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Ribeiro EB, Noleto KS, de Oliveira SRS, Batista de Jesus W, de Sousa Serra IMR, da Silva de Almeida Z, de Sousa de Oliveira Mota Andrade T, de Araújo Soares R, Antonio ÍG, Santos DMS, Jorge MB, Fortes Carvalho Neta RN. Biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase and catalase) and microorganisms in soft tissues of Crassostrea rhizophorae to assess contamination of seafood in Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111348. [PMID: 32568076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase and catalase) and microorganisms in soft tissues of Crassostrea rhizophorae to assess possible contamination of seafood in Brazil. The oysters were sampled from a reference area (Ports 1 and 2) and an impacted area (Ports 3 and 4) in Brazil (São Luís Island, Maranhão). Six attributes were examined in sampled oysters: glutathione S-transferase activity, catalase activity, concentrations of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, and levels of Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. Water samples were analysed for aluminium, cadmium, iron, manganese, lead, mercury, phenolics, and polychlorinated biphenyls. We found that Ports 3 and 4 are impacted by several contaminants (mercury, phenolics, and polychlorinated biphenyls), while Ports 1 and 2 are still relatively free of these contaminants. Changes in enzymes activity as well as the highest tissue bacterial concentrations were recorded in oysters from Ports 3 and 4 during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Braga Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos (LABOAq), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Katherine Saldanha Noleto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Suelen Rosana Sampaio de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos (LABOAq), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Wanda Batista de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos (LABOAq), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca (PPGRAP/UEMA), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Zafira da Silva de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Ticianne de Sousa de Oliveira Mota Andrade
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos (LABOAq), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca (PPGRAP/UEMA), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rômulo de Araújo Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca (PPGRAP/UEMA), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Gomes Antonio
- Laboratório de Fisioecologia, Reprodução e Cultivo de Organismos Marinhos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Débora Martins Silva Santos
- Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Dom Delgado, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho Neta
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos (LABOAq), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Rosenthal-Kim EQ, Puskas JE. Green polymer chemistry: Living oxidative polymerization of dithiols. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-11-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduction sensitivity and mild synthetic conditions make disulfide-bonded materials ideal for degradable biomaterial applications. Both the degradation and the synthetic advantages of disulfide-bonded biomaterials have been applied to drug delivery vesicles, protein conjugation, and hydrogel biomaterials, but the synthetic advantages are rarely seen in the creation of biopolymers. A greener and highly efficient oxidative system is presented for the polymerization dithiols to high-molecular-weight poly(disulfide) polymers. The application of this system to 2-[2-(2-sulfanylethoxy)ethoxy]ethanethiol (DODT) produced corresponding degradable poly(disulfide) polymers with molecular weights as high as Mn = 250 000 g/mol and with a polydispersity index (PDI) as low as 1.15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit E. Puskas
- 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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Rosenthal EQ, Puskas JE, Wesdemiotis C. Green Polymer Chemistry: Living Dithiol Polymerization via Cyclic Intermediates. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:154-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201395t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Q. Rosenthal
- Departments
of Polymer Science, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Judit. E. Puskas
- Departments
of Polymer Science, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments
of Polymer Science, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
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Abstract
Many reactions catalyzed by heme proteins involve an oxidation of the heme to one or two equivalents above the ferric state. Such intermediates are often referred to as Compound II and Compound I, respectively. Several different notations are used in the literature to describe the chemical structures of these compounds, which has led to errors and misinterpretations. The main problems are: 1. For many biochemists the notations X - FeIV = O and X - Fe + = O are equivalent and are used interchangeably, whereas other biochemists interpret these notations to have quite different meanings. 2. It is inaccurate and misleading to illustrate the increased oxidation state of Compound I by just adding two positive charges to the structure. 3. The bond between the oxygen and iron is not a conventional double bond and illustrating it as such leads to misconceptions concerning its properties. 4. In several instances, including horseradish peroxidase Compound I, there is reason to doubt that the radical moiety of the porphyrin ring (or of the protein in other peroxidases) carries a positive charge. The purpose of this article is to promote the use of uniform, as well as chemically correct, formulae and equations in describing the structures and reactivities of Compounds I and II. To accomplish this, a new notation is proposed for the iron-oxygen bond in these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Everse
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA.
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Qiu X, Forman HJ, Schönthal AH, Cadenas E. Induction of p21 mediated by reactive oxygen species formed during the metabolism of aziridinylbenzoquinones by HCT116 cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31915-21. [PMID: 8943236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.50.31915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aziridinylbenzoquinones are a group of antitumor agents that elicit cytotoxicity by generating either alkylating intermediates or reactive oxygen species. The mechanism of toxicity may not always, however, involve profound damage of cellular constituents, but may involve a cytostatic effect through interference with the cell cycle. In this context, we have examined the induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (WAF1, CIP1, or sdi1), whose overexpression suppresses the growth of various tumor cells, in human tumor cells metabolizing 3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) and its C2,C5-substituted derivatives: 2,5-bis-(carboethoxyamino) (AZQ) and 2, 5-bis-2(-hydroxyethylamino) (BZQ). Both DZQ and AZQ were effectively activated by HCT116 human colonic carcinoma cells; the activation of the former involved largely a dicoumarol-sensitive activity, whereas that of the latter appeared to be accomplished primarily by one-electron transfer reductases. BZQ was not a substrate for the dicoumarol-sensitive enzyme in HCT116 cells. Cellular activation of the first two quinones was associated with formation of oxygen-centered radicals as detected by EPR in conjunction with the spin trap 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. The redox transitions of DZQ involved hydroxyl radical formation and were strongly inhibited by catalase, whereas those of AZQ showed a strong superoxide anion component sensitive to superoxide dismutase. These signals were suppressed by N-acetylcysteine with concomitant production of a thiyl radical adduct. This suggests an effective electron transfer between the thiol and free radicals formed during the activation of these quinones. DZQ and AZQ induced significantly the expression of p21 in HCT116 cells, but a 10-fold higher concentration of AZQ was required to achieve the level of induction elicited by DZQ. BZQ had little effect on p21 expression. p21 induction at both mRNA and protein levels correlated with the inhibition of either cyclin-dependent kinase activity or cell proliferation. p21 induction elicited by the above quinones was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine, whereas the non-sulfur analog, N-acetylalanine, was without effect. Catalase and superoxide dismutase did not effect p21 induction by aziridinylbenzoquinones in HCT116 cells, thus suggesting that extracellular sources of oxygen radicals generated by plasma membrane reductases have no influence in the expression of this gene. Hydrogen peroxide, a product of quinone redox cycling, elicited an increase of p21 mRNA levels in HCT116 and K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. The latter lacks p53, one of the activators of p21 transcription, thus suggesting that p21 expression can be accomplished in a p53-independent manner in these cells. This study suggests that p21 induction is mediated by an increase in the cellular steady-state concentration of oxygen radicals and that the greater effectiveness in p21 induction by DZQ may be related to its efficient metabolism by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qiu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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