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Vedam-Mai V. Harnessing the immune system for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147308. [PMID: 33524380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for Parkinson's disease (PD) typically aim to replace dopamine, and hence only provide symptomatic relief. However, in the long run, this approach alone loses its efficacy as it is associated with debilitating side effects. Hence there is an unmet clinical need for addressing levodopa resistant symptoms, and an urgency to develop therapies that can halt or prevent the course of PD. The premise that α-syn can transmit from cell-to-cell in a prion like manner has opened up the possibility for the use of immunotherapy in PD. There is evidence for inflammation in PD as is evidenced by microglial activation, as well as the involvement of the peripheral immune system in PD, and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate dopaminergic degeneration as seen in animal models of the disease. However, mechanisms that link the immune system with PD are not clear, and the sequence of immune responses with respect to PD are still unknown. Nevertheless, our present knowledge offers avenues for the development of immune-based therapies for PD. In order to successfully employ such strategies, we must comprehend the state of the peripheral immune system during the course of PD. This review describes the developments in the field of both active and passive immunotherapies in the treatment of PD, and highlights the crucial need for future research for clarifying the role of inflammation and immunity in this debilitating disease.
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Marrack P. Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior Isn't Necessarily a Bad Thing. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38:1-21. [PMID: 31594433 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-072319-033325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to believe that in about 1960 practically nothing was known about the thymus and some of its products, T cells bearing αβ receptors for antigen. Thus I was lucky to join the field of T cell biology almost at its beginning, when knowledge about the cells was just getting off the ground and there was so much to discover. This article describes findings about these cells made by others and myself that led us all from ignorance, via complete confusion, to our current state of knowledge. I believe I was fortunate to practice science in very supportive institutions and with very collaborative colleagues in two countries that both encourage independent research by independent scientists, while simultaneously ignoring or somehow being able to avoid some of the difficulties of being a woman in what was, at the time, a male-dominated profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Marrack
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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de Albuquerque DA, Aroeira LS, Williams O, Mengel J. The development of humoral immunological memory to a T-cell-dependent antigen requires thymic emigrant cells. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 145:185-95. [PMID: 7991943 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is embodied in the rapid and enhanced immune responsiveness to previously encountered antigens. Classically, memory would depend on the presence of small resting long-lived specific lymphocytes which, through clonal expansion after priming with antigen, would be present at higher frequencies than in naive animals. Here we report that T-cell-reconstituted athymic mice, which lack recent thymic emigrants, mount a primary response to a T-cell-dependent antigen, but do not develop memory or the capacity to produce specific anti-TNP IgG1 antibodies during the secondary immune response. On the other hand, if thymocytes are continuously provided during the secondary response, a typical secondary immune response is achieved with high levels of specific IgG1. These results lead us to propose that the development of humoral immunological memory cannot be explained solely by the long life span of primed T lymphocytes, but is rather a dynamic state dependent on the continuous presence of recent thymic emigrants and qualitative functional differences in responder T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A de Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Although peripheral naive cells only secrete IL-2 upon primary stimulation, their presumptive immediate precursors, HSAlow CD4+8- thymocytes, can produce a large amount of the set of lymphokines usually associated with preactivated or memory CD4+ lymphocytes: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and gamma-IFN. This phenotype can be attributed to true virgin thymocytes and not only to recirculating lymphocytes, because it is found in newborn thymuses and in fetal thymic organ culture. This mature stage of CD4+8- thymocytes is itself preceded by an immature stage (HSAhigh) where only IL-2 and small amounts of gamma-IFN can be elicited by the combination of calcium ionophore and phorbol ester, but not by TCR cross-linking. CD8+4- thymocytes pass through a similar immature HSAhigh stage, where their pattern of lymphokine secretion is not yet differentiated from that of CD4+8- HSA high thymocytes. The subsets acquire their specific profiles at the HSAlow stage. We propose that recent thymic CD4+8- emigrant cells include a significant proportion of Th0 type cells, and that their role is critical to prime the immune system for IL-4 production, as well as to explain the longstanding observations of synergy between helper cell subpopulations in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bendelac
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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5
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Archer DL, Smith BG, Ulrich JT, Johnson HM. Immune interferon induction by T-cell mitogens involves different T-cell subpopulations. Cell Immunol 1979; 48:420-6. [PMID: 315836 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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van der Kwast TH, Benner R. T1 and T2 lymphocytes in primary and secondary delayed type hypersensitivity of mice. I. Contribution in the response to sheep red blood cells and to allogeneic spleen cells. Cell Immunol 1978; 39:194-203. [PMID: 308847 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Stutman O. Two main features of T-cell development: thymus traffic and postthymic maturation. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 7:1-46. [PMID: 328222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It appears from the results presented in Table V and discussed in the preceding pages that a precursor population of immunologically competent T cells can be characterized and defined by multiple biological criteria as being probably of postthymic origin and substantially different from either the immunologically competent T lymphocyte or the prethymic stem cells. On the basis of recent data on functional characteristics of of different subsets of T cells, which suggest parallel lines of differentiation (see Chapter 2), it is possibile that the postthymic precursor compartment may also show heterogeneity; however, this cannot be presently asserted from our results.
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Hoffmann CC, Ho YK, Blakley RL, Thompson JS. Comparative effects of selected antifolates on transforming human lymphocytes and on established human lymphoblastic cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1947-54. [PMID: 985532 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Andersson LC, Wasastjerna C, Gahmberg CG. Different surface glycoprotein patterns on human T-, B- and leukemic-lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 1976; 17:40-6. [PMID: 1082448 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910170107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have labelled the exposed surface glycoproteins of human blood T- and B-lymphocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride method. The labelled glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography. The T- and B-lymphocytes show different and characteristic surface glycoprotein patterns. The surface glycoprotein patterns of the leukemic cells differ from those of normal, non-malignant lymphocytes. A relationship between the altered surface glycoprotein pattern of leukemic cells and the expression of leukemia-associated antigens is discussed.
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Kappler JW, Marrack PC. Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. III. Helper and suppressor T-cells activated by concanavalin A. Cell Immunol 1975; 18:9-20. [PMID: 1095214 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Kisielow P, Hirst JA, Shiku H, Beverley PC, Hoffman MK, Boyse EA, Oettgen HF. Ly antigens as markers for functionally distinct subpopulations of thymus-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. Nature 1975; 253:219-20. [PMID: 234178 DOI: 10.1038/253219a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Cantor H, Simpson E, Sato VL, Fathman CG, Herzenberg LA. Characterization of subpopulations of T lymphocytes. I. Separation and functional studies of peripheral T-cells binding different amounts of fluorescent anti-Thy 1.2 (theta) antibody using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Cell Immunol 1975; 15:180-96. [PMID: 1088903 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Acton RT, Morris RJ, Williams AF. Estimation of the amount and tissue distribution of rat Thy-1.1 antigen. Eur J Immunol 1974; 4:598-602. [PMID: 4547712 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Katz SI, Parker D, Sommer G, Turk JL. Suppressor cells in normal immunisation as a basic homeostatic phenomenon. Nature 1974; 248:612-4. [PMID: 4824033 DOI: 10.1038/248612a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yu DT, Peter JB, Paulus HE, Nies KM. Human lymphocyte subpopulations. Study of T and B cells and their density distribution. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1974; 2:333-42. [PMID: 4596967 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(74)90051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Rajewsky K, Mohr R. Specificity and heterogeneity of helper T cells in the response to serum albumins in mice. Eur J Immunol 1974; 4:111-9. [PMID: 4546918 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Thomas DB. Antibodies specific for human T lymphocytes in cold agglutinin and lymphocytotoxic sera. Eur J Immunol 1973; 3:824-8. [PMID: 4205559 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830031216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/analysis
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Histocompatibility
- Immunogenetics
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Isoenzymes
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Recombination, Genetic
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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