotene production of the yeast was at 30 degrees C, pH 6 and 80% dissolved oxygen. Under this condition, the yeast yielded 2.7 g/l biomass and the maximum beta-carotene of 201 microg/l after 24-h fermentation indicating approximately 15% higher than those under an initial condition (2.3g/l and 178 microg/l, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malisorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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Carotenoids in Avian Nutrition and Embryonic Development. 1. Absorption, Availability and Levels in Plasma and Egg Yolk. J Poult Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.38.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Johnson EA, Schroeder WA. Microbial carotenoids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 53:119-78. [PMID: 8578971 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids occur universally in photosynthetic organisms but sporadically in nonphotosynthetic bacteria and eukaryotes. The primordial carotenogenic organisms were cyanobacteria and eubacteria that carried out anoxygenic photosynthesis. The phylogeny of carotenogenic organisms is evaluated to describe groups of organisms which could serve as sources of carotenoids. Terrestrial plants, green algae, and red algae acquired stable endosymbionts (probably cyanobacteria) and have a predictable complement of carotenoids compared to prokaryotes, other algae, and higher fungi which have a more diverse array of pigments. Although carotenoids are not synthesized by animals, they are becoming known for their important role in protecting against damage by singlet oxygen and preventing chronic diseases in humans. The growth of aquaculture during the past decade as well as the biological roles of carotenoids in human disease will increase the demand for carotenoids. Microbial synthesis offers a promising method for production of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Johnson
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Food Microbiology, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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